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390 Pages·2014·47.89 MB·English

by  Monty Maughan

2014
Proceedings
EIGHTEENTH
INTERNATIONAL
FLIGHT
INSPECTION
SYMPOSIUM
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
JUNE 16 - 20
Contents
Session 1 Flight Inspection of VOR

Measurement Effects on VORs – 9960 Hz Modulation Depth & Roughness Assessment ..................... 7
Matthew Bruce, AeroPearl Pty., & Maik Ritter, Aerodata
Evolution of Terrestrial Navigation Aids as Consequence of PBN Implementation ............................ 19
Gerhard Berz, Eurocontrol & Valeriu Vitan, Eurocontrol
Recent Issues in Performance Prediction and Flight Inspection Measurements .................................. 29
Dr. Gerhard Greving, NAVCOM Consult, & L. Nelson Spohnheimer, Spohnheimer Consulting
Session 2 Flight Inspection of RFI and Related Concepts

Investigation of VHF Omni-Range (VOR) Signal Interference ............................................................ 41
Todd Bigham, FAA
Aeronautical Interferences Detection, the Spanish Case ........................................................................ 49
David García, Aena Internacional, Carlos Gimenez, Aena Internacional, Eduard Marin, Aena Internacional,
& Sajeel Ahmed, Aena Internacional
Advanced Theory and Results of Classical System Simulations and Related Flight Inspection ......... 55
Dr. Gerhard Greving, NAVCOM Consult, Wolf-Dieter Biermann, NAVCOM Consult, & Rolf Mundt,
NAVCOM Consult
Session 3 Flight Inspection of ILS

ILS Simulation for Flight Inspection ........................................................................................................ 67
Bertrand Spitz, ENAC University
An Emitting Reference Antenna Concept for Aircraft Antenna Calibration ....................................... 77
Bjorn Neubauer, Braunschweig University, Dr. Robert Geise, Braunschweig University, Georg Zimmer,
Braunschweig University, & Prof. Dr. Achim Enders, Braunschweig University
New ILS Localizer Ultra-Wide Antenna System Reduces Traffic Restrictions ................................... 83
Alf Bakken, Indra Navia, & Hervé Demule, Skyguide
The Algorithm to Accurately Obtain the Glide Path Reference Point (Aiming Point) Elevation in
Flight Inspection ......................................................................................................................................... 97
Ge Mao, CAAC & Xiaoqiang Li, Beijing Sky Aviation Co.
Strategies for Accurate Field Strength Measurement ........................................................................... 105
Andrew Graham, NAV CANADA

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Session 4 Flight Validation and Related Concepts

Verification of Final Approach Segment Data Prior to SBAS Flight Inspection ................................ 113
Richard Montgomery, FAA
Utilization of ARINC 424 Database in Performing Flight Inspection ................................................. 127
Alex Kwartiroff, NXT, & Pat Allocca, NXT
Flight Inspection of Helicopter Procedures in a Challenging Topographic Environment ................. 137
Markus Schwendener, FCS, Dr. Maurizio Scaramuzza, Skyguide, & Heinz Leibundgut, Swiss Air-Rescue
Session 5 Flight Validation of ADS-B and Datalink

ADS-B A New Mission for Flight Inspection.......................................................................................... 147
Thorsten Heinke, Aerodata
What We Have Learned About ADS-B and How Do We Stay Under the RADAR ........................... 153
Mark Perraut, FAA
Experiences with Inspection of FANS-1/A Data Link ........................................................................... 169
Tom Pinnell, NSM
Session 6 ICAO (IFPP Summary) and Enhanced Vision

State Responsibility for Instrument Flight Procedures: ICAO IFPP’s Challenges ............................ 177
Dr. Yoshinobu Nakanishi, ICAO
Enhancement of Flight Inspection System Using Visual Information ................................................. 183
Xiaofeng Shi, Beihang University, & Xiaoqiang Li, Beijing Sky Aviation Co.
Session 7 Flight Validation of SBAS & GBAS

