Table Of ContentTHERMODYNAMICS
Basic and Applied
About the Author
V. GANESAN, born in Nagercoil in 1945, had a successful career of 48 years in the
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras. He
retired from the institute in 2017 after serving as professor emeritus for five years after
his superannuation in 2012. He has published more than 450 papers and has guided 44
PhD and 20 MS scholars. So far, he has received 52 national and international awards. To
mention a few, he is the recipient of Anna University National Award for Outstanding
Academic for the Year 1997, Khosla National Award in 2004, ISTE Periyar Award for
Best Engineering College Teacher in 2004, Excellence in Engineering Education (Triple ‘E’) Award by SAE
International, USA, in 2007, Shri P. K. Das Memorial Best Faculty Award by Nehru Educational and Charitable
Trust, Coimbatore, in 2009, Life Time Achievement award from SAE India, Southern Section in 2017.
Among other awards received by him are the Babcock Power Award for the best fundamental scientific paper
published in the Journal of Energy (1987), The Institution of Engineers Merit Prize and Citation (1993), SVRCET
Surat Prize (1995), Sri Rajendra Nath Mookerjee Memorial Medal (1996), Automobile Engineer of the Year award
by the Institution of Automobile Engineers, India (2001), Institution of Engineers (India), Tamil Nadu Scientist
Award (TANSA) (2003) by Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, N K Iyengar Memorial
Prize (2004) by Institution of Engineers (India), SVRCET Surat Prize (2004), Bharat Jyoti Award (2006), UWA
Outstanding Intellectuals of the 21st Century Award by United Writers Association, Chennai (2006), SAE Cliff
Garrett Turbomachinery Engineering Award by SAE International, USA,( 2006), Sir Rajendra Nath Mookerjee
Memorial Prize (2006) by Institution of Engineers, Environmental Engineering Design Award by The Institution
of Engineers, India (2006), SAE Cliff Garrett Turbomachinery Engineering Award (2007), Rashtriya Gaurav
Award in the field of Science and Technology by India International Friendship Society (2012), and Best Citizens
of India Award by International Publishing House, New Delhi (2012).
He is the Fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering, National Environmental Science Academy, Fellow
of SAE International, USA, and Institution of Engineers (India). He has also been felicitated by International
Combustion Institute for lifetime contribution in the field of IC engines and combustion. Dr. Ganesan has
authored several books such as Internal Combustion Engine, Gas Turbines, Computer Simulation of Four-Stroke Spark-
Ignition Engines, and Computer Simulation of Four-Stroke Compression-Ignition, Engines and Heat Transfer. Further, he
has edited several proceedings of the national and international conferences.
He was formerly, the Chairman of Combustion Institute (Indian Section), the Chairman of the Centre for
Continuing Education, IIT Madras, and the Chairman of Engineering Education Board of SAE (India), Dean,
Academic Research, IIT Madras, and Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, besides being a member
of many professional societies. Dr. Ganesan was actively engaged in a number of sponsored research projects and
is a consultant for various industries and R&D organisations.
THERMODYNAMICS
Basic and Applied
V Ganesan
Former Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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Dr. Vijayashree
PrefAce
There are many books in the market on the subject Thermodynamics. The logical question will be why
another one? The main reason for bringing this book is to disseminate the knowledge that I have gained
over past 50 years while teaching undergraduate and postgraduate students at IIT Madras. Further, I
felt that the available books that I have consulted do not cover the syllabi effectively; and hence, this
book.
I have collated the syllabi of various major universities across India and tried to cover most of the topics
in a lucid and comprehensive manner. Thermodynamics, per se, is a simple subject but a little difficult
to comprehend because most of the theories were evolved over a period by means of experiments and
measurements. This book is expected to serve as a textbook to help students understand and appreciate
the basics of thermodynamics starting from the fundamentals. The subject matter has been organised
in 14 chapters in a logical sequence which covers both basic and applied thermodynamics. I have taken
care to explain the theory in a lucid manner with practical examples, wherever necessary. In every
chapter, 25 examples have been worked out along with review questions, exercise problems and MCQs,
thereby, each chapter has a pedagogy of 100 questions. Twenty five well designed exercise problems are
included in every chapter with answers so that the inquisitive students may solve these problems and
compare with answers given. It is hoped that this book will satisfy the needs of both basic and applied
thermodynamics.
