Table Of ContentThoughts on
grammaticalization
3rd edition 2015
Christian Lehmann
language
Classics in Linguistics 1 science
press
ClassicsinLinguistics
ChiefEditors: MartinHaspelmath,StefanMüller
Inthisseries:
1. Lehmann,Christian. Thoughtsongrammaticalization
2. Schütze,CarsonT.Theempiricalbaseoflinguistics: Grammaticalityjudgmentsand
linguisticmethodology
3. Bickerton,Derek. RootsofLanguage
Thoughts on
grammaticalization
3rd edition 2015
Christian Lehmann
language
science
press
ChristianLehmann.2015.Thoughtsongrammaticalization.3rdedition2015
(ClassicsinLinguistics1).Berlin:LanguageSciencePress.
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©2015,ChristianLehmann
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Contents
ProspectofVolumeII v
SeriesEditors’prefacetothe3rdedition vii
Prefacetothe1982workingpaperversion ix
Prefacetothe1995/2002editions xi
Abbreviations xiii
1 Thehistoryofresearchingrammaticalization 1
2 Grammaticalization:characterizationanddelimitationoftheconcept 11
2.1 Theterm“grammaticalization” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Themeaningof“grammaticalization” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Degrammaticalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 Renovationandinnovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 Grammaticaldomains 27
3.1 Verbalcomplexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.1 Existenceandpossession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.2 Thecopula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.3 Modalsandmoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.4 Tenseandaspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.5 Passiveandemphasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1.6 Auxiliariesandalternativesources . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2 Pronominalelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.1 Definitepronominalelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.2 Indefinitepronominalelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3 Nominalcomplexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.1 Nominalcategories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Contents
3.3.2 Nominalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.3.3 Attribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.4 Clauselevelrelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.4.1 Adverbialrelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.4.2 Mainactantrelations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4 Parametersofgrammaticalization 129
4.1 Theoreticalprerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.2 Paradigmaticparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.2.1 Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.2.2 Paradigmaticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.2.3 Paradigmaticvariability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.3 Syntagmaticparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.3.1 Structuralscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4.3.2 Bondedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.3.3 Syntagmaticvariability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.4 Interactionofparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.4.1 Quantifiabilityoftheparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.4.2 Correlationamongtheparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.4.3 Lackofcorrelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.4.4 Reductiontozeroandfixationofwordorder . . . . . . 181
Epiloguetothethirdedition 189
References 197
Index 211
Nameindex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
iv
Prospect of Volume II1
5. Processescognatetogrammaticalization
5.1. Semanticprocesses
5.2. Lexicalization
5.3. Phonologicalprocesses
5.4. Analogy
6. Traditionalproblemsinnewperspective
6.1. Grammaticalmeaning
6.2. Grammaticallevels
6.3. Markedness
6.4. Arbitrarinessofthelinguisticsign
6.5. Semanticrepresentation
7. Comparisonoflanguages
7.1. Contrastivelinguistics
7.2. Languagetypology
7.3. Languageuniversals
8. Languagehistoryandlinguisticevolution
8.1. Developmentofgrammaticalcategories
8.2. Linguisticevolution
8.3. Historicalreconstruction
9. Languagetheory
9.1. Languageactivity
9.2. Thecausesofgrammaticalization
1VolumeIIwasplannedbutwasneverwritten;seetheprefacetothe1995/2002editions.
Series Editors’ preface to the 3rd edition
ThisisthethirdeditionofChristianLehmann’sThoughtsongrammaticalization,
a book which has had great impact on the development of grammaticalization
studiessincethe1980sinspiteofitsunusualpublicationhistory.
The first version was circulated in 1982 as a working paper of the University
of Cologne’s UNITYP project. At that time, its full title included the indication
“VolumeI”,becausetheauthorhadplannedasecondvolume.Thefirstpublished
editionappearedin1995withLincomEuropa.Thesecondeditionappearedagain
asaworkingpaper,thistimeoftheUniversityofErfurt(ASSidUE),in2002.
WearehappythatChristianLehmannacceptedourproposaltopublishitagain
as a regular book. We feel that it deserves more prominence, as it provides an
excellentoverviewofgrammaticalizationprocessesanditstheoreticalideashave
notbeensuperseded.
The third edition contains few changes compared to the second edition from
2002; the main addition is an epilogue at the end of the book. Otherwise the
author and editors limited themselves to a few stylistic modifications such as
corrected typos, more consistent use of abbreviations and a few adaptations to
theusualLanguageSciencePressstyle.
Note that the post-1982 work that corresponds to the various chapters of the
plannedVolumeIIismentionedintheprefaceofthe1995edition.
Berlin/Leipzig,October2015 TheSeriesEditors
