Table Of ContentTHE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY2001 49(2): 227-250
© National University ofSingapore
THREE NOTEWORTHY SCALE INSECTS (HEMIPTERA: COCCOIDEA)
FROM HONG KONG AND SINGAPORE, INCLUDING CRIBROPULVINARIA
TAILUNGENSIS, NEW GENUS AND SPECIES (COCCIDAE), AND
THE STATUS OF THE CYCAD-FEEDING AULACASPIS YASUMATSUI (DIASPIDIDAE)
Chris Hodgson
DepartmentofBiodiversityandBiologicalSystematics, The National Museum ofWales, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CFl 3NP, Wales.
Email: [email protected]
Jon H. Martin
DepartmentofEntomology, The Natural History Museum, CromwellRoad, London, SW75BD. Email:[email protected]
ABSTRACT. - Observations are presented on the current status of the cycad-feeding armoured scale,
Aulacaspisyasumatsui Takagi (Diaspididae), in Singapore and Hong Kong. A new genus and species of
soft scale, Cribropulvinaria tailungensis (Coccidae) from Aporusa dioica (Euphorbiaceae) is described
fromHongKong,withallstagesexceptprepupa,andthepossiblerelationshipsofthisnewgenusdiscussed.
The softscale, Maacoccus cinnamomicolus(Takahashi), recently rediscovered in Singapore, has itsadult
female redescribed, Ist- and 3rd-instarnymphs described for the first time, and a lectotype designated.
KEYWORDS.- Sternorrhyncha,Pulvinariini,Paralecaniini,Diaspidini,OrientalandAustro-orientalfauna.
INTRODUCTION first ofthe three species discussed in this paper.
Scale insects or Coccoidea are sap-sucking insects related DuringrecentvisitstoSingaporeandHongKong,thesecond
to the Psylloidea (jumping plant lice), Aphidoidea(aphids) authorcollected samples ofthree noteworthy scale insects.
andAleyrodoidea(whiteflies). Thesefoursuperfamiliesare Thefirst,AulacaspisyasumatsuiTakagi, isnowarecognised
collectively known as the Sternorrhyncha, a group diaspid pest of cycads. Infestations of A. yasumatsui are
characterised by the labium apparently arising from the rendered highly visible because both the female and male
sternum. The superfamily Coccoidea embraces about 20 tests are creamy to brilliant white, with large populations
families, ofwhich the Diaspididae (armoured scales) is the giving the foliage a whitish-grey, almost mildewed,
second largest, with about 1800 described species, and the appearance. Takagi (1977) illustrated its morphology and
Coccidae (soft scales) is the third largest, with about 1200 Howard et al. (1999) provided a photograph ofan infested
described species (Ben-Dov, 1993). Both families have a plantandaphotomicrographofaslide-mountedfemale. At
worldwidedistributionbutare mostabundant in thetropics thetimeofwritinggoodphotographsofA.yasumatsuiwere
andsubtropics.Agreatmanycoccoidspeciesaresignificant also present on the following Internet sites: http://
pests of agriculture and horticulture, directly weakening doacs.state.fl.us/-pi/enpp/ento/aulacaspis.html and http://
plants through sap loss and often hindering photosynthesis www.ftg.org/horticulture/n_cycadscale.html, the latter
whensootymouldgrowsonleafsurfacessoiledbyexcreted accompanyinganarticle,byMikeMcLaughlin,aptlyentitled
honeydew. In addition to their unsightly appearance, the "What's this white stuff on my cycad?". The status of
presence of scale insects on plant material can be a major A.yasumatsuiinHongKongandSingaporeiscomparedwith
phytosanitary issue, and quarantine officials are constantly its recent spread to Florida and Hawaii. The other two
alert to the problem of scales being introduced to new noteworthyscalestreatedherearebothcoccids,orsoftscales,
countries through trade. Species are usually held in check onebeingtherareMaacoccuscinnamomicolus(Takahashi),
by natural enemies, or climate constraints, in their native previously known from only two specimens and here
habitatsbutintroductiontoanareawithouttheseconstraints redescribed from a series of optimum specimens from
canresultinamajorpestoutbreak. Suchisthecasewiththe Singapore, and the second a new genus from Hong Kong.
Received 15 Jan 2001 Accepted 9 Mar 200I
227
Hodgson & Martin: Scale insects from Hong Kong and Singapore.
