Thrips (Thysanoptera) from Pakistan to the Pacific: a review

76 Pages·1992·23.8 MB·

by  J M Palmer

Bull. Br. Mas. not. Hist. (Ent.)61(1): 1-76 Issued25June 1992
Thrips (Thysanoptera) from
Pakistan to the Pacific: a review
PALMER
J.M.
DepartmentofEntomology The NaturalHistory Museum, CromwellRoad,
,
London SW75BD
CONTENTS
Synopsis 1
Introduction 1
Biologyandeconomicimportance 2
Literature 2
Acknowledgementsandtypedepositories 2
Thripsandrelatedgenera inthe OrientalandPacific Regions 3
Charactersstudied 4
Checklistofspecies 6
Nominal species removed from Thrips 7
Speciesnotexamined 8
Introduction and keytogroups 8
—
Keytospecies females 9
—
Keytospecies males 15
Speciesdescriptions 19
GroupI 19
GroupII 24
GroupIII 35
GroupIV 39
GroupV 46
Phylogeneticconsiderations 60
References 61
Index 76
Synopsis. Each ofthe 91 Thrips species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) known to occur in
the Oriental and Pacific Regions is assigned to one of five defined species groups and
included in a checklist and identification key. Diagnoses and biological notes are given
forall species not restricted to the Indian subcontinent, includingseven species newto
science.Twonewspecificsynonymiesareestablishedinthegenus. TwelveOrientaland
Pacificspeciesnamesformerlyincludedinthegenus Thripsarelistedincludingonenew
synonymy,threenewcombinations,oneunplacedandoneremovedtoColeoptera. Four
nominal species from the region that have not been examined are listed, includingone
nomendubium.
INTRODUCTION comparable in size is the phiaeothripid Haplo-
thrips. Speciesof Thripscanbefoundthroughout
the world in flowers and on leaves of a wide
The genus Thrips probablycomprises asmany as variety ofplanthostsfrom grassesto hardwoods.
250 species and is the largest of all Terebrantian Some are beneficial pollinators, while others
genera. The only other Thysanopteran genus cause significant economic damage. Some are
J.M. PALMER
very common, polyphagous and widespread, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) which is car-
while others are rarely seen and restricted to a ried bypalmi to groundnuts in India and water-
single localityorone speciesofplant. Because of melonsinJapan; bysetosustotomatoesinJapan;
this diversity of life-styles there have been as by (abaci to tobacco in central Europe (Zawir-
manyas400or500speciesnamesassociatedwith ska, 1976; 1983).
the genus and experience has shown that a high It should be remembered that some species
percentage ofthem are synonyms. can be extremely common on a particular plant
The genus was thought to be most diverse in without apparently causing any severe damage.
thetemperate regions ofthe world and the study Two such species are australis on Eucalyptus and
of about 100 nominal species from the Oriental Acacia andthe polyphagouscoloratus.
and pacific Regions was expected to reveal a
number of new synonymies. However, only two
new synonymies were discovered and 91 species
LITERATURE
are recognised from the regions. Variation
between closely related populations from differ-
ent Pacific islands is difficult to interpret and There are numerous small papers on the Aus-
these 'island populations' may represent yet tralasian and Pacific species of Thrips, many by
more distinct species. the late Dr K. Sakimura. An account of the
Philippines' fauna of about 20 species has been
producedbyC.P. Reyes (in press). Bhatti (1980)
published an invaluable account of 33 species
BIOLOGY AND ECONOMIC
recorded from the Indian sub-continent. The
IMPORTANCE Thrips fauna of the New World, comprising
about 61 species, has been covered by Gentile &
mm Bailey (1968) andNakahara (in press) and the 60
Species of Thrips range from 0.5 to 2.5 in or so European species are keyed in Priesner
length and are most usually found in flowers. (1964), Mound et al. (1976) and Schliephake &
Adult thrips are attracted to flowers by both Klimt (1979). The fauna ofthe African continent
scent and colour and, like the larvae, will feed has not yet been studied in depth but iscurrently
both on cell sap and pollen. Adults do not known to be represented by about 30 species of
(neKciersks,ar1i9l8y4fflee&d onc,ly1o9n85t)h,eiwrhbircehedcianng hboestapslcaenrt- cwohnitcihnesntesveans woerll.eight are widespread in other
tained only by the presence of larvae. The pres- The present work is intended to provide not
ence of adults in flowers can be beneficial. T. only ameansofidentification ofthe 91 speciesof
hawaiiensis for example, is probably an effective Thripsfrom the Oriental and Pacific Regions but
pollinator for both oil and banana palms in the also to consider this fauna in a world context.
Pacific Region and T. imaginis and obscuratm The speciesincluded are all those listedbyJacot-
could perform the same function in the orchards Guillarmod (1975) under Taeniothrips and
of Australia and New Zealand (Kirk, 19846). Thripsfrom the Oriental and Pacific Regionsbut
However, when thrips occur in the flowers of a excluding those species transferred by Bhatti
host plant on which they breed, populations can (1978) toAmomothrips, Ceratothrips Dorcadot-
build to pest proportions. Then pollen-feeding ,
hrips, Javathrips, Laplothrips or Taeniothrips.
may reduce pollination, cell-sap-feeding can Those species known only from the Indian sub-
deform and scarbuds, petals, fruit and seeds and continent and included in Bhatti (1980) are
any resulting sticky exudations can attract included in the key but are not discussed fully in
unsightly moulds. Gladiolus flowers worldwide the text. The synonymies ofeach species are not
suffer particularly from feeding damage by T. intended to be complete and include only those
simplex. names associatedwith the study area.
