Table Of ContentSyed Khalid Imam
Shamim I. Ahmad
Editors
Thyroid Disorders
Basic Science
and Clinical Practice
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Thyroid Disorders
Syed Khalid I mam (cid:129) Shamim I. Ahmad
Editors
Thyroid Disorders
Basic Science and Clinical Practice
Editors
Syed Khalid Imam Shamim I. Ahmad
Internal Medicine School of Science and Technology
Al-Mouwasat Hospital Nottingham Trent University
Jubail Nottingham
Saudi Arabia UK
ISBN 978-3-319-25869-0 ISBN 978-3-319-25871-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25871-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016933871
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
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The editor (SKI) wishes to dedicate this book to his parents,
Ahmad Imam and Mah Jabeen, for their constant support,
patronage, and guidance in his career; his children, Abdullah,
Maham, and Ebadullah, whose voices and gestures were never
boring and from them he has learned to love and enjoy the fl avor
of life; his wife, Uzma, the key family member, who lifted his
heart and encouraged him a lot because of her spiritual
wholeness, inexhaustible hope, and strong personality. Lastly,
to all patients who have been suffering from various kinds of
illnesses and fi ght against the ailment with great courage and
hope .
The editor (SIA) wishes to dedicate this book to his wife, Riasat
Jan, for her patience, love, and persistent encouragement during
the production of this book and to his children, Alisha Ahmad
and Arsalan Mujtaba Ahmad, who have been giving him so much
pleasure with their innocent interceptions and resulting recovery
from the loss of energy. Also dedication goes to the caregivers,
nurses, and medics who painstakingly look after the patients
throughout their suffering period .
Pref ace
Endocrinology is the study of one of the most exciting hormonal diseases
covering a plethora of information on thyroid disorders, which are among the
most prevalent of medical conditions. In general population, the prevalence
of thyroid dysfunction ranges from 1 to 10 %. In the United Kingdom, 1–2 %
of the adult population is found to have thyroid disorders. It is interesting to
note that thyroxine is the sixth most commonly prescribed drug in Scotland.
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viii Preface
Virtually all studies report higher prevalence of thyroid diseases in women
and mostly with those undergoing advancing age.
The incidence of thyroid disorders has been increasing with time and varies
between localities. Their manifestations vary considerably from area to area and
are determined principally by the availability of iodine in the diet. Almost one-
third of the world’s population lives in areas of iodine defi ciency. Populations
living particularly in remote mountainous areas in South-East Asia, Latin
America, and Central Africa risk more of suffering from this disease.
G lobally, wherever population lives in iodine-defi cient regions, due to the sub-
optimal amount of iodine intake from the natural sources such as sea vegetables,
potatoes, cranberries, etc., the prevalence of hypothyroidism is higher than in
iodine-effi cient regions. It is important to note that most persons with thyroid
disorders have one or more autoimmune disease such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,
primary atrophic hypothyroidism, and thyrotoxicosis caused by Graves’ disease.
Moreover, suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone levels have been associated
with decreased bone density and with an increased risk of atrial fi brillation and
premature atrial beat. It has been known for decades that overt hypothyroidism
contributes to elevated serum cholesterol levels and cardiovascular risk, and
recent studies suggest this may also be true with subclinical hypothyroidism.
Abnormal thyroid functions have important public health concerns.
Medical researches on thyroid diseases have been persistently reporting, in
a wide range of journals and literatures, materials relevant to endocrinology,
pediatrics, nuclear medicine, and surgery, making it more challenging for clini-
cians to keep abreast of new developments. Therefore, the objective of this
publication is to provide an updated review on thyroid gland and its functional
impairments and to highlight the recent trends in the management of thyroid
diseases. Pregnancy-related thyroid disorders are also covered in this book.
The Contents list can basically be divided into three sections: Part I pro-
viding the basic information on thyroid glands, Part II largely focusing on
important and common thyroid dysfunctions and their clinical management,
and Part III addressing thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy, a commonly
ignored area.
T he book on thyroid disorders is meant to be read by a wide range of read-
ers including physicians, endocrinologists, dietitians, researchers, industries
involved in developing and manufacturing thyroid drugs, postgraduate and
undergraduate medical students, and may help to update knowledge of non-
specialist in the diagnosis and management of thyroid diseases.
The editors are certain that this book will provide core basic and clinical
knowledge to all those who are attached with the health care and also involve
in managing various kinds of diseases related to thyroid disorders. We hope
that appropriate diagnosis and clinical application of the basic and advance
knowledge provided in this book would ultimately benefi t patients.
Jubail , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Syed Khalid Imam , FCPS, FACE
Nottingham , UK Shamim I. Ahmad , MSc, PhD
Acknowledgments
The editors cordially acknowledge various authors of this book for their con-
tribution of the chapters with in-depth knowledge and highly skilled presen-
tation. Without their input, it would not have been possible to produce this
book on such an important subject and complicated disease. We would also
like to acknowledge the hard work, friendly approach, and patience of the
staff, especially of Ms Julia Megginson, of Springer Publications for effi cient
and highly professional handling of this project.
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