Time Domain Methods in Electrodynamics

422 Pages·2008·24.337 MB·English

by  Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer (auth.), Peter Russer, Uwe Siart (eds.)

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·
Peter Russer Uwe Siart (Eds.)
Time Domain Methods
in Electrodynamics
A Tribute to Wolfgang J. R. Hoefer
With291Figuresand21Tables
123
Editors
Prof.Dr.PeterRusser Dr.UweSiart
TUMu¨nchen TUMu¨nchen
Fak.Elektro-und Fak.Elektro-und
Informationstechnik Informationstechnik
LSHochfrequenztechnik LSHochfrequenztechnik
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80333Mu¨nchen 80333Mu¨nchen
Germany Germany
[email protected]
ISBN:978-3-540-68766-5 e-ISBN:978-3-540-68768-9
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Preface
On May 16th 2007 the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Tech-
nology of the Technische Universita¨t Mu¨nchen bestowed the degree of the doctor
honoriscausatoWolfgangJ.R.HoeferforExtraordinaryachievementsinthetheory
of electromagnetic fields. On this special occasion a symposium on Time Domain
Methods in Modern Engineering Electrodynamics has been held in honor of Pro-
fessor Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer at the Technische Universita¨t Mu¨nchen on May 16
and 17, 2007. The symposium topic was focused on the main area of research of
WolfgangJ.R.Hoefer,thetimedomainmethodsincomputationalelectromagnetics
especially the transmission line matrix method and its applications. The transmis-
sionlinematrixmethodhasbeendevelopedandfirstpublishedbyJohnsandBeurle
in1971.Inthepast20yearsWolfgangHoeferhasgivenexemplarycontributionsto
thedevelopmentofthetransmissionlinemethod.
Spaceandtimediscretizingtimedomainmethodshaveemergedaskeynumeri-
calmethodsincomputationalelectromagnetics.Timedomainmethodsareversatile
and can be applied to the solution of wide range of electromagnetic field prob-
lems. Computing the response of an electromagnetic structure to an impulsive ex-
citation localized in space and time provides a comprehensive characterization of
theelectromagneticpropertiesofthestructureinawidefrequencyrange.Themost
important methods are the finite difference time domain and the transmission line
matrixmethods.Whereasfinitedifferencemethodsarebasedonthetransitionfrom
differentials in the Maxwells Equations to finite differences, the transmission line
matrix(TLM)methodisbasedontherepresentationofthediscretizedelectromag-
neticbywavepulsespropagatinginathree-dimensionalmeshoftransmissionlines.
The space is discretized by subdivision into cells and the electromagnetic field is
modeled by wave pulses propagating between adjacent cells and scattered within
thecells.TheTLMalgorithmisbasedonthemodelingofthepropagationofwave
pulses through a mesh of transmission lines and the scattering of the wave pulses
and in mesh nodes. The simulation of the reaction to a single impulsive electro-
magneticexcitationyieldsalargeamountinformation.TheversatilityoftheTLM
methodsallowsstraightforwardcalculationofcomplexelectromagneticstructures.
Withthecomputationalpoweroftoday’scomputers,thismethodisapowerfultool
forthecomputer-aideddesignofcomplexelectromagneticstructures.
ThesymposiumhasgiventheopportunitytocolleaguesandstudentsofWolfgang
J.R.Hoefertopresenttheirrecentadvancesinthefieldoftimedomainelectromagnetics
vii
viii Preface
anditsapplications.Thisbookcontainsextendedversionsofmostofthescientific
contributionsofthesymposium.Thearrangementofthecontributionsinfivechap-
terscorrespondstotheallocationofthepresentedmaterialintofivesessions.
1. Time-DomainMethodsforElectromagneticFieldModelling
2. TheTransmission-Line-MatrixMethod
3. CircuitConceptsandMethods
4. AntennaandUltrawidebandSystemDesign
5. NovelDevicesandSystems
Thefirstchapterdealswithtime-domainmethodsforelectromagneticmodeling
in general. The second chapter focuses on the TLM method. The third chapter is
dedicatedtonetworkconceptsappliedtoelectromagneticfieldmodeling.Thefourth
chapterisdedicatedtocircuitandsystemapplications,andthefifthchapterdelswith
broadbanddevices,systemsandmeasurementtechniques.
