Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data

1072 Pages·1997·2.16 MB·English

Time-Saver Standards for
Architectural Design Data
seventh edition
The Reference of Architectural Fundamentals
Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data i
ii Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data
Time-Saver Standards for
Architectural Design Data
seventh edition
The Reference of Architectural Fundamentals
Donald Watson, FAIA, editor-in-chief
Michael J. Crosbie, Ph.D., senior editor
John Hancock Callender in memorium
associate editors:
Donald Baerman, AIA
Walter Cooper
Martin Gehner, P.E.
William Hall
Bruce W. Hisley
Richard Rittelmann, FAIA
Timothy T. Taylor, AIA, ASTM
Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data iii
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Time-saver standards for architectural design data / edited by
Donald Watson, Michael J. Crosbie, John Hancock Callender—7th ed.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Time-saver standards for architectural design data.
6th ed. c1982.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-07-068506-1
1. Building—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Building—Standards—
Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Architectural design—Handbooks,
manuals, etc. I. Watson, Donald, 1937- . II. Crosbie, Michael
J. III. Callender, John Hancock. IV. Title: Time-saver standards
for architectural design data.
TH151.T55 1997
721—DC21 97-18390
CIP
Copyright © 1997, 1982, 1974, 1966, 1954, 1950, 1946 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Cover design: Sandra Olenik and Margaret Webster-Shapiro
Photography in this volume is by Donald Watson, FAIA, except as noted.
Disclaimer
The information in this book has been obtained from many sources, including government organizations, trade associations, manufacturers and
professionals in research and in practice. The publisher, editors and authors have made every reasonable effort to make this reference work
accurate and authoritative, but make no warranty, and assume no liability for the accuracy or completeness of the text, tables or illustrations or its
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I.S.B.N. 0-07-068506-1
iv Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data
Contents
• Contributors ix
• Preface to the Seventh Edition xiii
• Editors of the Seventh Edition xiv
• Exemplary professional and technical reference books xv
• Introduction xvii
PART I ARCHITECTURAL FUNDAMENTALS
1 Universal design and accessible design 1
John P. S. Salmen, AIA and Elaine Ostroff
2 Architecture and regulation 9
Francis Ventre
3 Bioclimatic design 21
Donald Watson, FAIA and Murray Milne
4 Solar control 35
Steven V. Szokolay
5 Daylighting design 63
Benjamin Evans, FAIA
6 Natural ventilation 75
Benjamin Evans, FAIA
7 Indoor air quality 85
Hal Levin
8 Acoustics: theory and applications 101
M. David Egan, P.E., Steven Haas and Christopher Jaffe, Ph.D.
9 History of building and urban technologies 117
John P. Eberhard, FAIA
10 Construction materials technology 125
L. Reed Brantley and Ruth T. Brantley
11 Intelligent building systems 139
Jong-Jin Kim, Ph.D.
12 Design of atriums for people and plants 151
Donald Watson, FAIA
13 Building economics 157
David S. Haviland, Hon. AIA
14 Estimating and design cost analysis 169
Robert P. Charette, P.E. and Brian Bowen, FRICS
15 Environmental life cycle assessment 183
Joel Ann Todd, Nadav Malin and Alex Wilson
16 Construction and demolition waste management 193
Harry T. Gordon, FAIA
17 Construction specifications 199
Donald Baerman, AIA
18 Design-Build delivery system 209
Dana Cuff, Ph.D.
19 Building commissioning: a guide for architects 215
Carolyn Dasher, Nancy Benner, Tudi Haasl, and Karl Stum, P.E.
20 Building performance evaluation 231
Wolfgang F. E. Preiser, Ph.D. and Ulrich Schramm, Ph.D.
21 Monitoring building performance 239
William Burke, Charles C. Benton, and Allan Daly
Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data v
Contents
PART II DESIGN DATA
A SUBSTRUCTURE A-1
A1 FOUNDATIONS AND BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION A-1
A1.1 Soils and foundation types A-3
Philip P. Page, Jr.
A1.2 Retaining walls A-9
Martin Gehner, P.E.