SBAS and its Roles in Flight Inspection ................................................................................................. 191
Frank Musmann, Aerodata
A Flight Inspection Perspective on Satellite Based Augmentation System Performance
Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................ 201
Carl Rieger, FAA
DME and GNSS L5/E5 Compatibility Prediction and Measured Data ............................................... 213
Valeriu Vitan, Eurocontrol & Gerhard Berz, Eurocontrol
GBAS Calibration .................................................................................................................................... 225
Rolf Seide, Aerodata
Experiences and Analysis with Flight Inspection of GBAS ................................................................. 231
Sigurd A. Bjelkarøy, NSM, & Erling Gronbeck NSM
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Session 8 SBAS RFI and Related Concepts

Mitigation of an RF interference on GNSS signal observed during Flight Inspection ....................... 241
Vincent Rocchia, DSNA/DTI
GNSS RFI Detection in Switzerland Based on Helicopter Recording Random Flights ..................... 249
Dr. Maurizio Scaramuzza, Skyguide, Heinz Wipf, Skyguide, Dr. Marc Troller, Skyguide, Heinz
Leibundgut, Swiss Air-Rescue, René Wittwer, Armasuisse, & Lt. Col. Sergio Rämi, Swiss Air Force
Session 9 Safety Concepts

Common Standards in Flight Inspection Operations – The Way Ahead to Improve Safety? ........... 257
Thomas Wede, TransPolar GmbH
Study on Crew Resource Management in Flight Inspection of Localizer ........................................... 265
Song Xitong, CAAC
Efficient and Traceable Configuration Management – The Flight Inspection Service Provider’s
Perspective ................................................................................................................................................ 271
Matthew Bruce, AeroPearl Pty. & Christopher Dean, AeroPearl Pty.
Proactive Flight Safety through FOQA & ASAP .................................................................................. 279
Greg Marino, FAA
Session 10 Training and Certification Issues

Training of DSNA/DTI Flight Inspectors ............................................................................................... 287
Philippe Caisso, DSNA/DTI
Developing an Effective Training System for IFP Flight and Ground Validation of High-
Performance PBN ..................................................................................................................................... 295
Kazui Wakemi, JCAB & Yoshitaka Uno, JCAB
Integrated CRM/TRM Concepts Applied to FIV Flights and Ground Activities............................... 305
Fabrizio Maracich, ENAV, & Nicoletta Lombardo, ENAV
Session 11 Flight Inspection Standards

Recommended Qualification Requirements for Flight Inspection Service Providers ........................ 313
Herve Renouf, DSNA/DTI & Peter Thirkettle, NATS
Comparison of International Flight Inspection Standards and Procedures ....................................... 323
Larry Brady, Airfield Technology

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Further Publications

A Practical Guide to Datum Transformations ....................................................................................... 331
Gary Flynn, FAA & Dr. Cheng Zhong, FAA
An Automatic Workflow for RNAV Procedures Flight Validation ..................................................... 341
Cpt. Fabrizio Marachich, ENAV, Fabio Pozzi, IDS, Marcello Davide Mannino, IDS, Sigurd Bjelkaroy,
NSM
Investigating Multipath Propagation for Navigation Systems in a Miniaturized Airport Environment
– ILS and Extension to VOR ................................................................................................................... 355
Dr. Robert Geise, Braunschweig University, Georg Zimmer, Braunschweig University, Bjorn Neubauer,
Braunschweig University, & Prof. Dr. Achim Enders, Braunschweig University
On Great Circle and Great Ellipse Navigation ...................................................................................... 365
Dr. Cheng Zhong, FAA & Gary Flynn, FAA
Operational Approval for New and Modified Flight Inspection Systems ........................................... 375
Brad Snelling, FAA
Notes:

Note Pages ................................................................................................................................................. 385