There are a number of leaf-feeding species of
Thrips that tend to be attracted to seedlings and
young leaves at the growing tips of mature
plants. Even trees are not immune from attack ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND
and may be defoliated by heavy infestations. T. TYPE DEPOSITORIES
calcaratus causes such damage to Tilia species in
Europe and North America. Most economically
significant damagecaused by leaf-feedingspecies I am very grateful for the help and support of many
is due to coincidental transmission of isolates of colleagues, particularly to Jenny Cox, Bill Dolling and
THRIPS FROM PAKISTANTO PACIFIC
Laurence Mound of The Natural History Museum, forests of New Zealand is considered to be the
London, for their forbearance and constructive criti- sister-group of the Thrips genus-group and dif-
cism of the manuscript; to the curators of the collec- fersfrom it in the scattereddistribution ofmicro-
tionshstedbelowforlendingspecimens,particularlyto trichia laterally on the tergites and the
Steve Nakahara of Washington, Shuji Okajima of propinquity of the median tergal setae; Bolaco-
TokyoandRichardzurStrassenofFrankfurtforallow- thrips, a grass-living genus, was excluded from
ing me to study their unidentified material; to Pat the genus group by Bhatti & Mound (1980)
MarshandmydaughterHeatherfortypingsomeofthe presumably because it has a simple, not forked,
manuscript and for compiling the bibliography. With- sense cone on each ofantennal segments III and
out their assistance this study could not have been IV; Ctenidothrips (monotypic) found on bamboo
completed.
in India, isdistinguished byits largefore femora,
BMNH —The Natural HistoryMuseum, London. toothed sternal craspedum and short median
—
BPBM BerniceP. BishopMuseum, Hawaii. metanotal setae; Ernothrips (monotypic) known
—
CAS California Academy of Sciences, San from India and Java, is distinguished by its
—Francisco. smooth flanges of tergal and sternal craspeda;
lARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Fulmekiola (monotypic) common on sugar-cane
—NewDelhi. throughout the Orient and a pest in Mauritius
ICH —IshidaCollection, Hokkaido University. and the West Indies, may be distinguished by its
IZUI InstitutfiirZoologiederUniversitat, Inns- longanteocellarsetae (II) and large, lobedtergal
—bruck. (including tergite VIII) and sternal craspeda.
JNSHBM —JN.aSt.urBhhiastttoiriCsoclhleecstMiouns,eDueml,hi.Vienna. Microcephalothrips (monotypic) common in
NHMB —Natural History Museum, Basel. flowers of Compositae throughout the tropics,
NR —Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm. subtropics and the USA, is distinguished by its
NZAC —New Zealand Arthropod Collection, lobed tergal craspeda; Oxyrrhinothrips (mono-
Auckland. typic) known only from the type series collected
QM —Queensland Museum, Brisbane. from Macaranga tanarius on Sebesie in Indone-
Reyes —C.P. Reyes Collection, University of the sia, is distinguished mainly by its long, pointed
Philippines, Los Banos Museum of Natu- mouthcone, dense fringe ofmicrotrichia laterally
ral History, Laguna. and the posteromarginal craspeda on the terg-
—
Saki K. SakimuraCollection, Hawaii. ites. Plesiothrips is grass-living but was excluded
SMF —SenckenbergMuseum, Frankfurt. from the Thrips genus-group by Bhatti & Mound
SO —Shuji Okajima Collection,Tokyo Agricul- (1980) presumably mainly because it has very
—tural University. poorly developed ovipositor and tergal ctenidia;
TNA T.N. Ananthakrishnan Collection, Loyola Sphaeropothrips (= Ednathrips) (monotypic) a
USNM —CUonlilteegde,StMaatdersasNa.tional Museum of Natu- IEnudrioa,peiasndisgrtaisnsg-uliisvhiendg mgaeinnulsy ablysotheknaobwsnencferoomf
—ralHistory, Washington. mesothoracic sternopleural sutures; Stenchaeto-
ZZSWIG —ZZohoalnoggicWaali-SQurivueyCoolfleIcntdiioan,,CaSlocuutthta.China tmhorsitpls,y aOrigeranstsa-ll,eaifs fdeiesdtiinngguigsehneuds,matirnolpiycablybiutts
AgriculturalCollege, Guangzhou.
long anteocellarsetae (II).
The majority of Thrips species and all related
genera have seta b2 on tergites III to VIII long,
in contrast to species ofFrankliniella and related
THRIPS AND RELATED GENERA IN genera where b2 is shorter on tergites III to VII.
THE ORIENTAL AND PACIFIC Setab3 isnormallyshorton tergitesVItoVIIIin
REGIONS all these genera. The genus Thrips may be distin-
guished from all other Thysanoptera genera
found in the Oriental and Pacific Regions by the
Following the comprehensive description and following combination of characteristics: anten-
definition of the genus Thrips by Bhatti (1980), nae 7- or 8-segmented, III and IV each with a
the grass-feeding genera related to Thrips were forked sense cone (Figs 1, A2-AA, 143). Anterior
discussed by Bhatti & Mound (1980) and the pair of ocellar setae (I) absent; lateral pair (II)
genus group was defined by Mound & Palmer shorter than the interocellars (III); postocular
(1981). Ten genera related to Thrips and found setae usually in an even row (figs 2, 3, 12, 13
in the Oriental and Pacific Regions are included etc.). Mesothoracic sternopleural sutures
in these works: Adelphithrips, described by present. Tergites V to VIII with a row ofmicro-
Mound & Palmer (1981) from the Nothofagus trichia (ctenidium) laterally; tergite VIII ctenidia
J.M. PALMER
situated posterior and median to the spiracles easily used antennal character but a few species
(Figs 51-55etc.). Tergitesandsterniteswithouta have both 1- and 2-segmented styles, e.g. flavus
deep or lobed posteromarginal flange (craspe- (group II), obscuratus (group IV), florum,
dum). hawaiiensis and possibly wedeliae (group V).
A number of species in this work have been Segments III to VI may differ slightly in size and
placed, at some time, in subgenera of Thrips or shape between species and the sense coneson III
Taeniothripsorin distinct genera, notably Thrips and IV may vary in length between species. T.