Allavailableinstarsofbothspeciesaredescribed,including However, in Singapore there was definite evidence of
the male of the new genus, Cribropulvinaria. parasitism of the scales and the trees did not appear to be
sufferingilleffects.Close-by,pottedC. revolutaplantswere
found to be sparsely affected by another diaspid,
MATERIALS AND METHODS Pseudaulacaspiscockerelli(Cooley),buthadnoinfestation
of A. yasumatsui. The lesser impact of A. yasumatsui in
Material discussed inthispaperisdeposited inTheNatural Singapore may bear out Howard et aI.'s (1999) statement
History Museum, London (BMNH); Agriculture, Fisheries thatpopulationsinsouth-eastAsiawereonlyfoundinareas
& Conservation Department, Tai Lung Farm, NT, Hong with a pronounced dry season: possibly Singapore's year
KongSpecialAdministrativeRegion(HKDA);andNational round humid climate is not particularly favourable for A.
Parks Board, Botanic Gardens, Singapore (SBG). All yasumatsui,butsomebiologicalcontrolbyparasitoidsisalso
specimens that were slide-mounted were prepared using a clearly relevant.
method similar to that described by Ben-Dov & Hodgson
(1997) and Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Each drawing Howardetal.(1999)reportedthediscoveryofA.yasumatsui
shows the dorsal surface on the left side and the ventral in Floridain 1996, that it was present on 22 cycad species
surfaceontherightside;thevignettesshowingtheenlarged inthe State, causing serious problems inbotanical gardens,
structures are not to scale. All measurements refer to the parksandelsewhere, andthey suggestedthecommonname
greatest length (i.e. diagonally across coxa, etc). The "cycad aulacaspis scale". Howard et aI.'s paper presented
terminology used isas inHodgson&Henderson(2000)for extensivebiologicalobservationsonpopulationswhichwere
adultfemales, Giliomee(1967)foradultmalesandWilliams not under effective control and were, consequently, highly
(1997) for the immature stages, with a few minor damaging or lethal to their hosts. No fewer than 19 other
amendments.WiththeexceptionofFigure9,allillustrations species of armoured scales had been recorded previously
were prepared by the first author. fromcycadsinFlorida,notablyonCycasrevolutaandZamia
integrifolia, but none of these were known to cause
significant damage to cycads (Dekle, 1976).
PEST STATUS OFAULACASPIS
YASUMATSUI TAKAGI Howardetal. (1999) also reported that achievingchemical
control ofA. yasumatsui in Florida was unusually difficult
The description of this armoured scale (collected from a and was patchy in its effectiveness. However, two natural
species of Cycas in Bangkok, Thailand, in 1972) appeared enemies from the Orient were introduced into southern
asashortappendixinInsectaMatsumurana (Takagi, 1977). Floridathroughaco-operativeventurebetweentheTropical
At that time, the principal interest in this armoured scale Research & Education Center (Florida) and the National
wasitspresenceonanunusualhostplant,thefirstAulacaspis Biological Research Center (Thailand). These natural
speciesrecordedonacycad. Itwas not implicatedas apest enemies were Cybocephalus binotatus Grouvelle
at the time ofits description and it was not until the 1990s (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and Coccobius fulvus (Compere
that its potential to become a serious pest became evident. & Annecke) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and present
InHongKong,in1992,A.yasumatsuioccurredinsufficient indications are that their introduction has been particularly
numberstocause70-100percentmortalityofinfestedCycas successful (Howard & Weissling, 1999).
revoluta plants, withoutevidenceofparasitism(CliveLau,
HKDA, pers. comm.; vouchermaterialinBMNH). Tanget The cycad aulacaspis scale, discovered in Hawaii in 1998,
al. (1997) reported that an un-named parasitic wasp onCycasrevolutaontheislandofOahu(Heu&Chun,2000),
controlledA. yasumatsuiinThailandbutthatanabsenceof was probablyaccidentallyintroducedfrom Floridathrough
parasitoidscouldleadtothescaleassumingpestproportions. legalimportationofcycads.Heu&Chunusedanalternative
Dry specimens from Yasumatsu's original 1972 collection common name "sago palm scale", but this is misleading
(BMNH) have parasitoid emergence holes and this clear becausetrue sago is a palm,Metroxylon sagu, not a cycad.
evidence ofparasitism supports the theory that Thailand is As with the first reports from Florida, Heu & Chun stated
thenaturaldomicileofthis insect. TheOrientalRegionhas that no parasitoids were then known from A. yasumatsui in
beenstatedtobeitslikelynativehabitat(Heu& Chun,2000) Hawaii.
