Thermal Protective Clothing for Firefighters

235 Pages·2016·7.978 MB·English

by  Guowen Song, Sumit Mandal, René Rossi

Thermal Protective Clothing for Firefighters
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Woodhead Publishing Series in
Textiles: Number 189
Thermal Protective
Clothing for Firefighters
Guowen Song
Iowa State University, USA
Sumit Mandal
University of Alberta, Canada
(cid:1)
Rene M. Rossi,
Empa, Switzerland
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Preface
Firefighters, as first responders to unwanted fires and rescue victims, require high-
performanceprotectiontoensuretheirsafetyandhealth.Clothingisoneofthemost
importantpotentialprotectivebarriersforpeopleworkinginhazardousenvironments.
Ineffective clothing protection can cause injury and fatality among victims and
firefighting personnel, as well as potentially increasing property damage and loss.
Every year, throughout the world, thousands of firefighters receive burn injuries,
manyofthemresultinginfatalities.Thebestapproachforfirefighterstomitigateburn
injuries and reduce risk of death from unpredictable hazards is to wear high-
performance thermal protective clothing.
Firefighters face complex environments and conditions and must be able to per-
formtheirdutieswithinawiderangeofpossiblehazards(thermal,chemical,biolog-
ical,radiation,andphysical).Thermalexposure,whichmayresultfromconduction,
convection, hot liquid, steam, and/or hot solids, is the primary hazard exposure for
firefighters. These hazards present specific characteristics in terms of protection
andinjury.Heatconvection,radiation,andheatconductionarethemainheathazards
aside from open flame. During combustion of structural materials, firefighters can
encounterheathazardsincludingcollapsingobjects,hotliquid,andmoltenmaterial.
Inafire,coolwaterfromahosecanquicklybecomehotwater,andthensteam.Steam
andwetaircausemoreseriousburnsbecausemoreheatenergycanbestoredinwater
vaporthanindryair.However,thesehazardsandthechallengesposedarenotfully
considered incurrent protective clothingengineering.
In order to provide protection from heat and flame, current firefighter protective
ensembles typically consist of multiple layers. However, this multilayer system
increasesclothingweightandreducesvaporpermeability,whichinturnlimitstherate
of evaporative heat exchangewith the environment, increasingphysiologicalstrain.
The combined effects of strenuous exercise, protective clothing, and high ambient
temperatures mayleadtohighlevelsofcardiovascularandthermoregulatorystrain.
Such physiological pressures are frequently associated with reduced work capacity,
and,moreseriously,heat-inducedexhaustion,which isthe paramountcauseofskin
burninjuriesandfatalities.Garmentsmustprovideprotectionagainsthazardswhile
maintaininganacceptablelevelofthermalcomforttothewearer.Theserequirements
pose atremendous challenge totextile materialandclothing engineers.
The other key issue associated with protective clothing performance is thermal
stored energy and its effect on clothing performance. Firefighters’ multilayer fabric
systems and the air spaces between these layers provide resistance to heat transfer
from environments hazardous to human skin. However, depending on the thermal
intensityandstructureofthefabricsystems,alargeamountofthermalenergystored
during exposure can be discharged to the skin after exposure and can contribute
viii Preface
significantlytoburninjuries.Thisdischargeprocesscanbenaturalorforcedbycom-
pression,andtheresultingburninjuryoftenoccurstofirefighters’armsandlegs,to
kneeswhilecrawlingonhotsurfaces,toelbowsduetorepetitivelimbmovement,to
shoulderswhereSCBA(self-containedbreathingapparatus)strapshavesqueezedthe
surroundingfabricagainsttheskin,andtoareasthatcontactahotgarmentcompressed
againstawallorotherfixedsurface.Thermalenergystoredinprotectiveclothingdur-
ingexposuretoheathasbeenrecognizedasamajorcontributortoskinburninjuries;
thus, the amount of thermal energy stored in clothing systems and its subsequent
discharge toskin from clothinghave been investigated.
This book covers eight chapters. Chapter 1 outlines a general introduction about
protective clothing, with a focus on thermal protective clothing for firefighters. In
Chapter2,thecharacteristicsofuncontrolledfires(wildfires,structuralbuildingfires,
andvehiclefires)arediscussedindetail,andthethermalenvironments(intensityand
exposures) faced by firefighters in these fire hazards are also examined. Chapter 3
analyzes the different types of potential burn injuries (first-degree, second-degree,
third-degree,andfourth-degree)andheatstresstofirefighters’bodieswhenexposed
tosuchthermalenvironments.InChapter4,thedevelopmentofvarioushighperfor-
mancefibersandfabrics(chemicallymodifiedfire-retardant,inherentlyfire-resistant)
forthermalprotectiveclothingisdiscussed.Thetestmethods(bench-scale,full-scale
manikins,and/orhumantrials)andexistingstandardstoevaluatethethermalprotec-
tiveandphysiologicalcomfortperformancesofthefabricsandclothingarecritically
reviewedinChapter5.Throughoutthisreview,thegapsandlimitationsintheexisting
test methods and standards are identified and approaches are discussed for further
developmentofnewtestmethods.Themodelinganditsimplicationsonfirefighters’
protectiveclothingisdiscussedinChapter6andvarious factors(fiber,yarn,fabric,
and clothing) affecting the performance of firefighters’ protective clothing is
establishedinChapter7.InChapter8,variouskeyissuesrelatedtothermalprotective
clothingareaddressedtodirectthefutureresearchinthefieldofthermalprotective
clothing for firefighters.
Thisbookpresentsacomprehensivereviewonthermalhazards,textilematerials,
garmentengineeringanddesign,aswellasevaluationmethods,standards,andchal-
lengesrelatingtoprotectiveclothingusedbyfirefighters.Itisourhopethatthisbook
providesfundamentalknowledgeandareviewforfurtherdevelopmentofnewtextile
materials,methods,andapproaches.Wealsointroducethetheoreticalstudyofmodel-
inganditsimplicationsforfirefighters’protectiveclothing.Finally,variouskeyissues
relatedtothermalprotectiveclothingareaddressedtodirectthefutureresearchinthe
field of thermal protective clothing for firefighters. This book will help materials/
textile engineers to develop high performance thermal protective clothing that can
enhance the protection, safety, and comfortoffirefighters.
GuowenSong
March, 2016 inAmes, Iowa
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