(Epithrips) unispinus Moulton, Taeniothrips australis may be recognised by its unusually
(Isochaetothrips) seticollis Bagnall, Isoneuro- shaped segment VI (fig. 105).
thrips australis Bagnall, Thrips (Isothrips) orien-
talis Bagnall and Ramaswamiahiella subnudula Head. Normally as broad as or broader than
Karny. Although these species have particularly long but two species, alliorum, common around
distinctive characteristics, it does not help in the the north Pacific on onions and phormiicola on
understanding ofspecies or generic relationships Phormium in New Zealand (group IV), have
to exclude them from this study nor, indeed, to particularly long heads (Figs 72, 81) reminiscent
isolate them in monobasic genera, from a hope- ofmanygrass-livingThysanoptera. The apparent
fully monophyleticgenus. length of the mouthcone can be affected by
orientation of the head and telescoping of the
head into the pronotum. This may have caused
CHARACTERS STUDIED confusion in the recognition ofbeharensis (group
II). Thripidae typically have 3 pairs of ocellar
Size and colour. Size is fairly uniform through- setae but in Thrips the anterior pair (I) is always
out the genus and within the most common and absent; II is situated laterally near the eye; III is
situated either within the triangle formed by the
variable species the largest and darkest speci-
mens are seldom more than 1.3 times as big as ocelli (Figs 13, 19, 60 etc.) or just outside its
lateral margins (Figs 2, 12, 17 etc.). The position
the smallest and palest. Males are generally
smaller than their females but allometric growth of pair III is often a valuable distinguishing
patterns are not apparent in the genus. In the characteristic and, apart from body size, is the
main distinction between the two common spe-
Oriental Region one of the smallest species,
mm ciespa/m/ and//avM5 (group II) (Figs 19, 20) but
about 1 long, is subnudula (group IV) and
amongst the largest, almost 2.5 mm long, are caution is necessary as it is sometimes variable,
e.g. alius (group I) and longiceps (group V). The
gardeniae and tristis (group V). Actual measure-
ments are given here for few species but relative length of pair III is not usually significant but
sizes may bejudgedfrom the illustrations. they are remarkably long in cerno (group II)
(Fig. 21). The postocular setae, a row of setae
Colour is often variable and antennal colouris
behind the hind margin of the eye, sometimes
particularly difficult to interpret. This problem is have useful taxonomic characteristics. The
discussedinthesumatrensisspeciesgroup (group
V). Some species, often the more common, have median pair (I) may be displaced posteriorly,
e.g. alliorum (Fig. 72) or the sub-median pair
both brown forms and yellow forms and are
(II) maybe similarlydisplaced, e.g. vulgatissimus
sometimes bicoloured e.g. tabaci and flavus
(group IV). The relative lengths of postocular
h(agwraoiuipenIsI)i,si(mgargoinuipsV()g.roSuopmIeV)spaencdiecsowlohriacthushaanvde setae I, II and III may also help in distinguishing
between closely related species as in the hawai-
brown females have yellow males. This charac-
teristic could cast doubt on the synonymy of iensis species group (group V) (Figs 120, 121).
morindae with javanicus (group II). There are
some species, however, that have constant dis- Pronotum. Usuallymoreorlesstransverselystri-
ate butstriations are absent in some species, e.g.
tinctive coloration. T. lads (group I), taurus
(group II) and arorai (group V) all have banded rapaensis (group II). There are usually 2 pairs of
long posteroangular setae on each posterior
forewings; atactus, carthami, dorax and garudus
angle but occasionally one or both of these are
(groupII) australis, cedriandfacetus (group IV)
, short or not developed any more than the discal
all have a particularly recognisable colour pat-
setae, e.g. melastomae (Fig. 117) and unispinus
tern.
(Fig. 129) (group V). This variation is discussed
Antennae. Most species consistently have either on p. 9 and under imaginis (group IV). The
7- or 8-segmented antennae, the apical style density ofdiscal setae is a useful characteristic as
comprising one or two small segments respec- in the number ofposteromarginal setae between
tively (Figs 42, 103-105, 143). This is the most the inner posteroangular setae. The Oriental
THRIPS FROM PAKISTAN TO PACIFIC
species normally have 3 pairs ofposteromarginal e.g. orientalis andsetipennis (groupIII).
setae but 4 to 6 pairs may be found in imaginis
(Fig. 77) andsubnudula (Fig. 79) (group IV). Legs. T. seticollis (group II) and T. coprosmae
(groupIV) share therare characteristicofhaving
Metanotum. Sculpture maybedistinctive, striate a pretarsal claw on the forelegs (Fig. 108). It is
(Figs 27, 28, 101, 134 etc.) or reticulate, with also found in calcaratus (Uzel) from Europe and
(Figs 7, 8, 66, 139 etc.) or without wrinkles North America and possibly alysii Hood from
within the reticulations (Figs 6, 94, 136 etc.). North America, and isoften difficult to observe.
Although usually a reliable character it is some-
times variable, e.g. alius (group I) (Fig. 4) and Abdomen. Tergites III to VIII b2 setae are long
rhabdotus (group II) (Figs 32, 33). The presence andtergitesVI toVIIIb3setaeshortexceptinan
or absence of a pair of campaniform sensilla in undescribed species similarto imaginis which has
the posterior half of the metanotum is usually b2 setae short on tergites VI and VII, and
relatively stable within species of Thrips, subnudula and another similar but undescribed
(although they are sometimes difficult to see), species which have b3 setae long on tergites VI
and is one of the distinguishing features withii: and VII (group IV). Tergite II may have 3 or 4
the formosanus, rostratus, obscuripes group lateral setae but caution is necessary as the 4th
(group II) (Figs 27, 29, 34). However, Strauss seta isoften displacedonto the pleurite (Figs. 49,
(1988) shows that this characteristic may not 50). The posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII
always be reliable. There are normally 2 pairs of may be entirely absent, there may be a few
setae at or near the anterior margin. The lateral microtrichia only laterally (Fig. 64), it may be
pair are fairly uniform in length and position but complete but with microtrichia short and sparse
the median pair of setae usually provide useful or irregularly spaced (Figs. 52, 54, 86, 146, 147
distinguishing characteristics. They may be situ- etc.) or it may be a complete, regular comb of
ated at the anterior margin (Figs. 35, 130, 140 long, fine microtrichia (Figs 53, 55, 89 etc.).