but, nonetheless,theearlyrecordsofeconomicimpactwere
also from the Oriental Region. Atthe time ofwriting, the known distributionofthis insect
comprises:Thailand(Takagi, 1977;BMNH),southernChina,
The second author visited Hong Kong in late 1999, and including Hong Kong (Howard &Weissling, 1999; Heu &
Singapore in early 2000, and found A. yasumatsui to be Chun, 2000; BMNH; HKDA), Singapore (BMNH, SBG),
presentinbothcities,buthavingamarkedlydifferenteffect Hawaii (Heu& Chun, 2000), southern USA(HowardetaI.,
ineach. In Hong Kong, high levels ofplantmorbidity were 1999; Howard & Weissling, 1999), Cayman Islands & US
still evident, with obviously dead cycads spoiling the VirginIslands(Howard& Weissling, 1999)andPuertoRico
appearanceofamenityplanting.InSingapore,severalCycas (Halbert, 2000). CABl/EPPO (2000) have prepared a
rumphii trees were observed with moderate populations of distribution map for this pest species.
A.yasumatsui,somewhatpatchilydistributedovertheplants.
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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2001
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOFT SCALES (COCCIDAE) veryhirsute, mainlywithshortfleshy setae; mesepisternum
and mesepimeron with dense groups of short fleshy setae;
Cribropulvinaria, new genus (Coccidae, Pulvinariini) hamulohalteres absent; aedeagus short, only slightlylonger
than basal rod.
Type species: Cribropulvinaria tailungensis, new species
Comment. - Hodgson (1994), in his revision ofthe genera
Genericdiagnosis. - Female: with4stages.Adultfemale: withintheCoccidae,consideredthatsome 18or19softscale
a soft scale belonging to the coccidtribe Pulvinariini, with generacould be placed within the tribe Pulvinariini, in the
awoollyovisacsecretedfrom4typesofventraltubularduct, subfamily Coccinae. The maincharacters ofthis tribe were
all found in mediolateral areas ofabdomen; with antennae consideredtobe(i)theproductionofawoollyovisacbythe
reduced to 2segments; legs entirely absent; marginal setae ovipositingfemale,thisprotrudingfrombeneaththeposterior
spinose, in acontinuous marginal band several setae deep, endoftheabdomen;(ii)thepresenceofventraltubularducts
extending up anal cleft margin on dorsum; stigmatic setae ofat least 3 or 4 types, including a small duct with a fine
not differentiated from marginal setae; stigmatic clefts inner ductule (which generally forms a submarginal band)
shallow; dorsum with a complete submarginal band of andalargerductwiththeinnerandouterductulesofsubequal
cribriform plates; dorsal setae absent; spiracles large; width (which is typically present on the head and thorax);
pregenital disc-pores mainly 6-locular, in a broad band (iii) absence of a woolly test covering the dorsum; (iv)
medially and mediolaterally on abdomen; anal plates with frequently without dorsal tubular ducts; (v) presence of
4spinosesetae.Third-instarfemale: similartoadultfemale spinose dorsal setae; (vi) legs well developed with a tibio
butwithnoventraltubularducts, nomultiloculardisc-pores tarsal articulatory sclerosis; (vii) absence of pocket-like
onabdomenandfewer marginalsetaeandcribriformplates sclerotisations, and (viii) shallow, unsclerotised stigmatic
ondorsum.Second-instarfemale: withhighlyreducedlegs clefts.Cribropulvinariahasallofthesecharacteristicsexcept
and with only 3-segmented antennae; tubular ducts and that it lacks dorsal setae, and the legs and antennae are
multilocular disc-pores absent; marginal spinose setae in a reducedorabsent. ManycharactersofCribropulvinariaare
singlerow,butalsoextendingupdorsalmarginsofanalcleft; typical of the subfamily Myzolecaniinae (reduced limbs,
anal plates each with 4 stout spinose setae; dorsum with 2 presence ofcribriform plates, marginal setae in more than
pairs oflarge cribriform plates, 1pairon head and another 1row, pregenital setae all short) but this subfamily never
posteriorly on abdomen. First-instar (sexes probably not produces a woolly ovisac and only has 1 type of ventral
separable): aratheratypicalcoccidcrawler,separablefrom tubular duct (ifpresent at all).
