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Thermodynamics
Demystifi ed
Merle C. Potter, Ph.D.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Merle C. Potter, Ph.D., has engineering degrees from Michigan Technological
University and the University of Michigan. He has coauthored Fluid Mechanics,
Mechanics of Fluids, Thermodynamics for Engineers, Thermal Sciences, Differential
Equations, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, and Jump Start the HP-48G in
addition to numerous exam review books. His research involved fluid flow stability
and energy-related topics. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers awarded
him the 2008 James Harry Potter Gold Medal. He is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical
Engineering at Michigan State University and continues to write and golf.
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CONTENTS
Preface xi
CHAPTER 1 Basic Principles 1
1.1 The System and Control Volume 2
1.2 Macroscopic Description 3
1.3 Properties and State of a System 4
1.4 Equilibrium, Processes, and Cycles 5
1.5 Units 7
1.6 Density, Specifi c Volume, and
Specifi c Weight 10
1.7 Pressure 11
1.8 Temperature 14
1.9 Energy 15
Quiz No. 1 17
Quiz No. 2 19
CHAPTER 2 Properties of Pure Substances 23
2.1 The P-v-T Surface 23
2.2 The Liquid-Vapor Region 26
2.3 The Steam Tables 27
2.4 Equations of State 30
2.5 Equations of State for a Nonideal Gas 33
Quiz No. 1 35
Quiz No. 2 37
viii Thermodynamics Demystifi ed
CHAPTER 3 Work and Heat 41
3.1 Work 41
3.2 Work Due to a Moving Boundary 43
3.3 Nonequilibrium Work 48
3.4 Other Work Modes 49
3.5 Heat Transfer 52
Quiz No. 1 54
Quiz No. 2 57
CHAPTER 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 61
4.1 The First Law Applied to a Cycle 61
4.2 The First Law Applied to a Process 63
4.3 Enthalpy 66
4.4 Latent Heat 67
4.5 Specifi c Heats 68
4.6 The First Law Applied to Various
Processes 72
4.7 The First Law Applied to Control
Volumes 78
4.8 Applications of the Energy Equation 81
Quiz No. 1 89
Quiz No. 2 94
CHAPTER 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 101
5.1 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and
Refrigerators 102
5.2 Statements of the Second Law 103
5.3 Reversibility 105
5.4 The Carnot Engine 107
5.5 Carnot Effi ciency 110
5.6 Entropy 113
5.7 The Inequality of Clausius 123
5.8 Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process 124
5.9 The Second Law Applied to a
Control Volume 128
Contents ix
Quiz No. 1 133
Quiz No. 2 137
CHAPTER 6 Power and Refrigeration Vapor Cycles 143
6.1 The Rankine Cycle 144
6.2 Rankine Cycle Effi ciency 147
6.3 The Reheat Cycle 151
6.4 The Regenerative Cycle 153
6.5 Effect of Losses on Power Cycle Effi ciency 157
6.6 The Vapor Refrigeration Cycle 160
6.7 The Heat Pump 164
Quiz No. 1 167
Quiz No. 2 169
CHAPTER 7 Power and Refrigeration Gas Cycles 173
7.1 The Air-Standard Cycle 174
7.2 The Carnot Cycle 177
7.3 The Otto Cycle 177
7.4 The Diesel Cycle 180
7.5 The Brayton Cycle 184
7.6 The Regenerative Brayton Cycle 188
7.7 The Combined Cycle 191
7.8 The Gas Refrigeration Cycle 194
Quiz No. 1 198
Quiz No. 2 201
CHAPTER 8 Psychrometrics 205
8.1 Gas-Vapor Mixtures 205
8.2 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb
Temperatures 210
8.3 The Psychrometric Chart 213
8.4 Air-Conditioning Processes 214
Quiz No. 1 220
Quiz No. 2 223
