Table Of Contents m i t h s o n i a n
s m i t h s o n i a n
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Senior Art Editor Senior Editors Design Manager Managing Editor
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Peter Frances, Janet Mohun
Project Art Editors Senior Designers Senior Editor
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Designers Anjana Nair, Mini Dhawan, Rahul Ganguly
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Ben Marcus Arushi Nayar,
Nikki Simms, Alison Sturgeon, DTP Manager
Neha Sharma
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Mandy Inness Victoria Wiggins Production Manager
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Jacket Designers Indexer
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Cartographer Picture Researchers
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Managing Art Editor Managing Editor Project Co-ordinator
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Art Director Publisher
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First published in Great Britain in 2011 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from
by Dorling Kindersley Limited the British Library.
80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL ISBN: 978 1 4053 6712 7
A Penguin Company Colour reproduction by Alta Images, London
Copyright © 2011 Dorling Kindersley Limited Printed and bound in China by Hung Hing
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without Discover more at
prior written permission of the copyright owner. www.dk.com
CONTRIBUTORS
HUMAN ORIGINS TRADE AND INVENTION TECHNOLOGY AND SUPERPOWERS
Dr. Fiona Coward Joel Levy R.G. Grant
Research Fellow at Royal Holloway University Writer specializing in history and scientific History writer who has published more than
of London; contributed to DK’s Prehistoric. history; books include Lost Cities and Lost 20 books, including Battle, Soldier, Flight,
Additional text by Dr. Jane McIntosh Histories. and History for DK.
EARLY CIVILIZATIONS REFORMATION AND EXPLORATION Sally Regan
Dr. Jen Green Thomas Cussans Contributor to several books for DK including
History, World War II, and Science; award-
Author of over 250 books on a range Author and contributor to The Times
winning documentary maker whose films
of subjects from history to nature. newspaper; previous titles for DK include
include Shell Shock and Bomber Command
Additional text by Dr. Jane McIntosh Timelines of World History and History.
for the UK’s Channel 4.
Additional text by Frank Ritter
THE CLASSICAL AGE
GLOSSARY
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
Philip Parker
Richard Beatty
Historian and writer; books include The Dr. Carrie Gibson
Empire Stops Here and DK Eyewitness Writer who has contributed to The Guardian
Companion to World History. and Observer newspapers; gained a doctorate
in 18th- and 19th-century history from the
University of Cambridge, UK.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
Smithsonian contributors include historians
CONSULTANTS and museum specialists from:
National Air and Space Museum
The Smithsonian’s National Air and Space
Dr. Jane McIntosh Dr. David Parrott Museum is one of the world’s most popular
8MYA–700BCE 1450–1749 museums. Its mission is to educate and
Senior Research Associate, Faculty of Asian and Fellow in History and University Lecturer, inspire visitors by preserving and displaying
Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge, UK New College, University of Oxford, UK aeronautical and space flight artifacts.
National Museum of American History
Professor Neville Morley Dr. Michael Broers The Smithsonian’s National Museum of
700BCE–599CE 1750–1913 American History dedicates its collections and
Professor of Ancient History, School of Fellow and Tutor, Lady Margaret Hall, scholarship to inspiring a broader understanding
Humanities, University of Bristol, UK University of Oxford, UK of the American nation and its many peoples.
National Museum of Natural History
Dr. Roger Collins Professor Richard Overy The Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural
600–1449 1914–present History is the most visited natural history
Honorary Fellow, School of History, Classics, Professor of History, University of Exeter, UK museum in the world and the most visited
and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, UK museum in the Smithsonian complex.
1 2 3 4
8
MYA–3000BCE 3000–700BCE 700BCE–599CE 600–1449
010 HUMAN 022 EARLY 042 THE 106 TRADE &
ORIGINS CIVILIZATIONS CLASSICAL AGE INVENTION
Features Features Features Features
014 Colonizing the Planet 028 The Story of Writing 048 Ancient Greece 122 The Vikings
020 Prehistoric Peoples 032 Ancient Empires 054 The Story of 134 The Islamic World
Metalworking
038 Ancient Egypt 144 The Aztecs, Incas,
064 The Story of Money and Maya
074 The Rise of the 154 The Story of Printing
Roman Empire
084 Ancient Rome
096 Classical Trade
CONTENTS
5 6 7 8
164 REFORMATION 254 THE AGE 338 TECHNOLOGY 468 DIRECTORY
& EXPLORATION OF REVOLUTION & SUPERPOWERS
Features Features Features Categories
172 Voyages of Exploration 262 European Nation States 344 The Great War 476 Rulers and Leaders
182 The Story of Astronomy 274 The Story of Steam Power 350 Soviet Propaganda 478 History in Figures
190 Edo Period 282 The Story of Medicine 354 World War I 480 Wars
198 Mughal Empire 290 American Indians 364 The Story of Flight 480 Explorers
204 The Renaissance 298 The Story of Electricity 374 The Story of 482 Inventions and
Communication Discoveries
216 The Story of Arms 310 American Civil War
and Armor 388 War in Europe 483 Philosophy and Religion
316 The Qing Dynasty
230 The Rise and Fall of 394 War in the Pacific 485 Culture and Learning
324 The Imperial World
the Ottoman Empire
402 World War II 488 Disasters
332 The Story of the Car
238 The Story of Navigation
412 The Space Race
250 The Story of Agriculture
422 End of Empire
428 The Story of Genetics
442 Collapse of the USSR 490 Glossary
452 The European Union 494 Index
466 Global Economy 510 Acknowledgments
