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THERMODYNAM
ANALYSIS OS
COMBUSTION
ENGINES
Board of Advisors, Engineering
A. H-S. Ang Civil Engineering—Systems and Probability
University of Illinois
Donald S. Berry Transportation Engineering
Northwestern University
James Gere Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics
Stanford University
J. Stuart Hunter Engineering Statistics
Princeton University
T. William Lambe Civil Engineering—Soil Mechanics
R. V. Whitman
Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
Perry L. McCarty Environmental Engineering
Stanford University
Don T. Phillips Industrial Engineering
Texas A & M University
Dale Rudd Chemical Engineering
University of Wisconsin
Robert F. Steidel, Jr. Mechanical Engineering
University of California- Berkeley
R. N. White Civil Engineering—Structures
Cornell University
THERMODYNAMIC
ANALYSIS OF
COMBUSTION
ENGINES
ASHLEY S. CAMPBELL
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Maine at Orono
JOHN WILEY & SONS
NEW YORK CHICHESTER BRISBANE TORONTO
Copyright © 1979, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada.
Reproduction or translation of any part of
this work beyond that permitted by Sections
107 and 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright
Act without the permission of the copyright
owner is unlawful. Requests for permission
or further information should be addressed to
the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data:
Campbell, Ashley S., 1918 —
Thermodynamic analysis of combustion engines.
Includes index.
1. Thermodynamics. 2. Heat-engines. 3. Combustion
engineering. I. Title.
TJ265.C25 621.4 78-16181
ISBN 0-471-03751-6
Printed in the United States of America
10 987654321
This book is intended as a text for a second course in thermodynamics that
treats combustion as the central theme. The objective is to examine the methods of
analysis and computational schemes that can be applied to various systems in which
motion is produced by combustion.
Most introductory thermodynamics textbooks derive thermal efficiency
expressions for those air standard cycles that interest mechanical engineers. This book
begins at that point. The first three chapters deal with heat of reaction, adiabatic flame
temperature, and isentropic changes of state and provide basic tools. The treatment is
approximate, based on the assumption that the composition of the products of
combustion can be obtained from the composition of the reactant mixture merely by
applying the law of conservation of matter. Succeeding chapters examine gas turbine
systems, two- and four-stroke engines, rockets, free piston engines, and boilers and
furnaces. The objective is to carry thermodynamic analysis about as far as possible.
Here and there performance calculations are presented in tables and plots. Although
many more could be added, since the number of assignable operating parameters for
combustion engines is large, the tables and plots were selected to illuminate theory and
to provide the reader with results against which to compare his or her computations.
Details of engine design are discussed only in those instances in which they influence
thermodynamic analysis.
The notion of chemical equilibrium is introduced in Chapter 10. The
formulation of the governing equations for computing an equilibrium composition is
straightforward; however, the subsequent numerical solution is discussed in depth,
since the multireaction systems described in others texts have not been treated with
what I consider to be adequate detail. Solutions for some simple systems are explained
in Chapters 11 and 12.
Chapter 13 reexamines adiabatic flame temperature and isentropic expansion
calculations for equilibrium systems. Those circumstances in which chemical
equilibrium is likely to have substantial impact on performance computations are
outlined in Chapter 14.
Chapter 15 contains a brief treatment of combustion of solid fuels in rockets
and powders in guns.
Numbers, and how to derive them, are persistent concerns throughout the book.
Engines, at least on paper, come in all manner of size, shape, and design. Operating
parameters can be assigned wide ranges of values. These considerations, together with
V! Preface
the iterative character of numerical solutions, call for computer programs. None are
particularly sophisticated, but all put a high premium on good organization and
demonstrate the convenience of function programs and subroutines. Most of the
programs are reasonably short. Flow charts have been included only when they explain
a chain of calculations with more clarity than a verbal description. Preparing a flow
chart is the first order of business in programming and should be left to the reader.
A summary of the SI unit system and a condensed review of ideal gas properties
are given in Appendix A. Appendix B describes two popular algorithms for solving
equations of the type F(T) = 0, which occur repeatedly in combustion problems.
Algebraic expressions for computing thermodynamic properties with accuracy
sufficient for classroom experience are derived in Appendix C. Tabulated values of
these properties, taken from published reports, are listed in Appendix E. Appendix D
is a further discussion of chemical equilibrium based on Gibb’s free energy, in contrast
to the treatment in Chapter 10, which rests on entropy.
I have included only a few problems. Drill questions are out of place, and there is
little opportunity for them in any case. I have endeavored to present the material in a
manner that will stimulate the reader to formulate questions worth exploring and
problems worth solving.
I am deeply obliged to the University of Maine for the sabbatical leave that made
it possible for me to draw together a collection of scattered class notes into a coherent
form.
ASHLEY S. CAMPBELL