other known crawlers by - absence oflong apical setae on
anal plates, but each plate with 3 spinose setae; anal plates The keytogenerabelongingtothePulvinariiniinHodgson
alreadywithdrawnontodorsumatanteriorendofanalcleft; (1994:80),basedonadultfemalecharacters,canbemodified
long spinose marginal setae; absenceofstigmatic setaebut to include Cribropulvinaria as follows:
with each stigmatic area with a slight cleft and a slight
Ia. Legsandantennaehighlyreducedorabsent;withasubmarginal
sclerotisation, and absence oftrilocular pore on dorsum of band ofcribriform plates; dorsal setae absent; pregenital
head. disc-pores present mediolaterally as well as medially on
abdomen Cribropulvinaria Hodgson & Martin
- Legs and antennae well developed; cribriform plates absent;
Male: with 5stages. Second-instarmale: rathersimilarto
dorsal setae present; pregenital disc-pores not present
second-instar female but differs in having: slightly larger
mediolaterally on abdomen Ib
legs, each with a distinct claw; antennae with perhaps 6 or Ib. As for 1in original key.
7ring-likesegments;acontinuousmarginalbandofventral
tubular ducts; rather more marginal spinose setae; dorsum
Name derivation. - cribro- from cribrum (L., a sieve),
withasubmarginalbandofcribriformplates,with8oneach
referringtothepresenceofcribriformplates,and-pulvinaria
side;amarginal bandofdorsaltubularducts, quitedifferent
after the genus Pulvinaria.
in form to ventral tubular ducts. Prepupa: none available.
Pupa: a typical coccid pupa, but with no spiracular disc
pores;withveryshortroundedlobesonabdominalsegment
Cribropulvinaria tailungensis, new species
VII and VIII; with 2ante-anal setae, well-developed wing
(Figs. 1-7)
buds, nodorsal setaeonabdominalsegmentsV, VIandVII,
andthe penial sheath widerthan long. Adultmale: afairly
ADULT FEMALE (Fig. 1)
typical,largeandrobust,adultmalecoccidbutcharacterised
by: almost complete absence of hair-like and fleshy setae
Described from 3 adult females in excellent condition.
on body; only 2 pairs of simple eyes; slight indications of
a postoccipital ridge; proepisternum + cervical sclerite
Colourinlifeuncertain;colourofdriedmaterialdarkbrown,
unusuallybroad;scutumlateradofscutellumreticulated;area
withadustingofwhitewaxoverdorsum andwithamarked
surrounded by mesopostnotum laterally and scutellum
fringeofwaxfilamentsaroundwholemargin,thesegenerally
anteriorlypartlyreticulated;abdominalsternitesandtergites
slightly longer abdominally. Mature female with a white,
all strongly sclerotised; pleurites unsclerotised; glandular
felted, ovisac emerging from beneath abdomen, about 1.5
pouchandglandularpouchsetaepresent;legsandantennae
mm long on the available dry specimen.
229
Hodgson & Martin: Scale insects from Hong Kong and Singapore.
L
Q
,
,
.
-
I
Pij
( ) 11
I
Fig. 1. Cribropulvinariatailungensis. newspecies. Adultfemale. In this figure andin Figs. 2-4, 7-8and 10-11 inclusive, A=appearance
inlife;B=dorsal setae;C=dorsal mieroduetule; D=dorsalpores;E=cribriformplates;F="ghost"cribriformplates; G=preopercular
pores; H=dorsal tubular ducts; I =general view ofanal plates; J=general view ofanal area; K=marginal setae; L =stigmatie cleft;
M=pregenital/preanaldisc-pores;N=spiraeulardisc-pores; 0 =ventralmieroduet; P=ventral tubularducts; Q=antenna; R=spiraele;
Srn =metathoraeie leg (or part of); Sp =apex ofprothoraeie leg.