Thehonorarydoctordegreebestowalceremonytookplaceinthemorningof16
May2007.InthebeginningofthebestowalceremonyaddressesofProfessorUlrich
Wagner, the dean on the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Tech-
nologyoftheTechnischeUniversittMnchen,andProfessorWolfgangA.Hermann,
thepresidentoftheTechnischeUniversittMnchenweregiven.AfterthisProfessor
Peter Russer held the laudatio. This was follwed by the bestowal and the lectio of
WolfgangJ.R.Hoefer.
Munich, PeterRusser
December2007 UweSiart
Laudatio on Professor Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer
PeterRusser
The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology of the Tech-
nische Universitt Mu¨nchen bestows the Honorary Doctor degree on Professor
Dr.WolfgangHoeferforextraordinaryscientificachievementsinthetheoryofelec-
tromagnetic fields. Since many years Professor Wolfgang Hoefer is one of the
internationally outstanding scientists in the area of numerical methods for electro-
magneticfieldcomputation.Hehasgivenfundamentalcontributionsinthefieldof
technicalapplicationsoftheelectromagnetictheory.Inparticularhehaspioneered
thedevelopmentofthetransmissionlinematrix(TLM)method,anefficientcompu-
tational tool for the numerical computation of electromagnetic fields by numerous
contributions.
WolfgangHoeferwasbornin1941intheRhineland.HereceivedtheDipl.-Ing.
degree from the Rheinisch Westflische Technische Hochschule in Aachen and the
Docteur Ingenieur degree from the Universit Grenoble. Subsequently he became
ResearchFellowattheInstitutNationalePolytechniquedeGrenoble.
In 1969 Wolfgang Hoefer firstly became Assistant Professor at the University
ofOttawa,Canada.In1975hebecamethereAssociateProfessorandin1980Full
Professor.In1992hewasappointedtoaprofessorshipattheNSERCIndustrialRe-
search Chair in RF Engineering at the University of Victoria, B.C. Canada. There
heledtheComputationalElectromagneticsResearchLaboratory(CERL)attheDe-
partmentofElectricalandComputerEngineeringuntilhisretirementinJuly2006.
In1996ProfessorHoeferfoundedtheFaustusScientificCorporation.Thisspin-
offcompanydevelopsprofessionalelectromagneticfieldsimulationCADtoolsfor
research,developmentandeducationintheareaofradiofrequencyanalogcircuits
andhigh-speeddigitalcircuits.
ProfessorHoeferhasgivenpioneeringcontributionstothedevelopmentoftime
domain methods for the numerical computation of electromagnetic fields. He has
been among the worldwide first scientists who applied the finite difference time
domainmethodforthenumericalmodelingofwaveguidestructuresanddistributed
microwavecircuits.
P.Russer
InstituteforHighFrequencyEngineering,TechnischenUniversita¨tMu¨nchen,
e-mail:[email protected]
ix
x P.Russer
In these areas Professor Hoefer contributed more than 150 publications in in-
ternational scientific journals and more than 250 contributions to international
conferences. The book Microwave Circuit Modeling Using Electromagnetic Field
Simulation,whichhepublishedin2003togetherwithD.G.Swanson,presentsthe
theoreticalfundamentalsundmethodsofthedesignofmicrowavecircuitsbymeans
ofelectromagneticCADtools.
His contributions to the development of the TLM method are seminal [1, 2].
Hehasbeenthefirstwhomodeleddispersivematerialsintimedomain.Moreover
he developed novel methods for the field-based synthesis of optimum microwave
structuresandmethodsforthegenerationofcompactcircuitmodelsbaseduponthe
fieldmodelingofcircuits.
Intheareasofelectromagnetictheoryandnumericalmethodsofelectromagnetic
fieldmodelingProfessorHoeferactedsuccessfullyaseducatorandguidednumer-
ousyoungPhDstudentstosuccess.In2006hereceivedtheDistinguishedEducator
AwardoftheIEEEMTTSociety.
InhisresearchareasWolfgangHoefergainedinternationallyhighestrecognition.
He is Fellow of the IEEE and Fellow of the ASI (Advanced Systems Institute of
British Columbia). In 2003 he has been elected Fellow of the Royal Society of
Canada.Heismemberofnumerousscientificcommitteesandboardsandheisco-
founderandeditoroftheInternationalJournalofNumericalModelling.
Since1990ProfessorHoeferiscloselyrelatedtotheInstituteforHighFrequency
Engineeringbyacontinuousscientificcooperation.Withinthiscooperationnumer-
ous joint scientific publications resulted. Professor Hoefer has been Visiting Pro-
fessoratourinstitutein1991and1999andthisyearheisagainVisitingProfessor
fromApriltoJuly.