To view this IFIS Proceedings Book on your mobile device, scan the QR code to the right or visit
http://www.register110.com/ifis/pdf/18%20IFIS%20Proceedings%20Book.pdf
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Session 1
Flight Inspection of VOR
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Measurement Effects on VORs – 9960 Hz
Modulation Depth & Roughness Assessment
Matthew Bruce, AeroPearl Pty., & Maik Ritter, Aerodata
Matthew Bruce BEng (Avionics)
Chief Technical Services Engineer
AeroPearl Pty Ltd
GPO Box 884
Hamilton Central
Brisbane, QLD 4007
Australia
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]

http://www.aeropearl.com.au

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Maik Ritter
System Engineer
Aerodata AG
Hermann-Blenk-Straße 34-36
D-38108 Braunschweig
Germany
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
http://www.aerodata.de

ABSTRACT considered and presented at previous IFIS, the influence
of the receiver characteristics on the system level
Compared to conventional VORs, Doppler VORs frequency response is analyzed here.
(DVOR) provide a much more stable bearing signal in
multipath environments. However, the technical operation A technical solution to align the results with the concept
principle introduces a flight inspection specific problem: of a “typical VOR installation” through characterizing the
While measuring the DVOR 9960 Hz amplitude frequency response of a receiver and using post-
modulation depth in flight, it often occurs that the result is processing to consider different filters is presented from a
out of tolerance while the bearing indications are perfect. system level perspective.
The FAA and ICAO have widened the VOR tolerances in
the past caused by this circumstance. MEASUREMENT OF 9960 Hz MODULATION
DEPTH
The paper discusses the physical and electrical
background. It provides examples of real DVOR Introduction
measurements including in-depth signal analysis,
The DVOR has the advantage that it brings more accurate
comparison to ideal VOR signals and analyses the effects
bearing readings to the pilots of commercial and private
on the flight inspection measurement. A technical solution
airplanes in multipath prone areas such as mountains or
for a VOR receiver with improved modulation
measurement uncertainty and reproducibility under cities with man-made reflecting structures.
multipath conditions is presented.
This improved bearing behavior of the DVOR is based on
the fact that the “free space” modulated signal carrying
Additionally, the aspect of receiver internal signal
bearing information is not the amplitude-modulated 30 Hz
filtering on the assessment of “roughness” is considered.
AM of the signal (like the CVOR operates) but the 30 Hz
While filter characteristics for bends/roughness have been
7
derived by the frequency modulation on the 9960 Hz signal processing. The Honeywell RNZ850 based AD-
center frequency of the VOR baseband signal. RNZ850 is routinely updated with the latest findings
including those presented in this paper.
In simple terms a “free space” frequency modulation is
attained by a circular antenna array with a number of Receiver Internals
single antennas that are electrically switched in a manner
so that the “rotation” of the antenna switching implements The most important receiver circuit affecting 9960 Hz
the frequency modulation for a distant receiver by using modulation depth measurement is the 9960 Hz band-pass
the Doppler shift effect. The source of the signal is filter. It is used for rejecting signal components such as
observed by the receiver to be moving away when the ident, audio and 30 Hz AM. An example of such a band-
antenna switching occurs on one side of the transmitting pass filter is shown in Figure 1.
circular antenna array, and approaching when the
switching occurs on the other side of the array causing an
apparent shift in frequency through the Doppler shift.
The mechanical dimensions, switching times and
baseband signals are such that the VOR specifications for
the 9960 Hz FM with a frequency modulation deviation
ratio of 16 (480 Hz frequency deviation / 30 Hz baseband
signal) and a modulation depth of 30% are met.
However, in flight inspection not only the bearing is
interesting but additional parameters such as modulation
Figure 1: Analog band-pass filter circuit
depths. In basic terms the modulation depth is determined
by measuring the amplitude of a signal and as experience
This kind of band-pass filter is used both in the
shows, the amplitude of a free space modulated signal is
RNA34AF and the AD-RNZ850 flight inspection
sensitive to multipath effects.
receiver. It is of the type “2nd order Multiple Feedback”
which is a standard analog bandpass filter circuit.
The DVOR introduced some problems for the modulation
However, it has two properties that are considered weak
depth measurement to the flight inspection community.
spots for use in a flight inspection receiver:
These problems were deeply discussed by members of the
International Committee for Airspace Standards and
The first is that it is comprised of analogue components
Calibration (ICASC) [1]. It also lead to new tolerances
such as resistors, capacitors and an operational amplifier.
for the VOR modulation depth in [2].
These analogue devices are subject to small but noticeable
deviations from their nominal values which shift the exact
This paper approaches the problem by looking at the
pass through frequency of the filter. These deviations are
flight inspection receivers’ behavior while measuring the
based on production limitations, temperature changes
DVOR and how its internal filters handle the disturbed
during operation and aging over the life of the receiver.
amplitude modulated signals. Since the receiver is the
primary measurement device for the flight inspection, it is
The second adverse property of this multiple feedback
important that receivers give consistent results on all
band pass filter is the filter pass band. Being a 2nd order
parameters, including the modulation depths, in particular
filter means that the filter has a narrow, single frequency
when two or more receivers are used in the AFIS.
pass band and all other frequencies are attenuated. This is
not desirable if one tries to filter a frequency modulated
It will show the “weak” spots in the signal processing
signal that has a nominal frequency deviation of ±480 Hz.
chain that influence the results of the measurements and
It means that in the best possible scenario only the
that contribute to the ongoing discussion around the
9960 Hz center frequency of the frequency modulated
measurement of modulation depth signals.
signal is passed through without attenuation while all
other frequencies are attenuated, even the ones that
The receivers discussed in this paper are the Bendix/King
belong to the signal of interest.
RNA34AF (hereafter referred to as RNA34AF) and the
Aerodata AD-RNZ850-0100 (hereafter referred to as AD-
Figure 2 shows the effect of these characteristics on the
RNZ850).
possible filter responses of the analog band-pass filters.
While the RNA34AF is superseded by the RNA34BF it is
not thought to be the subject of active development, and
therefore will most likely not see any improvements in its
8
However, these receivers have problems measuring
modulation depth from a DVORs signal, especially under
multipath conditions. In this case both receivers will
show different modulation depths, dependent on their
varying filter characteristics.
Development of a DVOR/Receiver Model
The tools Matlab and Simulink are well known and ideal
for the modeling and simulation of the DVOR, multipath

