Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications, Second Edition

612 Pages·2010·14.049 MB·English

by  Ibrahim Dincer, Marc A. Rosen(auth.)

THERMAL ENERGY
STORAGE
Thermal E nergy Storage: Systems and A pplications, Second Edition ˙Ibrahim Din¸cer and Marc A. Rosen
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-74706-3
THERMAL ENERGY
STORAGE
SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS,
SECOND EDITION
I˙brahim Dinc¸er
and
Marc A. Rosen
ProfessorofMechanicalEngineering
Faculty ofEngineeringandAppliedScience
UniversityofOntarioInstituteofTechnology
Ontario,Canada
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
Thiseditionfirstpublished2011
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LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Dincer,Ibrahim,1964-
Thermalenergystorage:systemsandapplications/IbrahimDincer,MarcA.Rosen.–2nded.
p.cm.
Rev.ed.of:Thermalenergystoragesystemsandapplications/[editedby]˙IbrahimDincer,andMarcRosen.c2002.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-74706-3(cloth)
1. Heatstorage. I.Rosen,Marc(MarcA.) II.Thermalenergystoragesystemsandapplications. III.Title.
TJ260.T4932010
621.402(cid:2)8–dc22
2010020654
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
PrintISBN:978-0-470-74706-3
ePDFISBN:978-0-470-97073-7
oBookISBN:978-0-470-97075-1
Setin9/11TimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai
Frontcoverimage:BoreholethermalenergystoragesystemattheUniversityofOntarioInstituteofTechnology,
Oshawa,Ontario,Canada.ThecompaniesinvolvedinthedesignandconstructionwereDiamondandSchmittArchitects
IncorporatedandKeenEngineeringwithBrianBeattyandAssociates.
To my wife, Gu¨ls¸en, and my children,
Meliha, Miray, I˙brahim Eren,
Zeynep, and I˙brahim Emir
for their inspiration.
And to those who have helped and supported
me in any way throughout
my education and professional life.
˙Ibrahim Dinc¸er
To my wife, Margot, and my children,
Allison and Cassandra for their inspiration.
And to Frank C. Hooper and David S. Scott,
two giants in the field of energy and wonderful mentors.
Marc A. Rosen
Contents
About the Authors xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
1 General Introductory Aspects for Thermal Engineering 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Systems of Units 2
1.3 Fundamental Properties and Quantities 2
1.3.1 Mass,Time,Length,andForce 2
1.3.2 Pressure 2
1.3.3 Temperature 4
1.3.4 SpecificVolumeandDensity 6
1.3.5 MassandVolumetricFlowRates 6
1.4 General Aspects of Thermodynamics 7
1.4.1 ThermodynamicSystems 7
1.4.2 Process 7
1.4.3 Cycle 7
1.4.4 ThermodynamicProperty 7
1.4.5 SensibleandLatentHeats 7
1.4.6 LatentHeatofFusion 8
1.4.7 Vapor 8
1.4.8 ThermodynamicTables 8
1.4.9 StateandChangeofState 9
1.4.10 SpecificInternalEnergy 10
1.4.11 SpecificEnthalpy 10
1.4.12 SpecificEntropy 11
1.4.13 PureSubstance 11
1.4.14 IdealGases 11
1.4.15 EnergyTransfer 15
1.4.16 Heat 16
1.4.17 Work 16
1.4.18 TheFirstLawofThermodynamics 17
1.4.19 TheSecondLawofThermodynamics 17
1.4.20 ReversibilityandIrreversibility 18
1.4.21 Exergy 18
1.5 General Aspects of Fluid Flow 20
1.5.1 ClassificationofFluidFlows 20
1.5.2 Viscosity 22
viii Contents
1.5.3 EquationsofFlow 23
1.5.4 BoundaryLayer 29
1.6 General Aspects of Heat Transfer 32
1.6.1 ConductionHeatTransfer 33