230
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY2001
Mountedmaterial.- quitelarge,3-5mmlongand2.5-4mm Ventralmicroductsquitelarge,withaslightlybulbousinner
wide, the outline more or less egg-shaped, slightly ductule and a distinct, quite large glandularend - frequent
asymmetrical. Stigmatic clefts absentorvery shallow; anal throughout. Preantennal poresabsent. Ventraltubularducts
cleft short, about 0.09 of total body length. restricted to abdomen, of 4 types: (i) with a broad outer
ductule and a narrower inner ductule and an exceptionally
Dorsum.- signsofasymmetryslight;dermslightlytoheavily large glandular end - medially on segments IV and V and
sclerotised at maturity, without areolations. Dorsal setae perhaps occasionally laterad to mediolateral folds on these
absent. Dorsal poresofprobably 3types: (i)asmall,round, 2 segments; (ii) a duct with a narrower and much longer
sunken pore, withashort, broad, innerductule -distributed outerductule,anequallybroadorevenbroaderinnerductule
throughout; (ii) amuch smaller, sunken,roundpore, with a andanexceptionallylargeglandularend-inanobviousand
moderately long innerductule possibly withoutaglandular dense group near mediolateral folds on segment IV, a few
end-distributedthroughoutbutalsoinadistinctsubmarginal in similar position on segment Ill, also a few laterad to
band just dorsad of marginal spines; (iii) a minute pore mediolateral folds on these 2 segments; (iii) a duct with a
infrequentthroughout.Preopercularpores:smalltightgroups broad outer ductule, a much thinner inner ductule and a
of 1-6 pores, each group generally composed of 1 pore minute (or no) glandular end - abundant in area laterad to
subequalinsizetoporetype(i)above, alongwith4-5 much mediolateral folds where pregenital disc-pores present,
smallerpores -in abroad group anterior to anal plates and extendingposteriorlyfrom segmentIII(maybeoccasionally
extendinganteriorlyto almostlevel withposteriorspiracles 11)to mid-way up analcleft, also afew presentmediallyon
andlaterallytoabouthalf-waytomargin. Cribriformplates segmentVandpossiblyIV and VIas well; (iv) aduct with
heavilysclerotised,somewhatvariableinsizebutmostplates a much shorter and narrower outer ductule, a broad inner
withabout8-20innerpores-abundantinasubmarginalring ductuleandanexceptionallylargeglandularend-medially
3-4 plates wide round entire dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts, on segments V, VI and VII and in a band just laterad to
dorsaltuberclesandpocket-liketuberclesabsent. Analplates mediolateral folds on these segments and segment VIII.
probably each approximately triangular, 126-132 /lm long Ventralsetae-small setaefrequent throughout venter; long
and 161-168 /lm wide; each with 4 strong spines, 3 along pregenital setae absent; with a group of small setae on
inner margin plus an apical spine, all subequal in length or segment VIII on either side of vulva. Antennae extremely
withapicalspineslightlylonger(37-45/lmlong).Anogenital reduced, perhaps 27-32 /lm long, each composed ofabout
fold without setae along either anterior or lateral margins; 2-3 segments, with 1setaon basal segment and with about
anal ring with 6 long setae. Anal cleftdistinct with parallel 5 fleshy setae and 2-3 hair-like setae on terminal segment.
marginsandwithabroadbandofmarginalspinesextending Mouthparts displaced to one side but normally developed;
along entire cleft and part-way round posterior margin of labiumtwistedthrough90°andpointinglaterally. Spiracles
anal plates. Eyespots apparently absent. eachwithalargeperitreme(widthofeachperitreme:anterior
94-113 /lm wide, posterior 105-126 /lm) and with a
Margin. - marginal setae long, spinose, sharply pointed, proportionately small muscle plate. Legs reduced to small
slightlywaisted-abundantinamarginalbandabout2spines protuberances, or absent. Vulva opening anteriorly on
deep anteriorly and up to 3 spines deep posteriorly; about segment VIII.
90-100presentbetweenstigmaticcleftsonshortestside;each
28-45 /lm long and with a well-developed basal socket. Comment.- Cribropulvinariatailungensisishereconsidered
Stigmaticcleftspresentbutverysmallandshallow,indicated to belong to the Pulvinariini because it produces a short,
by a shallow depression with short parallel sides; stigmatic feltedovisacfrombeneaththe body, secretedbyacomplex
spines, if present, undifferentiated from marginal spines. of4typesofventraltubularducts,acharacter-staterestricted
to the tribe Pulvinariini. Cribropulvinaria tailungensis also
Venter.- dermmembranous,segmentationonabdomenvery shares with typical Pulvinariini a few other characters,
clear. Appendages showing distinct asymmetry, with namelytheovisacnotcoveringthedorsum, andtheabsence
mouthparts,legprotuberances (whenvisible),antennaeand of dorsal tubular ducts and pocket-like sclerotisations.