and the receiver. Hence, they were used to simulate
Figure 2: Analog Filters different effects in both the DVOR signal and the receiver
and to see how these influence the measurement of
An important finding is that in the area around 9960 Hz modulation depth.
where the signal of interest is located, the ‘Low’ BPF
filter response (based on analogue components at the Since the whole system of a DVOR transmitter, the free
lower end of their production/performance tolerance) and space FM modulation, multipath conditions and receiver
‘High’ BPF filter response (based on analogue characteristics are complex, many simplifications and
components at the high end of their assumptions have been used for the simulation in this
production/performance tolerance) are not centered on the case. One important assumption for the simulation is that
nominal frequency, rather on the lower/upper limits of the the free space FM modulation of the DVOR is sensitive to
FM signal. multipath - superposition of its own, delayed signal.
Multipath is simulated in the model by simply adding an
As we intend to measure the energy in the filtered signal attenuated/delayed version of the original signal to itself.
and to derive the modulation depth from it, this is not
initially thought of as being critical. After receiver Additionally, only the baseband signal of the VOR is
calibration using a signal generator, producing a signal simulated, as the cause for the 9960 Hz modulation depth
similar to that from a CVOR, a look up table (LUT) is measurement problems were expected to be in the
determined that correlates modulation depth values to baseband signal processing of the flight inspection
energy measurements of the filtered signal. receivers and not in the RF path.
Figure 3 shows the examination results of the analog The Simulink model used for the simulation of the
band-pass filters of two flight inspection receivers after multipath distortion and the receiver internal baseband
this calibration. The center frequency of the 9960 Hz FM processing is shown in Figure 4.
signal was varied in order to determine the filter
characteristics. One can see that these receivers will show
an accurate modulation depth of an ideal signal.
Analog BPF behavior after Calibration
h
t
p
e
D
on %)
ati(
ul
d
o
M
Centerfrequency Offset (Hz)

Figure 3: Analog band-pass filters of two VOR
receivers after calibration
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