etc.), slightly posterior (Figs 25, 101) or far back Even if the female of a species has a well
from the margin (Figs 4-8, 26-33 etc.). Their developed comb it may be absent in the male.
position is usually stable within species but is TergitesIX& Xare usuallyaboutequal in length
occasionally variable, e.g. in coloratus (group but they are particularly long in longicaudatus
V). They are also usually situated equidistant (group V) (Fig. 152) and IX is particularly short
from the lateral setae or slightly closer to them in facetus (group IV) (Fig. 84). Male tergite IX
than to each other. However, in brevistylus and bears 2 pairs of setae in the distal half usually
pavettae (group V) they are very much closer nearthe posteriormarginandthe relative lengths
together (Figs 132, 138). The median setae are and positions of the median (bl) and submedian
usuallymuch longerthan the lateralsbut they are (b2) setae are useful diagnostic features
particularly short in evulgo (group IV) (Fig. 96). (Figs. 109-111 etc.). Sternite II usually bears 2
pairs of posteromarginal setae but in 4 New
Wings. The majorityofThripsaremacropterous Zealand species, austellus, coprosmae, obscura-
in both sexes and in the Oriental and Pacific tus andphormiicola (group IV) and 2 New Cale-
Regions it is only nigropilosus (group II) and donian species, bianchii and insignis (group I),
phormiicola (group IV) that may be brachypter- there are 3 pairs. Sternites III toVII usually bear
ous or micropterous. Fully developed forewings 3 pairs ofposteromarginal setae but imaginis has
have 2 longitudinal seta-bearing veins. The hind more than 3 pairs and subnudula has 6 pairs
veinnormally hasa more or lesscomplete rowof (both group IV) (Fig. 82). Sternites often also
setae butthatofthe first veinvaries (Figs 10, 11, bear discal setae (Figs. 82, 83), the quantity and
45). Most commonly the setae are arranged in a length ofwhich can be useful diagnostic features
basal groupof7 and 3 more widely spaced along but they are particularly variable in orientalis
thedistalhalf. Eveniftherearemore distal setae (group III). Fleurotergites also sometimes bear
there is usually a gap after the basal group of 7. discal setae in addition to the 1 posteromarginal
Some species have a complete row of first vein seta (Figs. 106, 107) and various types of sculp-
setae. These setal arrangements are normally ture (Figs. 47, 48). In Oriental species the most
relatively stable but orientalis (group III) is par- common distribution of discal setae is on sterni-
ticularly variable. The forewing scale usually tes II or III to VII although absent from the
bears 5 setae with the apical seta longer than the pleurotergites (group V). Less commonly discal
subapical but sometimes there are more setae, setae are found on the pleurotergites as well
e.g. australis and subnudula (group IV) and the (group IV). In a few species they are found on
apical setae may be shorter than the subapical, sternites II or III to VI only (group III) and
J.M. PALMER
rarely are they found on the pleurotergites only: flavusSchrank
brunneus, setosus and xenos (group II in part). clarusMoulton (Taeniothrips) syn.n.
Discal setae are particularly numerous in a few saussaureae Ishida (Taeniothrips) [cf 9] Nepal,
species: apicatus, australis, facetus, imaginis and Pakistan, India, Thailand, China, Taiwan, Japan,
subnudula (group IV) all have at least 20 sternal Korea, Philippine Is, Malaya, Australia; also
discal setae and 5 or 6 on the pleurotergites. Europe, Africa, NorthAmerica
Males tend to have comparatively fewer discal formosanusPriesner [(S\ India,Taiwan, China
setae. With 5 exceptions, males of Oriental fuscicomisIshida
Thrips have a glandular areaon each ofsternites garudaBhatti [cf] India
III to VII (Figs 56, 150, 151). They are usually khoidmaailkaaynaanluesnsPieslAinkaannt[hcaf]krNiesphanl,anCh&inJaagadish
narrowly or broadly transverse but they vary exhuberans Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish [cf 91
fromsmalland almostcircular, asinlongiceps, to
India
occupying most of the sternite, as in simplex levatusBhatti [cf 9] India,Thailand
v(egrrsoeupglVa)n.duTl.ar(aabraecaioanndefalcahviodfusltuesrnhiatvees IaIItrtaonsV- mniogdriocpuisloBsiuasnUczheil[c[fcf9]9]SaCmhionaa, Korea, Japan, Philip-
only, carthami (group II) has them on III to VI, pines, Hawaii, Fiji, New Zealand, Australia; also
coprosmae (group IV) has them on IV or V to Europe, E. Africa, Mauritius, NorthAmerica
VII only and xenos (group II) is unique in the obscuripesPriesner[cf 9] Java
genus in having each gland dissected into 5 to 8 pallidulusBagnall [cf 9] India, China
small, irregularpatches. Duetodistortionsofthe palmiKarny
preparation technique, the precise nature of the clarus Moulton [Thrips] [cf 9] Sudan, Mauritius,
ovipositor is difficult to assess but in 4 species, Reunion, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Thailand,
facetus (group IV), hispidus, leeuweni and longi- China, Hong Kong,Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Malaya,
caudatus (group V), it appears to extend beyond Singapore,Sumatra,Java, Brunei, Philippines,Aus-
