Table Of ContentTicks of the Southern Cone of America
Ticks of the Southern
Cone of America
Diagnosis, Distribution, and Hosts with
Taxonomy, Ecology and Sanitary Importance
Santiago Nava
Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, InstitutoNacionalde
Tecnolog´ıa Agropecuaria, and Consejo Nacional deInvestigaciones
Cient´ıficay Te´cnicas,SantaFe,Argentina
Jose´ M. Venzal
Facultad de Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte,Universidad de la
Repu´blica, Uruguay
Daniel Gonza´lez-Acun˜a
Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidadde Concepcio´n, Chile
Thiago F. Martins
Faculdadede Medicina Veterina´ria e Zootecnia,Universidadede
Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil
Alberto A. Guglielmone
Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, InstitutoNacionalde
Tecnolog´ıa Agropecuaria, and Consejo Nacional deInvestigaciones
Cient´ıficay Te´cnicas,SantaFe,Argentina
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Dedication
This study is dedicated to Juan Jose´ Boero (Argentina),
Isa´ıas Tagle (Chile), Luis Enrique Migone (Paraguay),
and Varela Calzada (Uruguay) for their valuable
scientific contributions to different parasitological
fields in the Southern Cone of America.
Biographies
Santiago Nava is a Senior Scientist in Parasitology
at the Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela,
Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog´ıa Agropecuaria, and
Scientist at the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones
Cient´ıfica yTe´cnicas, Argentina.E-mail:nava.santia-
[email protected]
Santiago Nava is a young Argentinean researcher
whose interest is focused on systematics, ecology
and control of ticks, and epidemiology of tick-borne
pathogens. Within this subject area he coordinates
different projects on ticks with medical and veteri-
nary importance. The principal contribution of Dr. Nava has been in the
studyofNeotropicalticks,andhealsohasanactivecollaborationwithscien-
tists from more than 20 countriesfrom America,Europe, and Africa.
Jose´ M. Venzal is Professor of Veterinary Parasitology at the Laboratorio de
vectores y enfermedades transmitidas, Facultad de
Veterinaria, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la
Repu´blica, Uruguay.E-mail: [email protected]
Jose´ M. Venzal is a young Uruguayan researcher
on ticks and tick-borne diseases with a great exper-
tise insystematicandphylogenyofArgasidae,afield
mastered for few persons worldwide. The contribu-
tion of Prof. Venzal has been fundamental to
describe several new Neotropical species of ticks
(argasids and ixodids) but also for tick ecology and
epidemiology of ticks-transmitted diseases. He
received the Scopus Award Uruguay 2011 in the area of Agricultural
Sciences, Editorial Elsevier, and the National Academy of Veterinary
Medicine ofUruguay Award 2008.
xi
xii Biographies
Daniel Gonza´lez-Acun˜a is full Professor in Zoology
and Ornithology at the Facultad de Ciencias
Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepcio´n, Chilla´n,
Chile.E-mail: [email protected]
Daniel Gonza´lez-Acun˜a is a Doctor in Veterinary
Medicine at the Institute of Wildlife of the
Veterinary Medicine Superior School of Hannover,
Germany. As Full Professor of the Faculty of
Veterinary at the Universidad de Concepcio´n, he tea-
ches General Zoology for students of Veterinary
Medicine and Agriculture Zoology for students of Agronomy. Prof.
Gonza´lez-Acun˜a is specialized in parasites of Chile’s wild fauna; within this
endeavor he coordinated several research projects about ticks from the wild
fauna in Chile. His contribution resulted in the description of several new
species of ticks found in Chile and neighboring countries, and relevant
biogeography information.
Thiago F. Martins is a Postdoc at the Department of
Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sa˜o
Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
Thiago F. Martins is a Brazilian Postdoc student
with a prolific contribution on tick taxonomy and
ecology.Dr.Martinsmadeaveryimportant contribu-
tion for the diagnoses of Argentinian and Brazilian
nymphs from the genus Amblyomma, the most
numerically important tick genus in South America.
He is an active collaborator with many tick-research
groups in Brazil and elsewhere providing his exper-
tise for tickidentification.
Alberto A. Guglielmone is a Senior Scientist in
ParasitologyattheEstacio´nExperimentalAgropecuaria
Rafaela,InstitutoNacionaldeTecnolog´ıaAgropecuaria,
and Superior Scientist at the Consejo Nacional
de Investigaciones Cient´ıfica y Te´cnicas, Argentina.
E-mail:[email protected]
Alberto A. Guglielmone is a senior Argentinean
scientist with a long career on ticks and cattle tick-
borne diseases, started in 1975, but currently dealing
with biogeography of Ixodidae. Dr. Guglielmone
contributed with more than 300 scientific articles and
several books, and collaborated with scientists from more than 30 countries.
He also received several awards and is a member of the Academia Nacional
de Agronom´ıa y Veterinaria(Argentina).
Preface
Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) are becoming increasingly relevant as a sanitary prob-
lem for human, domestic, and wild animals worldwide. Significant scientific
information about ticks of the Southern Cone of America (Argentina, Chile,
Paraguay, and Uruguay) has been obtained through time, but no publication
condensing this achievement is available. We have undertaken the task to
collect the relevant data for diagnosis, distribution, and hosts with comments
on taxonomy, ecology, and sanitary problems for each species of tick of the
two families (Argasidae and Ixodidae) established in the Southern Cone of
America believing that our summary will be of value for people interested in
ticks and tick-borne diseases. Data for all species treated here were obtained
from a search ofthe world tickliterature that concluded on March 31,2016.
xiii
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge:
Dmitry A. Apanaskevich and Lorenza Beati, U.S. National Tick
Collection, Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro, GA, USA; Darci M. Barros-Battesti, Laborato´rio de
Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; Jason Dunlop, Museum
fu¨r Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity
at the Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Agustı´n Estrada-Pen˜a,
Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Marcelo
B. Labruna, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo,
Brazil; Atilio J. Mangold, Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela,
Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog´ıa Agropecuaria, Rafaela, Argentina; Joa˜o R.