A1.3 Subsurface moisture protection A-13
Donald Watson, FAIA and Murray Milne
A1.4 Residential foundation design A-19
John Carmody and Joseph Lstiburek, P.Eng.
A1.5 Termite control A-35
Donald Pearman
B SHELL B-1
B1 SUPERSTRUCTURE B-1
B1.1 An overview of structures B-3
B1.2 Design loads B-19
Martin Gehner, P.E.
B1.3 Structural design-wood B-27
Martin Gehner, P.E.
B1.4 Structural design-steel B-47
Jonathan Ochshorn
B1.5 Structural design-concrete B-61
Robert M. Darvas
B1.6 Structural design - masonry B-77
Martin Gehner, P.E.
B1.7 Earthquake resistant design B-101
Elmer E. Botsai, FAIA
B1-8 Tension fabric structures B-119
R. E. Shaeffer, P.E. and Craig Huntington, S.E.
B2 EXTERIOR CLOSURE B-127
B2.1 Exterior wall systems: an overview B-129
B2.2 Thermal Insulation B-143
Donald Baerman, AIA
B2.3 Building movement B-155
Donald Baerman, AIA
B2.4 Corrosion of metals B-165
Donald Baerman, AIA
B2.5 Moisture control B-171
Joseph Lstiburek, P.Eng.
B2.6 Watertight exterior walls B-183
Stephen S. Ruggiero and James C. Myers
B2.7 Exterior doors and hardware B-193
Timothy T. Taylor
B2.8 Residential windows B-209
John C. Carmody and Stephen Selkowitz
B3 ROOFING B-217
B3.1 Roofing systems B-219
Donald Baerman, AIA
vi Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data
Contents
B3.2 Gutters and downspouts B-239
Donald Baerman, AIA
B3.3 Roof openings and accessories B-247
Donald Baerman, AIA
B3.4 Radiant barrier systems B-253
Philip Fairey
C INTERIORS C-1
C1 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTIONS C-1
C1-1 Suspended ceiling systems C-3
William Hall
C1-2 Interior partitions and panels C-13
William Hall
C1-3 Interior doors and hardware C-23
Timothy T. Taylor
C1-4 Flexible infrastructure C-35
Vivian Loftness, AIA and Volker Hartkopf, Ph.D
C2 STAIRCASES C-49
C2-1 Stair design checklist C-51
John Templer
C2-2 Stair design to reduce injuries C-61
John Templer
C2-3 Stair dimensioning C-64
Ernest Irving Freese
C3 INTERIOR FINISHES C-67
C3-1 Wall and ceiling finishes C-69
William Hall
C3-2 Flooring C-79
William Hall.
D SERVICES D-1
D1 CONVEYING SYSTEMS D-1
D1-1 Escalators and elevators D-3
Peter R. Smith
D2 PLUMBING D-17
D2-1 Plumbing systems D-19
Arturo De La Vega
D2-2 Sanitary waste systems D-27
Arturo De La Vega
D2-3 Special plumbing systems D-33
Arturo De La Vega
D2-4 Solar domestic water heating D-41
Everett M. Barber, Jr.
D3 HVAC D-63
D3-1 Energy sources for houses D-65
William Bobenhausen
D3-2 Heating and cooling of houses D-71
William Bobenhausen
D3-3 Energy sources for commercial buildings D-83
William Bobenhausen
Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data vii
Contents
D3-4 Thermal assessment for HVAC design D-89
Richard Rittelmann, FAIA and John Holton, P.E., RA
D3-5 HVAC systems for commercial buildings D-111
Richard Rittelmann, FAIA and Paul Scanlon, P.E.
D3-6 HVAC specialties D-145
Catherine Coombs, CIH, CSP
D4 FIRE PROTECTION D-151
D4-1 Fire safety design D-153
Fred Malven, Ph.D.