the end ofthe abdomen. tralia NT, Wallis, New Caledonia, Samoa, Guam,
Hawaii, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St Kitts,Trinidad
pectiniprivusPriesner [cf 9] Krakatau
rapaensisMoulton [cf] RapaI
CHECKLIST OF SPECIES rhabdotusSakimura [cf 9] Tonga, Fiji
rostratusPriesner [cf] Java, Celebes, Bah
GroupI seticollisBagnall [cf 9] Australia
aliuss^.n. [cS $] Philippines, China setosusMoulton [cf 9]Japan, Korea, China
betasp.n. [d"] NewGuinea tabaciLindeman [cf 91 worldwide
bianchiiSakimura[cf $] NewCaledonia tanicusBhatti [cf 9] India
insignisBianchi [cT] NewCaledonia taurusBhatti [cf] India
javanicusPriesner tectuszurStrassen [cf 9] Bhutan, Nepal
morindaePriesnersyn.n. [cf 9] Java,Malaya xenosBhatti [cf 9] In«^'a
latisBhatti
ignobilisAnanthakrishnan &Jagadish [cS 9] India GroupIII
mallotiPriesner compressicornisSakimura[cf 9] MarquesanIs,Malaya
addendusPriesner decenssp.n. [cf 9] Malaya
rosaceae Moulton [cT $] Malaya, Sumatra, Java, extensicornis Priesner [cf 9] Taiwan, Java, Riouw
New Guinea, Queensland, Bali, Celebes, Solomon Arch, Philippines
Is, Philippines, Okinawa, Caroline, Palau, Taiwan, orientalisBagnall
India setipennis Steinweden & Moulton [cf 91 India,
pallisetisSakimura [cT]Australia Thailand, China, Japan, Malaya, Java, Philippines,
reticulatusMoulton [cf $]NewGuinea Borneo, Sarawak,Tahiti, Hawaii
GroupII parvispinusKarny
alatusBhatti [cf 9] India, Nepal jenseni Karny [cf 9] Thailand, Malaya, Singapore,
Sumatra, Java, Philippines, Celebes, New Guinea,
atactusBhatti [cf] India
beharensisRamakrishna& Margabandhu [cT $] India Solomon Is,TorresSt, Queensland
brunneusIshida [cT 9]Japan setipennisBagnall
carthami Shumsher [cT 91 India, Kashmir, Pakistan, myrsiniicolaBagnall [cf 9]Australia,Tasmania
taiwanusTakahashi
Bhutan
cernosp.n. pallipes Moulton [cf 9] China, Thailand, Taiwan,
conocephaliPriesner[cT]Java Bali,Philippines, Malaya
doraxBhatti [cf] India
flavidulusBagnall [cf 9] India, Nepal,China
THRIPS FROM PAKISTANTOPACIFIC
GroupIV sumatrensis Priesner [d" 91 Thailand, Sumatra, Java,
alliorumPriesner Timor, Guam, Philippines,Tahiti
carteri Moulton [d" 9] China, Taiwan, Japan, tristisPriesner [d' 91Java
Korea, Manchuria, Hawaii unispinus Moulton [d" 91 Solomon Is, New Guinea,
apicatusPriesner[d" $) India,Thailand, Philippines Brunei, Queensland
austellusMound [o"] NewZealand unonaePriesner[d"] Java
australisBagnall [cT 9) worldwide vitticornisKarny
cedriBhatti [cf] India canavaliae Moulton [d" 91 India, China, Thailand,
coprosmaeMound [d* $1 NewZealand Vietnam, Taiwan, Philippines, Malaya, Sumatra,
evulgosp.n. [ ] Pakistan Java, Solomon Is, New Hebrides, Tonga, Fiji,
facetussp.n. [o"] Bangladesh, Malaya Samoa, Guam, Marshall Is, Palau I, Botel,Tobago,
imaginis Bagnall [cf 9) New Guinea, Australia, Tas- Verlaten, Krakatau,Tambaram,TorresSt, Hawaii
mania, NewCaledonia, New Zealand, Fiji wedeliae Priesner [d'l Taiwan, Solomon Is, Timor,
meridionalis Priesner [o" 9] mainly Mediterranean Philippines
distribution. Africa, Europe, Central Asia, Nepal
novocaledonensis Bianchi [d" 91 New Caledonia, New
Hebrides, Norfolk I
obscuratusCrawford [cS 91 NewZealand NOMINAL SPECIES REMOVED
phormiicolaMound [(S 91 NewZealand FROM THRIPS
subnudula Karny [d' 91 Pakistan, India, Bali, Philip-
pines, Nigeria, Uganda
vulgatissimusHaliday[d" 91 China, NewZealand; also allia Moulton, 1936: 267. Holotype d', [Taeniothrips],
Europe, NorthAmerica PHILIPPINES, (CAS). Transferred to Ceratothrips
by Bhatti, 1978: 194. [notexamined].
GroupV armatus Moulton, 1936: 271. Holotype d", [Thrips],
aleuritisMoulton & Steinweden [d" 91Tahiti PHILIPPINES, (CAS). Labelled as Baliothripsser-
andrewsiBagnall [d" 91 India, China ratus (Kobus) by Sakimura (= Fulmekiola) but
aroraiBhatti [d'j India synonymy apparently not published. [Holotype and
brevistylusPriesner[d* 91 Java, Philippines 2d",69 paratypesexamined). Syn. nov.
cinchonaePriesner [d"]Java carteri Moulton, 1937: 411. Holotype d", [Isoneuro-
coloratusSchmutz thrips], HAWAII, (CAS). Transferred to Neuriso-
aligheriniGirault thripsbySakimura, 1967a: 422. [notexamined].
japonicusBagnall calopgomi Zhang Wai-qiu, 1981: 325. Holotype d",
melanurus Bagnall [d' 91 Pakistan, India, Ceylon. [Taeniothrips], CHINA, (ZWG). This species has a
Thailand, Laos, China, Taiwan, Japan, Malaya, longmouthcone, all abdominal tergitesandsternites
Java, Celebes, Philippines, Brunei, New Guinea, with posteromarginal craspeda, tergal ctenidia
Queensland absent. It is here transferred to Tusothrips. [Holo-
emulatusAnanthakrishnan [cT 91 India, S.W. Africa type and2d' paratypesexamined]. Comb. nov.
florum Schmutz [d" 91 throughout the Oriental and fusca Moulton, 1936: 270. Cotypes d', 9- [Thrips
PacificRegions tusca, sic. see Gentile & Bailey, 1968: 67], PHILIP-
fulmekiPriesner[d'l Sumatra PINES, (CAS). Described from seedling cane, pre-
gardeniaesp.n. [cf 91 NewGuinea, Solomon Is sumably sugar, it has long ocellar setae II and
griseusBagnall [d'l Japan belongs in Stenchaetothrips. [3d', 19 cotypes exam-
hawaiiensisMorgan[d* 91throughouttheOrientaland ined]. Comb. nov.