Martins, Laborato´rio de Parasitologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterina´rias
Deside´rio Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil; Valeria C. Onofrio, Laborato´rio
de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; Trevor N. Petney,
Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Institute of Zoology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Richard G. Robbins, Walter
Reed Biosystematics Unit, Department of Entomology Smithsonian
Institution, Suitland, MD, USA; and Matias P.J. Szabo´, Faculdade de
Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia,
Brazil,forhelpinbibliographysearch,discussions aboutseveral tickspecies,
information about type specimens, hosts, and distribution, and assistance for
obtaining DNA sequences and constructionof phylogenetic trees.
Marta E. Sa´nchez, Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto
Nacional de Tecnolog´ıa Agropecuaria, Rafaela, Argentina, who significantly
contributedto obtain manyscientific articles used in thisstudy.
Maria I. Camargo-Mathias, Department of Biology, Institute of
Bioscience, Sa˜o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil; Pablo H. Nunes,
Latin American Institute of Life and Natural Sciences, Federal University of
Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguac¸u, Brazil; Diego G. Ramirez,
Laborato´rio de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; Fredy A.
Rivera-Pa´ez, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact and
Natural Sciences, University of Caldas, Manizales, Colombia; and Patricia
L. Sarmiento, Servicio de Microscop´ıa Electro´nica del Museo de La Plata,
xv
xvi Acknowledgments
Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina, for their expertise
with andassistance inscanningelectronmicroscopy.
Karen Ardiles Villegas and Maria S. de la Fuente, Departamento de
Ciencias Pecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad
de Concepcio´n, Chilla´n, Chile; Oscar Castro, Oscar Correa, Carlos G. de
Souza, Marı´a Laura Fe´lix, and Paula Lado, Facultad de Veterinaria,
Universidad de la Repu´blica, Uruguay; Mariano Mastropaolo, Ca´tedra de
Parasitolog´ıa y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias,
Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Argentina; Lucila Moreno
Salas, Departamento de Zoolog´ıa, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y
Oceanogra´ficas, Universidad de Concepcio´n, Concepcio´n, Chile; Sebastia´n
Mun˜oz-Leal, Departamento de Medicina Veterina´ria Preventiva e Sau´de
Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterina´ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de
Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; and Patrick Sebastian, Marı´a N. Saracho
Bottero, Evelina L. Tarragona, Oscar Warnke, and Mario Wuattier, Estacio´n
Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog´ıa
Agropecuaria, Rafaela, Argentina, who contributed in many field and labora-
tory worksusefulfor the information contained inthis book.
The Instituto Nacional de Tecnologı´a Agropecuaria, Argentina;
Asociacion Cooperadora de la Estacio´n Experimental Agropecuaria,
Rafaela, Argentina; Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologı´a e Innovacio´n
Productiva, Argentina; and the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones,
Cientı´ficas y Te´cnicas, Argentina, for providing institutional and financial
support.
Introduction
Ticks are blood-feeding ectoparasites of vertebrates except fishes recognized
asaworldwidenuisancebytheircapacitiestocausedermatosis,anemia,toxe-
mia including paralysis, impaired weight gain, while facilitating the occur-
rence of myiasis and secondary bacterial infections. Nevertheless, the most
importantproblemassociatedwithtickinfestationisthecompetencetotrans-
mitpathogenicagentssuchasvirus,bacteria,protozoa,andnematodestoani-
mals and humans, being along mosquitos the most important arthropod
vectorsofinfectiousdiseases.1Mosttickspeciesareparasitesofwildanimals,
butreduction ofprimeval-hosthabitatsbyanthropic activitiesandincreaseof
live animal trade may result in extinction of some tick species or changes in
hostprofileinothersasanadaptationtonewconditions.Asaconsequenceof
the above scenario,studies onticktaxonomy,ecology, effects onanimal pro-
duction and health, including transmission of pathogenic organisms, resulted
inavoluminousliteraturesometimesdifficulttotrack.
The broadest definition for the Southern Cone of America includes
Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, covering a vast territory from
north of Antarctica to the Tropic of Capricorn with the Andes Mountains
separatingArgentinaandChileasamajorbarrierforgeneflow.Thisgeogra-
phy contains a great variety of wildlife, animal production systems under
extensive pasture conditions and landscapes attracting a considerable num-
bers of tourists regularly. Ticks and tick-borne diseases of cattle have been
historically of great concern for meat industry, graziers, scientists, and gov-
ernments in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, but the recognition of local
ticks as transmitters of human diseases added an additional worry and a
notorious increaseof regional researchon ticks andrelatedproblems.
Most studies in the past focused on cattle ticks and cattle diseases trans-
mitted by Rhipicephalus microplus with other tick species mostly recognized
by scanty records of hosts and localities with eventual descriptions of new
species as Ixodes nuttalli and I. abrocomae by Lahille,2,3 I. longiscutatus by
Boero,4 and I. neuquenensis by Ringuelet.5 The books of Lahille6
“Contribution a l’e´tude des ixodides de la Re´publique Argentine” and
Boero7 “Las garrapatas de la Repu´blica Argentina” remained as main refer-
ences for species different to R. microplus for decades and, indeed, the work
of Boero is still a sound tool for identification of several species of ticks.
Thereafter, studies of R. microplus and associated diseases continued,
xvii
