Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the

608 Pages·2009·55.42 MB·English

THE ANGLO-SAXON OCCUPATION
OF SOUTH-EAST SCOTLAND
BY
CHRISTOPHER JOHN ALIAGA-KELLY
in the
Thesis submitted accordance with
requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in
Glasgow
the Department Archaeology University of
of
1986
JUNE
Volume 1
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Since for Grant from
all my applications a the
Scottish Education Department Carnegie Trust
the
and were
I
Faculty Arts
unsuccessful, am most grateful to the of
the Common Bursary the University Glasgow for
and of of
fees University, for
paying my at the two years and one
For further both for basic
year respectively.
money,
for final
costs and paying the typing and assembly of the
Thesis, I
Russell Trust,
am most grateful to the of
Markinch, Fife.
I have been
to
might not able continue
this Thesis
with the for it but for the
and research support
of my parents, Mr Mrs DTW Aliaga-Kelly their
and and
relations, five
the
over past years.
Mr E Talbot, Department Archaeology
the the
of of at
University
Glasgow, Tutor for
the
of was my and advisor,
Postgraduate I
period
of my research and am most grateful
to him for his in directing
advice and work my progress.
I'would like to thank Professor L Alcock for
also reading
drafts Thesis important
the
my of sections of and offering
these
advice on and other aspects of my work.
I the Monuments Record, the Royal
made much use of of
Commission the Ancient Historical Monuments
on and of
Scotland the information is there,
and which recorded so
that body be thanked for include
must permission to some of
their in Thesis. I
photographs and plans this would also
like to thank the staff for their help,
especially
.A
ii
Mr S Halliday Mr G Stell. For
and the plan of the crop-
Sprouston, I Professor JKS St
mark site at must thank
Joseph für his his in Thesis.
to the
permission
use plan
For
inform-
photographs of certain pre-Norman crosses and
them I Mr I
ation concerning am especially grateful to
Fisher. For important how I deal
advice on should with
limited for I Dr P Hill.
the evidence my study must thank
Mr JH Lewis Mr GJ Ewart have to include
and allowed me
three their two
reproductions of of photographs of
from Jedburgh I
thank them
sculptured stones and must and
National Museum Scotland Society
the the
of and of
Antiquaries Scotland for include
of allowing. me to some
their in this Thesis. The the
of photographs plan of
Hirsel, Berwickshire
eigenkirche" or estate-church at the
is included the Professor Cramp,
with permission of who
has been information I
also a source of advice and and
must thank her for all this. Thanks must be given to
Professor GWS Barrow for
information
advice and concerning
the Scoto-Norman
early charters and aspects of early
Medieval North British I Professor
to
society. am grateful
WFS
Nicolatsen for
information
advice and concerning
relevant in South-east Scotland, Professor
place-names and
AC Thomas
for Abercorn
evidence concerning and early
Christianity
in South-east Scotland.
This Thesis
have been
might not possible without
important information from local
antiquaries, particularly
Mr W Elliot and Mr W Mason Selkirk Dr C Cormack at
at and
Corstorphine, Edinburgh.
The Earl Haddington kind
was
of
iii
his
to allow me to explore relevant parts of estate
enough
Tyninghame identify important
" and pieces of evidence.
at
I
letters,
Though Dr B Hope-Taylor did not reply to my
him for his Doon Hill, East Lothian
thank plans of
must
Department,
Scottish Education
Mr C Tabraham, the
of
and
for
for copies of them available study.
making
iv
CONTENTS
Volume 1
i-iii
Acknowledgements
Summary
vi-ix
Organisation Thesis
of x
List Illustrations in Volume 1
of xi-xiii
Abbreviations in Text
the
used and
Bibliography
xiv
Key to Symbols in Illustrations, in
used
Volumes 1 2 (unless
and otherwise stated) xv
1-10
Introduction
Chapter 1- The Land South-East Scotland
of
1) Environment Topography 11-30
and
2) Topography 31-46
Chapter 2- Written Sources
1) British, The Historia Brittonum
and
Gododdin 47-57
the
2) Northumbrian, Life St Cuthbert,
of
58-65
Auctorite Anonymo
Life St Wilfrid,
of
dius Stephanus 66-70
Historia de S Cuthberto 71-78
3) The Early Scotto-Norman Charters 79-94
Chapter 3- Place-Names
1) Brittonic 95-113
2) Old English Anglian 114-147
or
Chapter 4- The Pre-Anglian Britons
1) Their Settlements Economy 148-207
and
2) Early Christianity 208-234
Chapter 5- The Anglian Takeover 235-273
Chapter 6-
Anglian Settlement Economy 274-347
and
Chapter 7- Christianity
during Anglian
the
Occupation
1) Continuity 348-388
the British Elements
and
V
2) The Anglian Monasteries 389-430
431-462
3) Northumbrian Crosses Religious Sites
and
463-480
Conclusions
481-497
Bibliography
1
vi
SUMMARY
The Thesis is, The Anglo-Saxon
this
subject of
Occupation South-east Scotland. It is divided into
of
Introduction
seven chapters, along with an and a chapter
Conclusions. The Introduction is
to
of used state what
is being the in the
studied, methods used various problems
interpretation
the the to
of of evidence and need examine
the in the it found
evidence context of where was or
to. It to the for. 'a
related also refers need multi-
disciplinary to the to that
approach problems and remember
developments in the
and changes were progress throughout
pre-Norman period.