Pacific Regions, northern Australia, southern and karafutensis Ishida, 1931: 36. Holotype cf, [Taenio-
eastern USA thrips], JAPAN, (ICH). Synonymised with Serico-
hispidusAnanthakrishnan&Jagadish [d"] India thrips gracilicornis Williams by Kudo, 1979: 490.
kotoshoiMoulton [d'l China, Taiwan, Fiji [notexamined].
leeuweniPriesner[d'l Malaya, Singapore konumensisIshida, 1931: 37-39. Holotype d", [Taenio-
longicaudatus Bianchi [d"l South Australia, Queen- thrips], JAPAN, (ICH). Synonymised with Odonto-
sland, Samoa, NewGuinea, Philippines thrips biuncus John by Kudo, 1979: 489. [not
longicepsBagnall [d* 91 India examined].
melastomae Priesner [d" 91 Thailand, Malaya, Suma- karnyianus Priesner, 1934: 282-283. lectotype d".
tra,Java, RiouwArch, Philippines [Thrips], JAVA, (SMF), [labelled by Bhatti, 1978.
Reyes(in press) [d"l Philippines TransferredtoStenchaetothripsbyBhatti& Mound,
pavettaePriesner[d" 91 Sumatra,Java 1980-15. [examined].
samoaensisMoulton [d'l Samoa, NewHebrides koitakii Moulton, 1940: 253. Holotype d", [Thrips],
simplex Morison [d" 91 India, China, Hong Kong, NEW GUINEA, (BPBM). This species has 3 pairs
Japan, Hawaii, Philippines, NewGuinea, Australia, ofocellarsetae and is therefore not a Thrips. Itwas
NewZealand;alsoEurope,AfricaandtheAmericas described from Saccharum and is more similar to
J.M. PALMER
Stenchaetothrips in many ways. Its coloration is INTRODUCTION AND KEY TO
similar to 5, bicolorbut it is not congeneric with it. GROUPS
[30"paratypesexamined].
mucunae Ishida, 1934: 57-59. Holotype d", [Thrips],
JAPAN, (ICH). Transferred to Baliothrips by
Key to groups
Kudo, 1979: 488-489. Transferred to Stenchaeto-
thrips by Bhatti & Mound, 1980: 16. [Holotype and 1 Abdominalsternite VII alwayswithout discalsetae
Id"paratype examined]. (cf. Fig. 46); [tergite VIII posteromarginal comb
paradoxa Linnaeus, 1763: 401. Unknown, [Thrips], usuallyabsentmedially(Fig. 64)orcompleteandof
CHINA, (unknown). From the original description evenly spaced microtrichia (Figs 51, 53, 55)]
itisobviouslynotaThysanopteranandismostlikely (groupsI, II, III) 2
tobeaColeopteran. - Abdominal sternites III-VII always with discal
sacchari Kruger, 1890: 103-106. Syntypes cf, $, setae (Figs 82, 83); [tergite VIII posteromarginal
[Thrips], JAVA, MALAYA, (Depository combusuallypresentbutoftenofirregularlyspaced
unknown). Transferred to Stenchaetothrips by microtrichia(Figs 85, 86, 147)] (groupsIV,V) .. 4
Bhatti, 1982: 411. [notexamined].
2 AbdominalsternitesIII-VIusuallywithdiscalsetae
setiferKarny, 1920: 38. Lectotype d", [Isoneurothrips],
AUSTRALIA, (NR). Transferred to Parabalio- (cf. Figs 82, 83); [metanotal sculpture usually dis-
thripsbyMound&Houston, 1987:7. [Id" paralecto- VtiInIcItlpyosptoelryogmoanraglilynalrectiocmublatreare(lfyigspr6e6s-e6n8t);medtieargliltye
typeexamined].
group III (p. 35)
victoriensisMoulton, 1936: 270. Holotype d", [Thrips], - Abdominal sternites always without discal setae
PHILIPPINES, (CAS). Labelled as Baliothrips by (Fig. 46) ...: 3
Sakimura and should nowbe regarded as aStencha-
etothripssimilartofaurei. [examined]. Comb.nov. 3 Metanotal sculpture distinctly reticulate (Figs 4—8);
[tergite VIII posteromarginal comb usually absent
medially groupI (p. 19)
- Metanotal sculpture longitudinally striate, some-
SPECIES NOT EXAMINED timeswithafewreticulationsmedially(Figs 24-37);
[tergite VIII posteromarginal comb usually com-
coreanus Woo, 1974: 47-48. Holotype d", [Taenio- plete and of long, regularly spaced microtrichia
thrips], KOREA, (Seoul National University, (Figs51,55) groupII (p. 24)
Suweon).