spiracles all closer to margin on one side ofbody than on However, it differs from most orall other generacurrently
other. Pregenital disc-pores with 6 or 7 outer loculi and a includedinthePulvinariiniinthepresenceof(i) cribriform
large, round, inner loculus - extremely abundant medially plates,(ii)adoublebandofspinosemarginalsetae(character
across abdominal segments V, VI and VII, although shared only with Tectopulvinaria), (iii) large spiracles; in
becoming less frequent in middle of each segment; also theabsenceof(iv)largepregenitalsetaeand(v)dorsalsetae;
extremely abundant in a very large group between medio and (vi) in having reduced legs and antennae. Most ofthe
lateralfolds andmargin, from aboutsegmentIIIposteriorly latter characters are major features of the Myzolecaniinae
to about mid point ofanal cleft. Spiraculardisc-pores with (see Hodgson, 1994). However, the distribution of the
5outerloculi-inbroadbandsbetweenspiracleandmargin, pregenital disc-pores and the presence of the 4 types of
with about 50-60 disc-pores in each anterior band and 70 ventraltubularductmakeitquiteunlikeanycurrentlyknown
90ineachposteriorband;alsowith0-4quinqueloculardisc species in the Myzolecaniinae.
poresnearantennaeandoccasionallylateradtomouthparts.
231
Hodgson & Martin: Scale insects from Hong Kong and Singapore.
K
L
Di
0
'·-·~·:·:.·.:::·'··.:·.·.·-:·:.0··.·'.·..···..:·.\.:·:.-.: ------ -- ---
.:...,....
~ @
• , >~ :;
1
Sm
Fig. 2. Cribropulvinaria tailungensis, new species. Third-instar female nymph. For lettering, see Fig. I.
232
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2001
THIRD-INSTAR FEMALE (Fig. 2) twisted sideways through 90" .Spiracles quite large, width
ofeachperitreme41-45/-lm.Legsonlyindicatedbyaslightly
Described from 2 specimens in good condition. reticulated area on venter.
Unmountedmaterial.- withoutaglassytest,outlineslightly Comment. - the 3rd-instarfemale differs from most other
asymmetrical; dorsum covered in a thin powdery wax and known 3rd-instar female Coccidae in the same way as the
with a marked marginal ring of white wax filaments. 2nd-instar, i.e. (i) presence ofnumerous cribriform plates,
(ii) absence or non-differentiation ofstigmatic spines, (iii)
Mounted material. - outline rather pear-shaped, showing lackofsetaeonanalfold, (iv)absenceofpreanalsetae, (iv)
clear signs of asymmetry; length 2.5 mm, width 1.9 mm, absence of interantennal setae, and (v) great reduction of
with a short anal cleftabout 0.11 ofbody length; stigmatic legs and antennae.
clefts very shallow.
The "ghost" cribriform plates are here thought to represent
Dorsum.- dermmembranous,withoutsignsofsegmentation. the precursors ofthe cribriform plates in the adult female.
Dorsal setae absent. Dorsal pores ofperhaps 2 types: (i) a Theyaremuchmoreabundantthanthesclerotisedcribriform
moderate-sizedopenpore-apparentlyrandomlydistributed pores and are in 2 or 3 rows.
medially, and perhaps also present in a submarginal band
laterad to cribriform plates, and (ii) a much smallerpore
similarly distributed to (i) but perhaps most common SECOND-INSTAR FEMALE (Fig. 3)
marginally and submarginally. Dorsal tubular ducts,
preopercular pores and dorsal tubercles absent. Cribriform Described from one specimen in good condition.
plates generally fairly small, each comprising about 5-30
small pores-withabout 12platesoneachsideofabdomen, Unmountedmaterial.- withoutaglassytest,dorsumcovered
4-6 on each side of thorax and 13 on head. In addition, in thin, powdery wax and with a marked marginal ring of
"ghost"cribriformplates(seeFonFig.2)presentas groups white wax filaments.
ofpaleincipientloculiwithinsubmarginalbandofcribriform
plates(possiblyprecursorsofcribriformplateslatertoappear Mountedmaterial. - outlineovoid, but showingclear signs
on adult), more abundantthan cribriform plates buthardto ofasymmetry; length lA mm, width0.93 mm; withashort
count. Anal plates together more or less quadrate, 83 /-lm anal cleft, about 0.09 oftotal length; stigmatic clefts very
long and 112 /-lm wide, each with 4 stout spines, 3 along shallow or absent.
inner margin and 1rather longer spine apically, length of
latter39/-lm. Anal fold withoutsetae. Analcleftshort, with Dorsum.- dermmembranous,withoutsignsofsegmentation.