D4-2 Fire protection sprinkler systems D-161
Bruce W. Hisley
D4-3 Standpipe systems D-171
Bruce W. Hisley
D4-4 Fire extinguishers and cabinets D-175
Bruce W. Hisley
D4-5 Special fire protection systems D-179
Bruce W. Hisley
D4-6 Fire alarm systems D-187
Walter Cooper
D5 ELECTRICAL D-191
D5-1 Electrical wiring systems D-193
Benjamin Stein
D5-2 Communication and security systems D-199
Walter Cooper and Robert DeGrazio
D5-3 Electrical system specialties D-219
Andrew Prager
D5-4 Lighting D-231
John Bullough
D5-5 Solar electric systems for residences D-255
Everett M. Barber, Jr.
APPENDIX III
1 TABLES AND REFERENCE DATA AP-1
Dimensions of the human figure AP-3
Insulation values AP-9
Lighting tables AP-19
2 MATHEMATICS AP-25
Properties of the circle AP-25
Area, surfaces and volumes AP-29
Areas-Perimeter ratios AP-33
William Blackwell
Useful curves and curved surfaces AP-36
Seymour Howard, Architect
Drawing accurate curves AP-74
Sterling M. Palm, Architect
Modular coordination AP-79
Hans J. Milton and Byron Bloomfield, AIA
3 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND METRICATION AP-85
Units of measurement AP-85
Introduction to SI metric system
R.E. Shaeffer, P.E.
Metrication AP-91
Index
Reader Response Form
viii Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data
Contributors
Contributors to the 6th edition (represented in 7th edition revision)
Articles of the following authors are reprinted from the 6th edition of Time-Saver Standards (1982), acknowledging their
legacy to professional knowledge represented in this volume:
William Blackwell, Architectual Consultant
Byron C. Bloomfield, AIA, Modular Building Standards Association
Ernest Irving Freese
Seymour Howard, Professor Emeritus of Architecture, Pratt Institute
Hans J. Milton, FRAIA, Center for Building Technology, National Bureau of Standards
Sterling M. Palm, AIA Architect
Philip P. Page, Jr., Consulting Engineer
Syska & Hennessy, Consulting Engineers
Howard P. Vermilya, AIA Architect
New contributions to the 7th edition
Authors:
The following authors have prepared articles for the Seventh Edition. Their contributions are gratefully acknowledged.
Their professional addresses and contact information are indicated where appropriate.
AIA California Council. ADAPT Production Committee. 1303 J St., Sacramento, CA 95814. Gordon H. Chong, chair;
Stephan Castellanos, Donald M. Comstock, Michael J. Bocchicchio, Sr., Dana Cuff, Ph.D., Betsey O. Dougherty, Joseph
Ehrlich, Harry C. Hallenbeck, Lee Schwager, John G. Stafford, Bruce R. Starkweather, Arba H. Stinnett, Julie Thompson,
Paul W. Welch, Jr.
Donald Baerman, AIA, 42 Wayland Street, North Haven, CT 06473. FAX [phone].
Everett M. Barber, Jr., Sunsearch , Inc., P.O. Box 590, Guilford CT 06437. FAX [phone].
Nancy Benner (1947-1997)
Charles C. Benton, Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Califormia, Berkeley, CA 94720-1800.
William Bobenhausen, Steven Winter Associates, 50 Washington Street, Norwalk, CT 06854.
Elmer E. Botsai, FAIA, Professor Emeritus, School of Architecture, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822.
Brian Bowen, FRICS, Principal, Hanscomb, Inc., 1175 Peachtree Street, NE, Atlanta, GA 30309.
L. Reed Brantley and Ruth T. Brantley, 2908 Robert Place, Honolulu, HI 96816-1720.
John Bullough, Research Associate, Lighting Research Center, School of Architecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Troy, NY 12180.
William Burke, Vital Signs Project, Department of Architecture, University of Califormia, 232 Wurster Hall #1500,
Berkeley, CA 94720-1800.
John Carmody, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of Minnesota, 1425 University Avenue
SE #220, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
Robert P. Charette, P.E., CVS, 138 Avenue Trenton, Montreal, Quebec H3P 1Z4.
Catherine Coombs, CIH, CSP, Steven Winter Associates, 50 Washington Street, Norwalk, CT 06854.
Walter Cooper, Flack + Kurtz, 475 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017.
Michael J. Crosbie, Ph.D., 47 Grandview Terrace, Essex, CT 06426.