FloreusKurosawa, 1968: 32-33. Holotype d", [Thrips], 4 Abdominal pleurotergites with discal setae, often
JAPAN, (National Institute of Agricultural Sci- less numerous in males but 1 or 2 pleurites always
ences,Tokyo). with 1 or2discalsetae (Figs 106, 107) .. groupIV
(p. 38)
inferus Chen, 1979: 423. Holotype cf, [Thrips], TAI- Abdominal pleurotergites always without discal
WAN, (BureauofCommodity Inspection andquar- setae (cf. Figs 47,48) groupV(p. 46)
antine,Taipei).
dealatus Priesner, 1928: 43-45. Holotype d" [Taenio-
thrips], JAVA, (Hamburg, lost). From the original GroupcharacteristicsaresummarisedinTable 1.
description and illustration it can be seen to be an The91 speciesconsideredhere appeartofallinto
unusual species with 8-segmented antennae; 2 pairs five relatively distinct taxonomic groups (keyed
of ocellar setae; pronotal anteromarginal setae and above), essentially those with or without sternal
inner posteroangular setae much longer than the and pleurotergal discal setae and reticulate or
outer pair; tergite VIII posteromarginal comb striate metanotal sculpture. These groups, how-
absent. There are, however, nocharacteristicsgiven
ever, donotnecessarily reflectphylogeneticrela-
atsopplraecseenittldyefrienciotgenliysiende(iBthhaetrtiT,hr1i9p7s8oranTdaeMnoioutnhdrip&s tionships (see p. 60). By far the most common
Palmer, 1981). Thisspecieshasthereforebeenomit- combinations of characteristics in the Oriental
ted here although described from the region of and Pacific Regionsare: allsternites andpleurot-
study. Nomendubium. ergites without discal setae and metanotal sculp-
ture longitudinally striate (group II); sternites
III-VII with discal setae, pleurotergites without
discal setae and metanotal sculpture usually stri-
ate or with a few reticulations medially (group
V). It is interesting to compare the New World,
European and what is known of the African
faunaswith regard to these 5 groups (Table 2).
The two smallest groups, I and III, appear to
be essentially Austro-oriental in origin with ori-
THRIPS FROM PAKISTANTO PACIFIC
entalis being the most widespread and common discal setae and are very similar to imaginis and
species. None of the species is yet of economic subnudula but have both pairs of pronotal pos-
significance. teroangular setae short, little longer than the
Group II, the largest group of all, is most discals, and a more distinctly reticulate metano-
diverse in the northern temperate regions and tum like that of unispinus. The undescribed
accounts for more than halfofthe North Ameri- speciesB inthistable isrepresentedby aseriesof
can and European faunas. Its representatives in 9cf, 59 from New Guinea (BMNH). These
the Oriental and Pacific faunas are mostly specimens are almost identical to imaginis but
endemic species from the cooler areas of India are without pleurotergal discal setae. The males
and four others with a more or less worldwide have a transverse glandular area on each of
distribution and are of notable economic signifi- sternites III-VII; tergite VIII posteromarginal
cance: flavus, nigropilosus, palmi and tabaci. comb absent; IX bl setae shorter than b2 and
This group also contains species with the rare closer to b2 than to each other. They belong,
combination of pleurotergal discal setae but no therfore, in group V, possibly related to the
sternaldiscals. Thesecomprise9speciesfromthe unispinus group. There are a number of species
American fauna; brevicornis, fulvipes and her- complexes in Thrips which are highlighted
ricki from Europe; brunneus, setosus and xenos throughout the text but this is perhaps the most
from this study. The Oriental and Pacific faunas difficult to resolve. It may indicate some instabil-
may also contain a larger Palaearctic element, ity in the characteristics examined and this
yet to be recorded, belonging mainly to this should always be borne in mind when using
group. identification keys and recording newspecies.
Group IV contains a large proportion of the
African fauna and most of the New Zealand
species. The palaearctic species meridionalis also KEY TO ORIENTAL AND PACIFIC
belongsherewith vulgatissimusandatratuswhich
are holarctic, and australis, probably an Austra- THRIPS SPECIES FEMALES (Key to
lianspeciesnowfound in the warmerareasofthe males p. 15)
world wherever Eucalyptus is grown. Species
with the potential to have particular economic
significance in this group are alliorum, common N.B. A few speciesappear more than once in the
on onions, imaginis, the plague thrips ofAustra- key due to morphological variation. The female
lian fruit trees, and obscuratus, its New Zealand offuscicornis in group II is unknown.
equivalent.
Species of group V are well distributed Females
throughout the region of study. They represent
fthaeunhaigahnesdtipnrcolpuodretimoonstofotfhethOeldenWdoermlidcTArforpiiccasn' 1 4A6b)doGmrionuapls Ist&erInIites without discal setae (Figs 92,
and Austro-oriental species. The worldwide - sAebtdaoem(iFnigasl8s2t,er8n3i)teGsrowuipths IaItI,leIaVs.tV1 pair of disc4a2l
gladiolus thrips, simplex, and the Oriental
banana and oil palm pest and pollinator species, 2 Metanotal sculpture distinctly reticulate (Figs4-8)
floArlutmhoaungdhhtahweasieiegnrsoiusp,salaspopbeealrotnoghianvtehisnogtroounpl.y - GMertoaunpotIal sculpture usuallystriate,sometimeswith3
a few reticulations medially (Figs 24-37) Group
taxonomic but also biological, geographical and
II 15
some phylogenetic significance, the boundaries
between them are not always clear. It is possible 3 Metanotal sculpture ofdistinctive, elongate reticu-
that some species are more closely related to lations(Figs 4,7) 4
those in another group than to the rest of their - Metanotal sculpture polygonally reticulate, not
own group, as is discussed under 'Phylogenetic elongate (Figs 5,6, 8) 6
considerations' (p. 60). Such situations may 4 Forewings completely pale, first vein with a com-
occur between groups I and III with decens, pleterov/ofsetae (cf. Fig. 10) pallisetis
extensicornis and orientalis, and between groups - Forewings dark with pale base, first vein usually
IV and V with alliorum and novocaledonensis with more than 7 basal and 3 distal setae but not a
(Table 1) andthe unispinusgroupsummarised in comp'.ete row(Fig. 11) 5
Table 3. 5 Ocellarsetae III situated inside ocellartriangle (cf.