10-14 stout marginal spines along each marginon dorsum; Dorsal setae absent. Dorsal pores ofprobably 3types: (i) a
anal ring with 6 setae. Eyespots absent. moderate-sizedopenpore-in4lines anteriorto anal plates
and also scatteredfairly commonlyovermore lateral areas,
Margin.- marginalsetaespinose,sharplypointed,distinctly butnotsubmarginally;(ii)amuchsmaller,dark-stainingpore
waisted, with well-developed basal socket; each 23-30 /-lm -throughout, butmostabundantinasubmarginal bandjust
long; in a single line (occasionally tending to be double mesad of marginal spines; (iii) a minute pore - throughout
posteriorly) around margin, with 33-45 laterally between butmostcommonsubmarginally,difficulttoresolveandnot
stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts present but very shallow figured. Dorsaltubularducts, preopercularporesanddorsal
and parallel sided; stigmatic spines not differentiated from tubercles absent. Cribriform plates often quite large, each
marginal spines. comprisingabout29-32smallpores-with1paironabdomen
andanotheronhead.Analplatestogetherprobablyquadrate,
Venter. - derm membranous, segmentation distinct on 53 /-lm long and 76 /-lm wide, each with 4 stout spines, 3
abdomen. Preanal disc-pores absent. Spiracular disc-pores alonginnermarginand 1ratherlongerspineapically,length
with mainly 5 outer loculi and with a round inner loculus; oflatter 25 /-lm. Anal fold without setae. Anal cleft short,
with 16-19 disc-pores in each anterior spiracular disc-pore with 3 stout marginal spines along each margin; anal ring
bandand23ineachposteriorband.Ventralmicroductswith with 6 setae. Eyespots absent.
a long, fine inner ductule - rather sparse, mainly on head
andthoraxbutwithapairineachabdominalsegmentmesad Margin. - marginal setae spinose, sharply pointed, slightly
to mediolateral folds. Preantennal pores absent. Ventral waisted, with well-developedbasalsockets;each 18-22/-lm
tubular ducts absent. Ventral setae rather sparse long; in a single line around margin, with 19-20 laterally
interantennal setae absent; submarginal band sparse, with between stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts present but very
2-3 setae laterally between stigmatic clefts; preanal setae shallowandparallelsided;stigmaticspinesnotdifferentiated
represented by very short setae on preanal segments. from marginal spines.
Antennae very reduced, each with about 3very smallring
like segments; length 23-27 /-lm; possibly without setae on Venter. - derm membranous, segmentation obscure on
basal segmentsbutwith afleshy subterminal setaon apical abdomen. Preanal disc-pores absent. Spiracular disc-pores
segment plus about 5fleshy setae and 2hair-like setae on with 3-6 outer loculi and with a round inner loculus; with
apex.Mouthpartsstronglydisplacedtooneside,withlabium 5-6 disc-pores in each spiracular disc-pore band. Ventral
233
Hodgson & Martin: Scale insects from Hong Kong and Singapore.
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Fig. 3. Cribropulvinaria tailungensis, new species. Second-instar female nymph. For lettering, see Fig. I.
234
THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY2001
microductseachwithalongfineinnerductule-rathersparse, and mesocoxa. Ventral setaepossibly restricted to asparse
possibly restricted to a few on head and thorax. Ventral submarginal line, with a single seta laterally between
tubularductsabsent. Preantennalporesabsent.Ventralsetae stigmaticclefts.Antennaewelldeveloped,6-segmented, 154
all short and rather sparse - present in a mediolateral line /lm long; each scape with 2setae; each pedicelwith 1long
between anal area and metathoracic leg; with a single seta seta and acampaniform sensilla; segment III longest, with
neareachleg;withoutinterantennalsetae;submarginalband 1moderatelylongseta;segmentIV withashortfleshy seta;
sparse, with 2 setae laterally between stigmatic clefts. segmentVwith 1longhair-likesetaand I shortfleshy seta,
Antennae reduced, each with about 3 ring-like segments, andsegmentVIwith5fleshy setaeandperhaps2or3short
without a seta on basal segment but with a fleshy seta on hair-like setae plus 1 longer hair-like seta. Mouthparts
subterminal segment and with about 5 fleshy setae and 2 normally developed and labium not twisted to one side.