"The
The 1st Land South-east Scotland",
chapter, of
is divided into two the first is
sections: concerned with
for
the geology and soils of the area, with the evidence
climatic and vegetational change since the sub-Roman
The is the topo-
period. second section concerned with
the the land South-east Scotland
graphy, shape of of and
it. Though
communication within most of the evidence
is discussed in the from
which chapter comes other
disciplines, like
geology, soil studies and palaeobotany,
is
some archaeological or place-name evidence used as well.
The is
chapter necessary to try to the natural
understand
background
to the Medieval its
early remains.
period and
The 2nd
is divided into five is
chapter and
sections
documents
concerned with the written the
sources, surviving
vii
information Tweed-Forth
which contain relevant to the area
in Medieval times. The first is
early section concerned
British Welsh Historia
the the
with or early sources,
Brittonum' the Gododdin- The is
and poem. second section
the Anonymous Life St Cuthbert., the
concerned with of
Vita St Cuthberti, Auctorite Anonymo The
third
section
.
is Life St Wilfrid York the
concerned with-the of of
,
Vita Wilfridi Eddius Stephanus. The fourth
of section
is the de S. Cuthberto
concerned with *Historia section
Simeon Dunelmensis
the to
of writings which are attributed
Simeon Durham. The fifth is
or of section concerned with
the twelkh later date,
some of charters, of 'century or and
Scotto-Norman information the
origin, which contain on
Tweed-Forth in
the
area post-Northumbrian period.
The 3rd is is
chapter concerned with place-names and
divided into two sections: the first is that in which the
Brittonic discussed,
Welsh
place-names of or early origin are
the is that in those Old English Anglian
second which of or
discussed. Reference distrib-
is to the
origin are made
the Tweed-Forth
ution of examples within area and within
4 ºe territorial
iden. tº. tah arrangements which are
in 'These
the
recorded some of written sources, are
-
discussed in
the
previous chapter.
The is
chapter concerned with the pre-Anglian
-bu"th
Britons is divided into first is
and two the
sections:
that in for Settlements Economy is
which evidence the
and
discussed, the second is that in the for
which evidence
Early Christianity
in the Tweed-Forth is discussed.
area
viii
Though the first into
section goes a certain amount of
detail, be lie
to the
which might said outwith concerns
Thesis, it is
the to
of necessary understand what was
developing in the Tweed-Forth by the
area mid-xvemkcentury.
The is true Christianity its
same of pre-Anglian and
information
the
remains which provide on other aspects of
This information from
chapter considers archaeo-
period.
logical that from disciplines.
evidence with other
The (fth chapter is concerned with the Anglian take-
Tweed-Forth discussing
the the
area, recorded
over of
from both later documents,
history,
contemporary writings and
information from the
with the archaeological evidence and
disciplines. The is is from
other period which covered
the s! xth century until the eleverºth, so as to discuss the evidence
Anglian
for initial in Tweed-Forth
the presence the area
later developments like
the
and re-establishment of
Northumbrian in the tenth
power century.
The is
sixth chapter concerned the and
with settlement
during the Anglian This is in
occupation. spite
economy
the lack Much is
of of archaeological'evidence. use made
documentary landscape
the the
of evidence, and recorded
is
later This
territorial
arrangements
and parishes.
mainly in form
the the
of a comprehensive evidence
survey of
for the topographically distinct the Tweed-
various
parts of
Forth
the
area and relevant sites.
The
is for
sevekt4chapter the
concerned with evidence
Christianity in
the during
Anglian
area the and
occupation
ix
is divided into three The first is
sections. where evid-
between British
ence concerning possible continuity and
Anglian Christianity Celtic in the Christianity
and elements
developed by is discussed. The
the
oleve-th century,
which
is, five
the
second section where evidence concerning
Anglians
the
religious establishments or 'monasteries which
in the Tweed-Forth is discussed. The third
set up area
is in form Anglian Northumb-
the
where evidence of
section
Christian Anglian
rian crosses and concerning sites of
is discussed.
origin
Conclusions, is
The chapter of the elgjth chapter, where
have been drawn in the
the conclusions which course
principal
to discussed The
of the text are referred and again.
from
is
important the the
aspect of study use of evidence
field to information
one of study provide concerning others,
Thus,
frequent in the text.
cross-referencing.,
which means
is draw lines
chapter necessary to the of argu-
a concluding
ment together and re-state the principal references and
These include between
conjectures. an apparent correlation
large long-cist boundaries,
the cemeteries and recorded parish
neglected examples of pre-Norman churches and consistent
between
patterns of relationships recorded parishes and
Medieval landholdings. It is the
recorded early also where
for further Medieval
need work on related aspects of early
North Britain is
emphasised.