The undescribed species E in this table is Figs 3, 13) javanicus
represented by a single cf from Tanah Rata and - Ocellar setae III situated outside ocellar triangle
Id" from Taiwan (SO). They have pleurotergal (Fig. 2) a/JMssp.n. inpart
10 J.M. PALMER
6 Antennae 8-segmented (cf. Fig. 143); sternite II tively;[forewingfirstveinwith3distalsetae;ocellar
with3 pairsofposteromarginal setae; [posteromar- setae III situated inside ocellar triangle (Fig. 13);
ginalcombon abdominal tergite vIII present medi- metanotal campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 8);
ally (cf. Figs 53, 54); reticulations of metanotal tergiteVIIIcombcomplete] reticulatus
sculpture clear, without internal wrinkles (Fig. 6); - Sense cones short, reaching no further than basal
forewings usually with a complete row offirst vein quarter of subsequent segment (Fig. 1); [forewing
setae (cf. Fig. 10)] 7 firstveinusuallywith4ormoredistalsetae,orwith
- Antennae 8-segmented (cf. Fig. 143); sternite II 2;ocellarsetae IIIsituatedusuallyoutside triangle,
with3 pairsofposteromarginal setae; [posteromar- near anterior margin; metanotal campaniform sen-
ginalcombonabdominaltergiteVIIIpresentmedi- sillapresentorabsent] 13
ally (cf. Figs 53, 54); reticulations of metanotal
sculpture clear, without internal wrinkles (Fig. 6); 13 Yellow species; forewing pale with 2 narrow dark
forewings usually with a complete row offirst vein bands; firstveinwith2distalsetae; tergite IIwith4
setae (cf. Fig. 10)] 7 lateral setae (cf. Fig. 49); tergite VIII comb com-
- Antennae7-segmented(cf. Fig. 42);sterniteIIwith plete; [metanotalcampaniformsensillaabsent]
2 pairs of posteromarginal setae; [comb often latis
absent medially (cf. Figs 52, 64); reticulations of - Brown species; forewing dark with only base pale;
metanotal sculpture often with internal wrinkles firstvein with3 ormore distal setae; tergite II with
(Fig. 8) (very slight in extensicornis); number of 3 lateral setae (cf. Fig. 50); tergite VIII comb
forewingfirstveinsetaevarious] 8 absentatleast medially 14
7 TergiteVIIIposteromarginalcomboflongandfine 14 Forewing first vein with an almost complete rowof
microtrichia; antennaeshort;yellowspecies setae; metanotal sculpture polygonally reticulate
insignis (cf. Figs 67, 68), campaniform sensilla present
- Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of very short (cf. Figs 5,6) malloti
microtrichiaantennae long; brownspecies - Forewingfirstveinwith7basaland3-6distalsetae;
bianchii metanotal sculpture of poorly formed elongate
reticulations,sensillaabsent(Fig. 4) . aliuss^.n.in
8 Forewingscompletelydark;sternitesusuallywithat part
least 1 pairofdiscalsetae; [metanotalcampaniform
sensillaabsent (Figs 67,68)] 9 15 Medianmetanotalsetaesituatedonanteriormargin
- Forewings dark with at least base pale; sternites ofsegment(Figs25,35);antennae8-segmented
without discal setae; [metanotal campaniform sen- 16
sillaabsentorpresent (Figs 5, 8)] 10 - Median metanotal setae situated behind anterior
margin(Figs26-34etc);antennaeoften7-segmented
9 Ocellar setae III situated outside ocellar triangle 18
(Fig. 61); forewingfirst vein usuallywith an almost
completerowofsetae (cf. Fig. 10) .... orientalism 16 Forewingfirstveinwith3distalsetae
part himalayanus
- Ocellar setae III situated inside ocellar triangle - Forewing first vein with a complete row of evenly
(Fig. 60); forewing first vein with 7 basal and 3 spacedsetae 17
distalsetae extensicornis\nparX
17 Metanotalsculpturecloselystriate(Fig. 35);poster-
10 Sternite VII median setae situated on posterior omarginalcombontergiteVIIIoflong, finemicro-
margin (Fig. 96); [metanotal campaniform sensilla trichia, complete, sometimeswith afew teeth miss-
present] 11 ing medially (cf. Fig. 55); ocellar setae III short,
- SterniteVIImediansetaesituatedinfrontofposte- httle longer than the distance between their bases
riormargin(Fig. 9a) 12 (Fig. 39) seticollis
- Metanotal sculpture more broadlystriate (Fig. 25);
11 Brown species; forewing dark with base pale, first posteromarginal combon tergite VIII absent; ocel-
veinwith three distal setae; antennal segments I & larsetae IIIverylong, morethan3 timesaslongas
II brown: tergite VIII comb absent medially; met- thedistancebetweentheirbases(Fig. 21)
anotal sculpture arranged almost in a whorl cemosp.n.
(Fig. 5); pronotum with 3 pairs ofposteromarginal
setae, inner posteroangular setae distinctly longer 18 PosteromarginalcombontergiteVIIIcompleteand
thanouterpair Ac/asp.n. oflong, fine microtrichia(Figs 53,55) 19
- Yellowspecies;forewingpalewithanarrow,darker - Posteromarginal comb usually incomplete or
band near base, first vein with 6 distal setae; absent, if complete then irregular and usually of
antennal segments I & II pale; tergite VIII comb verysmallmicrotrichia (Figs 52,54) 35
complete; metanotal sculpture broadly elongate;
pronotum with 4 pairs of posteromarginal setae, 19 Pleurotergites with 1-3 discal setae (cf. Fig. 107);
posteroangularsetaesubequal taurus [tergite II with 3 lateral marginal setae
(Fig. 50)] 20
12 Antennal sense cones long, those on III & IV - Pleurotergites without discal setae (Figs 47, 48);
reaching well into apical half of IV & V respec- [tergiteIIwith3or4lateralmarginalsetae(Figs 49,