Dana Cuff, Ph.D., Professor, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Arts and Architecture, 405 Hilgard Avenue,
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1427.
Arturo De La Vega, URS Greiner, 1120 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20036.
Allan Daly, Department of Architecture, University of Califormia, 232 Wurster Hall #1500, Berkeley, CA 94720-1800.
Robert M. Darvas, Professor Emeritus, University of Michigan, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, 2000 Bonisteel
Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2069.
Carolyn Dasher, Portland Energy Conservation, Inc., 921 SW Washington, Suite 312, Portland, OR 97205.
Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data ix
Contributors
Robert DeGrazio, Flack + Kurtz, 475 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017.
John P. Eberhard, FAIA, 400 Madison Street, Apt. 702, Alexandria, VA 22314.
M. David Egan, P.E., PO Box 365, Anderson, SC 29622.
Benjamin Evans, FAIA (1926-1997)
Philip W. Fairey, Deputy Director, Florida Solar Energy Center, Clearlake Road, Cocoa, FL 32922-5703. http://
www.fsec.ucf.edu
Martin D. Gehner, P.E., Professor of Architectural Engineering, School of Architecture, Yale University, New Haven,
CT 06520.
Harry T. Gordon, FAIA, Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Associates, 1056 Thomas Jefferson Street, NW, Washington,
DC 20007.
William Hall, MHTN Architects, 2 Exchange Place, Salt Lake City, UT 84111.
Steven Haas, Jaffe Holden Scarbrough Acoustics Inc., 114-A Washington Street, Norwalk, CT 06854.
Tudi Haasl, Portland Energy Conservation, Inc., 921 SW Washington,, Suite 312, Portland, OR 97205.
Volker Hartkopf, Ph.D., Professor and Director, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, Department of
Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890.
David S. Haviland, Hon. AIA, Professor, School of Architecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy,
NY 12180.
Bruce W. Hisley, 27 Northern Pike Trail, Fairfield, PA 17320
John Holton, P.E., Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann, 400 Morgan Center, Butler, PA 16001.
Craig Huntington, S.E., Huntington Design Associates, Inc., 1736 Franklin Street Suite 500, Oakland, CA 94612.
Christopher Jaffe, Ph.D., Jaffe Holden Scarborough Acoustics, Inc., 144A Washington Street, Norwalk, CT 06854.
Jong-Jin Kim, Ph.D., Associate Professor, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
Hal Levin, Hal Levin & Associates, 2548 Empire Grade, Santa Cruz, CA 95060.
Vivian Loftness, AIA, Professor and Chair, Department of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh,
PA 15213-3890.
Joseph Lstiburek, P.Eng., Building Science Corporation, 70 Main Street, Westford, MA 01886. FAX [phone].
Nadav Malin, Associate Editor, Environmental Building News, RR 1, Box 161, Brattleboro, VT 05301. FAX [phone].
Fred M. Malven, Ph.D., Professor, Iowa State University, College of Design, Ames, IA 50011-3093.
Murray A. Milne, Professor Emeritus, School of the Arts and Architecture, UCLA, B-315 Perloff Hall, Los Angeles, CA
90095-1427. e-mail: [email protected]
James C. Myers, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, 297 Broadway, Arlington, MA 02174
Jonathan Ochshorn, Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Elaine Ostroff, Adaptive Environments Center, Congress Street, Suite 301, Boston, MA 02210.
Donald Pearman, 2001 Hoover Avenue, Oakland, CA 94602
Wolfgang F. E. Preiser, Ph. D., University of Cincinnati, College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning, Cincinnati,
OH 45221-0016.
Richard Rittelmann, FAIA, Burt Hill Koser Rittelmann, 400 Morgan Center, Butler, PA 16001.
Stephen S. Ruggiero, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, 297 Broadway, Arlington, MA 02174.
John P. S. Salmen, AIA , Universal Designers & Consultants, Inc. , 1700 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. FAX
[phone].
Paul Scanlon, Burt Hill Koser Rittelmann, 400 Morgan Center, Butler, PA 16001.
x Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design Data