Table Of ContentFoundations of Engineering Mechanics
Boris F. Shorr
Thermal Integrity
in Mechanics and
Engineering
Foundations of Engineering Mechanics
Series editors
V.I. Babitsky, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
Jens Wittenburg, Karlsruhe, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/3582
Boris F. Shorr
Thermal Integrity
in Mechanics
and Engineering
123
Boris F. Shorr
CentralInstituteofAviationMotors(CIAM)
Moscow
Russia
ISSN 1612-1384 ISSN 1860-6237 (electronic)
Foundationsof Engineering Mechanics
ISBN978-3-662-46967-5 ISBN978-3-662-46968-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-46968-2
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To memory of my teachers:
Sergey D. Ponomarev, Jacob B. Fridman,
Yury N. Rabotnov, and Isaac A. Birger
Preface
Thedesignandanalysisofhigh-temperaturebehaviorofengineeringstructuresplay
an important role for aviation and transport gas turbine engines, stationary steam
andgasturbinepowerplants,includinggas-transferstations,andalsoforaerospace,
atomic and chemical engineering, and other branches of industry.
The pioneering work by J. Duhamel in the middle of the nineteenth century
inspired investigation of temperature stresses within the framework of solid
mechanics.Interestinengineeringapplicationsofthisphenomenonmanifestedonly
in the early twentieth century with the advent of steam and then gas turbines
(A.Stodola,R.Bailey,F.Norton,N.Lebedev,andothers).Towardthesecondhalf
ofthelastcentury,thetheoryofthermalintegrity(thermalstrength)wasestablished
as a branch of engineering science studying high-temperature material behavior.
It became especially apparent in connection with the invention of aviation gas
turbine engines.
IntheWest,relatedproblemswereembodiedinpublicationsbyA.Freudenthal,
R.LarsonandJ.Miller,L.Coffin,N.Hoff,W.Prager,B.Gatewood,B.Boleyand
J. Weiner, R. Hill, and other English-speaking authors.
IntheUSSR,analysisofmaterialstrengthathightemperaturesinapplicationto
aviationgasturbineswasinitiatedbyV.Uvarov.Beginningfromthemiddleofthe
twentieth century, this topic was intensively developed at the Moscow Central
InstituteofAviationMotors(CIAM)byI.BirgerandS.Serensen,andalsobytheir
followersB.Shorr,R.Sizova,R.Dul’nev,I.Dem’janushko,Yu.Temis,andsome
others. This research was carried out in close collaboration with a number
of Russian and Ukrainian colleagues, including Yu. Rabotnov, Ya. Fridman,
R. Shnejderovich, N. Malinin, and G. Pisarenko. Main results on the subject were
delivered at major scientific conferences and widely published.
A relatively complete exposition of the aforementioned problems until the mid-
1970s has been presented in the monograph “Thermal Strength of Machine Parts”
editedbyI.BirgerandB.Shorr.Although12,000copieswerepublished,thebook
gained rare status soon after publication in 1975 in USSR.
vii
viii Preface
However, Russian publications in the area of thermal strength remained
unknown to researchers from other countries, except for a small number of con-
tributions translated into English.
Duringthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,bothintheWestandinRussia,
numerouspapersandbooksreportingthenoveltheoreticalandexperimentalresults
on the strength of materials and structures under elevated temperatures have been
published. The range of applications of these developments has been expanded
since non-uniform temperature stresses arise not only in mechanical systems, but
also in civil structures, road coatings, and even in the Earth’s core.
Thermal integrity is a multidisciplinary field combining joint efforts of
mechanical engineers, material scientists, and applied mathematicians approaching
the problem from their specific viewpoint. This monograph draws on the research
of a broad scientific community including the author’s contribution.