As there are large number of equations in several chapters, maximum care has been taken to minimise
the typing errors. I would be obliged to the readers for finding any such errors and would be grateful for
the constructive criticism for the improvement of the book. The readers may send their suggestions to
my email id so as to enable me to improve the next edition.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Vijayashree, who has put extraordinary efforts in
bringing out this book. The entire book has been made camera ready by her. Without her unstinted
support, this book would not have been made possible. I am thankful to my family members who have
borne with me for the last four years.
Last but not the least, I am indebted to the Continuing Education Centre of IIT Madras for the
support provided for this project.
V GANESAN
[email protected]
contents
Preface vii
Nomenclature xxiii
1 Introduction to Basics 1
1.1 Preamble 1
1.1.1 Who Should Study Thermodynamics? 1
1.1.2 Basic Concepts to Understand 2
1.2 Dimensions and Units 2
1.3 Introduction to SI Units 3
1.3.1 PrincipalFeatures of SI Units 3
1.4 Macroscopic and Microscopic Views of Thermodynamics 4
1.5 System, Surroundings and Boundary 4
1.5.1 System 5
1.5.2 Surroundings 5
1.5.3 Boundary 5
1.6 Classificationof a System 7
1.6.1 A Closed System 7
1.6.2 An Open System 7
1.6.3 An Isolated System 8
1.7 Universe 8
1.8 Thermodynamic Property,State, Path, Process and Cycles 8
1.8.1 Property 8
1.8.2 Fundamental and Derived Properties 9
1.8.3 Intensive Property 9
1.8.4 Extensive Property 9
1.8.5 Specific Property 10
1.8.6 State 10
1.8.7 State Function 10
1.8.8 State Diagram 10
1.8.9 State Postulate 10
1.8.10 Path 11
1.8.11 Process 11
x Contents
1.8.12 Quasi-static Process 12
1.8.13 Thermostatics or Thermodynamics 13
1.8.14 Cycle 13
1.8.15 Phase 14
1.8.16 Homogeneous System 14
1.8.17 Heterogeneous System 14
1.9 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 14
1.9.1 Chemical Equilibrium 15
1.9.2 MechanicalEquilibrium 15
1.9.3 Thermal Equilibrium 15
1.10 The Concept of Continuum 15
1.11 Force, Pressure,Volume and Temperature 17
1.12 Pressure 18
1.13 Types of Pressure 19
1.13.1 Atmospheric Pressure 19
1.13.2 Absolute Pressure 20
1.13.3 Gauge Pressure 20
1.13.4 Vacuum Pressure 20
1.13.5 PracticalUnits of Pressure 20
1.14 Pressure Measuring Devices 21
1.14.1 Mechanical-type Instruments for Measuring Pressure 21
1.14.2 Barometer 21
1.14.3 Manometers 21
1.14.4 U-tube Manometer 22
1.14.5 Cistern Manometer 23
1.14.6 Micro-manometeror Inclined Tube Manometer 23
1.14.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Manometers 25
1.15 Pressure Gauges 25
1.15.1 BourdonPressure Gauge 26
1.15.2 Advantages and Limitations 27
1.15.3 DiaphragmGauge 28
1.15.4 Vacuum Gauge 28
1.15.5 Modern Method of PressureMeasurement 28
1.16 Volume, Density, Specific Volume, Specific Gravity and Specific Weight 29
1.16.1 Volume 29
1.16.2 Density 30
1.16.3 Specific Volume 30
1.16.4 Specific Gravity 32
1.16.5 Specific Weight 33
1.17 Temperature 33
1.18 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 34
1.19 Temperature Scales 36
1.19.1 Celsius Scale or Centigrade Scale 36
