Table Of ContentThird Generation Wireless Systems,
Volume 1
Post-Shannon Signal Architectures
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Third Generation Wireless Systems,
Volume 1
Post-Shannon Signal Architectures
George M. Calhoun
Artech House
Boston • London
www.artechhouse.com
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Contents
Preface xiii
Reference xvii
TheGoldenAgeofWireless 1
1
1.1 TheFirstGoldenAge,1890–1940 1
1.2 AQuietInterregnum,1940–1990 4
1.3 TheDigitalRadioRevolution 7
1.4 TheCapacityCrisis,1995–2001 10
1.5 TheNewGoldenAge 19
References 21
Shannon 23
2
2.1 “OurShannon” 23
2.2 ClaudeElwoodShannon(1916–2001) 26
2.3 ShannonTheory 31
2.3.1 Nyquist 32
v
vi ThirdGenerationWirelessSystems:Post-ShannonSignalArchitectures
2.3.2 TheImportanceofNoise 35
2.3.3 DiscreteSourcesandEntropy 36
2.3.4 ChannelCodingandErrorControl 37
2.3.5 QuantizationofAnalogSources 38
2.3.6 PowerandBandwidth 39
References 44
WirelessSystemsDesign:Problems
3
andParameters 47
3.1 ThreeUniqueDesignConstraints 47
3.1.1 TheBasicCommunicationsLinkandthe
NonengineerableWirelessChannel 48
3.1.2 TheNonclonableWirelessChannelandthe
ChallengesofMultipleAccess 55
3.1.3 TheConundrumsofInterference 59
3.2 TheBasicParameters:Channel,Signal,andNoise 61
3.2.1 ThePrimarySignal/ChannelDimensions:Space,
Time,andFrequency 62
3.2.2 NoiseandInterference 65
3.2.3 Self-Interference 69
3.2.4 Orthogonality 72
3.2.5 SecondarySignalDimensions:AmplitudeandAngle 73
3.2.6 TertiarySignalDimensions:SignalStructure 77
3.2.7 QuaternarySignalDimensions:TheStructureof
thePayload 79
3.2.8 TheLayeredSignalandthePrimacyofthePhysical
Layer 81
3.3 First-andSecond-GenerationWireless
Architectures 83
3.3.1 First-GenerationSystems:PowerVersusNoise 83
3.3.2 TheCellularRevolution:Reorganizingthe
S-Dimension 84
3.3.3 Second-GenerationSystems:DigitalExtensions—
ReorganizingtheT-Dimension 85
Contents vii
3.3.4 OntheThresholdof3G 86
References 87
ThirdGenerationSystems:PhysicalLayer
4
TechnologyStrategies 89
4.1 FromInterferenceAvoidancetoInterference
Management 89
4.1.1 ThePenaltyforOrthogonality 90
4.1.2 TamingtheInterference 98
4.2 SignalHardeningTechniques 100
4.2.1 ErrorCorrection(ChannelCoding) 101
4.2.2 DiversityTechniques 102
4.2.3 ConvolutionalTechniques 107
4.3 SignalShapingTechniques 111
4.3.1 Compression:SourceCoding 112
4.3.2 BasebandShaping 113
4.3.3 SpectrumShaping 114
4.3.4 BeamForming:SmartAntennas 115
4.4 SignalRecovery 115
4.4.1 CancellationofT-Interference(I):Equalization 116
4.4.2 CancellationofT-Interference(II):Multipath
Combining 116
4.4.3 CancellationofS-Interference:SpatiallySelective
Receivers 118
4.5 BeyondOrthogonality:ConvolvedWireless
ArchitecturesandDesignPrinciples 118
4.5.1 SignalSpreading 120
4.5.2 InterferenceAveraging 123
4.5.3 SignalAveraging:Noise-LikeSignals 127
4.5.4 InterferenceCancellation:Unscramblingthe
Omelet 128
4.5.5 AdaptiveSignalDesign 131
4.5.6 ConvolutionalSignalStructures 134
viii ThirdGenerationWirelessSystems:Post-ShannonSignalArchitectures
References 135
SignalHardeningTechniques 139
5
5.1 Coding:AVastPhilosophy 140
5.1.1 Coding:TheStandardView 144
5.1.2 ADeeperLook 146
5.1.3 Quantization:Many-to-OneMapping 147
5.1.4 NonlinearityandThresholdEffects 153
5.1.5 CodingasRedundancyConstruction:One-to-
ManyMapping 159
5.1.6 SignalExpansion:ChannelCodingasNoise
Averaging 163
5.1.7 MessageSpaceExpansion:ChannelCodingas
SignalGeometry 166
5.2 BasicChannelCodingStrategies 175
5.2.1 BlockCodes 175
5.2.2 ConvolutionalCodes 177
5.2.3 DecodingAlgorithms 182
5.2.4 Performance:CodingGain 184
5.3 AdvancedCodingStrategies 186
5.3.1 InteractionBetweenChannelCodingandSource
CompressionStrategies 186
5.3.2 ChannelCharacteristicsandtheChoiceof
CodingSchemes:BurstErrors 190
5.3.3 SoftDecisionTechniques 194
5.3.4 SideInformation 199
5.3.5 PilotSignals 201
5.3.6 TrellisCoding 202
5.3.7 HierarchicalCodingStructures:Concatenated
Coding,TurboCoding,andParallelCoding 206
5.4 DiversityTechniques 213
5.4.1 FrequencyDiversity 217
5.4.2 TimeDiversity 221
Contents ix
5.4.3 SpaceDiversity 222
5.5 ConvolutionalSignals 223
References 227
SignalShapingTechniques(Transmitter-
6
OrientedStrategies) 231
6.1 ConceptsofEfficientTransmission:Compression
andShaping 231
6.2 SignalNonlinearities:AConundrum 236
6.3 Compression:Post-ShannonSourceCoding
Strategies 241
6.3.1 LosslessCompression 244
6.3.2 LossyCompression 251
6.3.3 PerceptualCoding 254
6.3.4 CorrelativeQuantization 256
6.3.5 SourceModeling 265
6.4 BasebandSignalShaping 267
6.5 RFSignalShaping 272
6.5.1 Bandwidth-EfficientModulation 272
6.5.2 LinearizedRFSystems 276
6.6 SmartAntennaTechnologies(Transmission) 281
6.7 AdaptiveLinkTechnologies 284
6.7.1 AdaptivePowerControl 285
6.7.2 AdaptiveTimeAlignment 289
6.7.3 AdaptiveModulation 292
References 295
SignalRecoveryTechniques(Receiver-
7
OrientedStrategies) 299
7.1 Logical-LevelSignalRecoveryStrategies:The
ActiveReceiver 303
7.1.1 ReliabilityAssessmentandErasureStrategies 308