hair-likesetaeonapicalsegment;antennallength34-38/lm. Spiracles particularly small, width of each peritreme 8-10
Mouthparts displaced slightly to one side, with labium /lm. Legs well developed, measurements and data for
twisted sideways through about90°. Spiracles small, width metathoracicleg:coxa52/lmlong,with2longishsetaeand
ofeachperitreme 16-20/lm.Legsextremelyreducedtosmall 1shortersetaon ventral surface;trochanter+femur 97 /lm
folds without any apparent structure. long, eachtrochanter with I long setaon inner margin and
2 short setae on outer margin; each femur with along seta
Comment. - the 2nd-instar female differs from most other on outermargin and asmallersetaon ventral surface; tibia
known 2nd-instar female Coccidae in (i) presence of andtarsuswithoutanarticulatorysclerosis;tibia55/lmlong,
cribriform plates, (ii) absence or non-differentiation of with a seta on inner margin (tibia ofprothoracic legs with
stigmaticspines,(iii) lackofsetaeonanalfold, (iv)absence 2setae, i.e. withanextra setaon ventral surface); tarsus 44
ofpreanal setae, (iv) absence ofinterantennal setae and (v) /lm longwithastoutsetaoninnermarginandafine setaon
legs and antennae reduced. outer margin; without tarsal campaniform pores; tarsal
digitules rather long (45 /lm), extending past tips of claw
digitules (those on prothoracic legs uncertain); claws long
FIRST-INSTAR NYMPH (Fig. 4) andfine(21/lm),eachwithadistinctdenticleand 1digitule
distinctly thicker than other. Anal ring with 6 setae; anal
Described from one specimen in good condition. tube quite long.
Unmounted material. - unknown. Comment.- quiteapartfromitslargesize,thisisanunusual
Ist-instar soft scale for several reasons, notably absence of
Mounted material. - quite large for a Ist-instarnymph, 1.2 (i) small trilocular pore anteriorly on dorsum ofhead, (ii)
mm long and 0.7 mm wide; stigmatic clefts and anal cleft eyes,(iii)stigmaticsetae,(iv)setaeassociatedwithanalfold,
very shallow; with no signs ofasymmetry. (v) interantennal and preanal setae, and (vi) dorsal setae;
presence of(vii)claw digitules ofdiffering sizes, and (viii)
Dorsum. - derm membranous. Dorsal setae absent. Dorsal theapicalsetaeonanalplatesnotdifferentiatedinsizefrom
pores small and dark -few, in a submarginal band (about7 other anal plate setae. This combination of characters is
oneithersideofabdomen and with singleporeslaterallyon unique, as far as we are aware.
thorax and head) and in 2 submedial lines ofabout 3pores
anteriorto anal plates. Trilocularpore nearanteriormargin
absent. Anal plates each probably triangular, but "banana ADULT MALE (Fig. 5)
shaped" when viewed semi-laterally, about 52 /lm in
combined width and44 /lm long: each plate with 3setae, 1 Describedfrom one specimeningoodconditionandone in
spinosesetanearanteriorend, Ifine setaonapex(length8 poor condition.
10/lmlong)andafine setamedially.Anogenitalfoldwithout
setae. Eyespots apparently absent. Unmounted material. - unknown.
Margin. - marginal setae each 31-35 /lm long, stoutly Mounted material. - large and robust, with rather long
spinose,sometimesslightlyconstrictedabouthalfwayalong antennae(bothbrokenonbestspecimenbutintactinother);
length; with well-developed basal sockets; with 3 setae on ratherbald, with almost no body setae, eitherhair-like (hs)
eachsidelaterallybetweenstigmaticclefts.Stigmaticspines or fleshy (fs); appendages, however, very hirsute, with
absent. Stigmatic clefts just visible as very shallow numerous short fs easily differentiated from hs. When
indentations, perhaps slightly sclerotised. mounted, total body length about 1.96 mm, width at
mesothoraxabout0.46mm.Wingslarge,about1.5mmlong
Venter. - derm membranous, segmentation on abdomen and 0.75 mm wide. Antennae 1.4 mm long.
absent. Pregenital disc-pores absent. Spiracular disc-pores
with perhaps3-5 outerloculiand nocentralloculus;with 1 Head.- indorsalviewroundedposteriorly,withaconvexity
2 in anterior stigmatic bands and 2-3 in posteriorbands (in carryingmediancrestanteriorly;insideview,probablywith
addition, a dorsal pore overlies posterior disc-pore bands). ventral eyes on a pronounced cone; length about 385 /lm;
Ventral microducts apparently represented by single ducts width across genae 394 /lm. Almost hairless. Median crest
betweeneachscapeandprocoxa,andbetweeneachprocoxa (mc) pronounced and heavily sclerotised dorsally and
235
Hodgson & Martin: Scale insects from Hong Kong and Singapore.
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Fig. 4. Cribropulvinaria tailungensis, new species. First-instarnymph. For lettering, see Fig. I.
236