Thescopeofthermalstrengthanalysiswasconsiderablyextendedduetomaking
useof modern computers along with the implementation of FEMcodes.However,
the author believes that there is a sort of disparity between the power of advanced
software, and lack of easy-to-follow books on the theoretical and experimental
aspects of thermal integrity. The author endeavors to ensure the rigor of the
underlyingassumptionsalongwith sufficientsimplicityofpresentation makingthe
book compelling to a wide audience.
The book is targeted at engineers, university lecturers, postgraduates, and final-
year undergraduatestudentsinvolvedincomputationalmodelingandexperimental
andtheoreticalanalysisofhigh-temperaturebehaviorofengineeringstructures.The
book is also intended for attention of researchers developing the thermal strength
theory as a branch of continuum mechanics.
The author expresses deep gratitude to Prof. V. Babitsky for support of issuing
of the present monograph, Dr. V. Arulchandran and Dr. L. Prikazchikova for their
contribution to editing of the English text, Dr. Ch. Baumann and the staff of
Springer-Verlag for assistance in publication. The author is grateful to Prof. Yu.
Kaplunov,Prof.Yu.Temis,Prof.E.Golubovskiy,andcolleaguesfromCIAM,and
also from Keele and Brunel Universities for fruitful discussions.
Moscow Boris F. Shorr
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Experimental Foundations of Thermal Integrity. . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Phenomenological Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Basic Experimental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 Role of Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.4 Role of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.5 Full-Scale Tests of Machine Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Theoretical Foundations of Thermal Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.1 Basic Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.2 Combined Stress–Strain State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.3 Theories of Stresses and Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.4 Analysis of Structure Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2 Thermoelasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1 Foundations of Thermoelasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.1 Thermal Stresses in an Elastic Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.2 Thermoelastic Strains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 The Theory of Thermoelasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.2.1 Constitutive Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.2.2 Solution Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.2.3 Interpretation of Calculation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3 Energy Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3.1 Work and Internal Energy of Elastic Deformation. . . . 45
2.3.2 Variational Equations of Isothermal Elasticity. . . . . . . 50
2.3.3 Variational Equations of Thermoelasticity . . . . . . . . . 53
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
ix
x Contents
3 Thermal Plasticity: Unidirectional Proportional Loading . . . . . . . 57
3.1 Isothermal Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.1.1 Basic Aspects of Thermal Plasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.1.2 Diagrams of Elastoplastic Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.1.3 Generalized Deformation Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.1.4 Proportional Elastoplastic Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2 Non-isothermal Plasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.2.1 Uniaxial Non-isothermal Stressed State . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.2.2 Multi-axial Non-isothermal Stressed State. . . . . . . . . . 76
3.2.3 Strength and Durability at Unidirectional
Non-isothermal Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.2.4 Numerical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4 Thermal Plasticity: Cyclic Loading and Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.1 Cyclic Elastoplastic Processes in Solids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.1.1 Cyclic Loadings and Unloadings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.1.2 Isothermal Cyclic Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2 Isothermal Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2.1 Experimental Curves of Cyclic Durability . . . . . . . . . 100
4.2.2 Approximate Formulas of Cyclic Durability . . . . . . . . 102
4.2.3 Failure Conditions for Cyclic Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3 Thermal Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.3.1 Non-isothermal Cyclic Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.3.2 Factors Influencing Thermal Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.3.3 Synchronous Non-isothermal Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.4 LCF Under Variable Cycles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.4.1 Unsteady Loading and Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.4.2 Unstable Material Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5 Unsteady Thermal Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.1 Experimental Backgrounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.1.1 Diagrams of Arbitrary Alternating Deformation. . . . . . 127
5.1.2 Prehistory of Loading—Adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.2 Stabilized Anisotropic Hardening—Uniaxial Stressed State. . . . 132
5.2.1 Isothermal Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.2.2 Non-isothermal Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.3 Stabilized Anisotropic Hardening—Multi-axial Loading. . . . . . 141
5.3.1 Stress and Strain Vectors in the Theory
of Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.3.2 Experimental Data on Multi-axial Loading. . . . . . . . . 144
5.3.3 Theoretical Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