TofullyappraiseWolfgangHoeferscontributionstotheelectromagnetictheory
asascientistandasaneducatorwefirstofalltakealookatsomepeculiaritiesofthis
area. On the one hand the electromagnetic theory requires mathematical strictness
andabstraction,ontheotherhandcreativityinthisfieldisespeciallypromotedby
imagerythinking.
Maxwell’stheoryestablishestheanalyticandconceptualframeworkofelectro-
magnetism.Asananalytictoolitallowsthemathematicalmodelingoftheelectro-
magneticfieldinevencomplexstructures.However,priortothisMaxwell’stheory
allowstheconstructionofconceptsandalsoisthebasisofmentalimagery.Heinrich
HertzwroteinhistreatiseonMaxwell’sequationsofelectromagnetism:
Onecannotescapethefeelingthatthesemathematicalformulaehaveanindependentexis-
tenceandanintelligenceoftheirown,thattheyarewiserthanweare,wisereventhantheir
discoverers,thatwegetmoreoutofthemthanwasoriginallyputintothem[3,4].
Inscientificresearchmentalimageryplaysanessentialrole.Innaturalsciences
knowledge is constructed on the basis of experimental experience. According to
HenriPoincarthemindcontainstwosyntheticaprioriintuitionsthatorganizeper-
ceptionintoknowledge–theprincipleofmathematicalinductionandtheintuition
ofcontinuousgroupsthatexistsinourmindpriortoallexperience.
Theories are created by invention and not by discovery. Einstein took the view
thattheaxiomaticstructureofatheoryisbuiltpsychologicallyontheexperiences
LaudatioonProfessorWolfgangJ.R.Hoefer xi
oftheworldofperceptions.InhisinauguralspeechattheRoyalPrussianAcademy
ofScienceon2ndJuly1914AlbertEinsteinsaid:
Die Methode des Theoretikers bringt es mit sich, dass er als Fundament allgemeineVo-
raussetzungen,sogenanntePrinzipe,benutzt,ausdenenerFolgerungendeduzierenkann.
SeineTtigkeitzerflltalsoinzweiTeile.ErhaterstensjenePrinzipeaufzusuchen,zweitens
dieausdenPrinzipenflieendenFolgerungenzuentwickeln.Fu¨rdieErfu¨llungderzweiten
der genannten Aufgaben erhlt er auf der Schule ein treffliches Ru¨stzeug. Wenn also die
erste seiner Aufgaben auf einem Gebiete bzw. fu¨r einen Komplex von Zusammenhngen
bereitsgelo¨stist,wirdihmbeihinreichendemFleiundVerstandderErfolgnichtfehlen.
DieerstedergenanntenAufgaben,nmlichjene,diePrinzipeaufzustellen,welchederDe-
duktion als Basis dienen sollen, ist von ganz anderer Art. Hier gibt es keine erlernbare,
systematischanwendbareMethode,diezumZielefu¨hrt.DerForschermussvielmehrder
Natur jene allgemeinenPrinzipe gleichsamablauschen, indem er an gro¨eren Komplexen
von Erfahrungstatsachen gewisse allgemeine Zu¨ge erschaut, die sich scharf formulieren
lassen[5].
Fig.1 ThePresidentoftheTechnischeUnivesita¨tMu¨nchenWolfgangA.HerrmannandWolfgang
J.R.Hoefer
Themethodofthetheoreticianinvolvesthatheusesgeneralconditions,so-calledprinciples
asabasisandtodrawtheconclusionsfromthere.Hefirsthastofindtheseprinciplesand
thentodeveloptheconclusionsfromthere.Tofulfillthesecondtaskhereceivesasuitable
toolinschool.Ifthefirstofhistasksalreadyhasbeensolvedinanareaorforacontex-
tualcomplex,sufficientdiligenceandintelligencewillyieldsuccess.Thefirstmentioned
tasktoestablishtheprinciples,whichwillserveasabasisfordeductionisofcompletely
differentnature.Herenosuccessfulsystematicmethodcanbelearnt.Onthecontrarythe
researcherhastolistentonature’sgeneralprinciplesbyrecognizinggeneralpatternsthat
canbeformulatedstrictlyinlargecomplexesofempiricalfacts.(Translationbytheauthor)
These abilities mentioned by Einstein first to find the principles underlying the
phenomena andthentodeveloptheconclusionsfromtherecharacterizeWolfgang
Hoefer impressingly and are the basis not only of his extraordinary scientific cre-
ativity but also of his exceptional aptitude as an educator. In his scientific work