1.6.2 ConvectionHeatTransfer 34
1.6.3 RadiationHeatTransfer 36
1.6.4 ThermalResistance 37
1.6.5 TheCompositeWall 38
1.6.6 TheCylinder 38
1.6.7 TheSphere 39
1.6.8 ConductionwithHeatGeneration 40
1.6.9 NaturalConvection 42
1.6.10 ForcedConvection 43
1.7 Concluding Remarks 45
2 Energy Storage Systems 51
2.1 Introduction 51
2.2 Energy Demand 52
2.3 Energy Storage 53
2.4 Energy Storage Methods 54
2.4.1 MechanicalEnergyStorage 54
2.4.2 ChemicalEnergyStorage 62
2.4.3 BiologicalStorage 75
2.4.4 MagneticStorage 75
2.4.5 ThermalEnergyStorage(TES) 76
2.5 Hydrogen for Energy Storage 77
2.5.1 StorageCharacteristicsofHydrogen 77
2.5.2 HydrogenStorageTechnologies 77
2.5.3 HydrogenProduction 78
2.6 Comparison of ES Technologies 80
2.7 Concluding Remarks 80
3 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Methods 83
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2 Thermal Energy 84
3.3 Thermal Energy Storage 85
3.3.1 BasicPrincipleofTES 86
3.3.2 BenefitsofTES 89
3.3.3 CriteriaforTESEvaluation 90
3.3.4 TESMarketConsiderations 96
3.3.5 TESHeatingandCoolingApplications 99
3.3.6 TESOperatingCharacteristics 103
3.3.7 ASHRAETESStandards 104
3.4 Solar Energy and TES 104
3.4.1 TESChallengesforSolarApplications 105
3.4.2 TESTypesandSolarEnergySystems 105
3.4.3 StorageDurationsandSolarApplications 106
3.4.4 BuildingApplicationsofTESandSolarEnergy 107
3.4.5 DesignConsiderationsforSolarEnergy-BasedTES 108
3.5 TES Methods 109
3.6 Sensible TES 109
3.6.1 ThermallyStratifiedTESTanks 111
Contents ix
3.6.2 ConcreteTES 114
3.6.3 RockandWater/RockTES 114
3.6.4 AquiferThermalEnergyStorage(ATES) 118
3.6.5 SolarPonds 124
3.6.6 EvacuatedSolarCollectorTES 125
3.7 Latent TES 127
3.7.1 OperationalAspectsofLatentTES 128
3.7.2 PhaseChangeMaterials(PCMs) 129
3.8 Cold Thermal Energy Storage (CTES) 142
3.8.1 WorkingPrinciple 142
3.8.2 OperationalLoadingofCTES 143
3.8.3 DesignConsiderations 144
3.8.4 CTESSizingStrategies 146
3.8.5 LoadControlandMonitoringinCTES 147
3.8.6 CTESStorageMediaSelectionandCharacteristics 148
3.8.7 StorageTankTypesforCTES 152
3.8.8 Chilled-WaterCTES 153
3.8.9 IceCTES 158
3.8.10 IceForming 174
3.8.11 IceThicknessControls 174
3.8.12 TechnicalandDesignAspectsofCTES 178
3.8.13 SelectionAspectsofCTES 179
3.8.14 Cold-AirDistributioninCTES 180
3.8.15 PotentialBenefitsofCTES 183
3.8.16 ElectricUtilitiesandCTES 184
3.9 Seasonal TES 185
3.9.1 SeasonalTESforHeatingCapacity 185
3.9.2 SeasonalTESforCoolingCapacity 186
3.9.3 Illustration 186
3.10 Concluding Remarks 187
4 Thermal Energy Storage and Environmental Impact 191
4.1 Introduction 191
4.2 Energy and the Environment 192
4.3 MajorEnvironmental Problems 193
4.3.1 AcidRain 194
4.3.2 GreenhouseEffect(GlobalClimateChange) 195
4.3.3 StratosphericOzoneDepletion 196
4.4 Environmental Impact and TES Systems and Applications 198
4.5 Potential Solutions to Environmental Problems 198
4.5.1 GeneralSolutions 198
4.5.2 TES-RelatedSolutions 199
4.6 SustainableDevelopment 199
4.6.1 ConceptualIssues 200
4.6.2 TheBrundtlandCommission’sDefinition 200
4.6.3 EnvironmentalLimits 201
4.6.4 Global,Regional,andLocalSustainability 201
4.6.5 Environmental,Social,andEconomicComponentsofSustainability 201
4.6.6 EnergyandSustainableDevelopment 202
4.6.7 EnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment 202
4.6.8 AchievingSustainableDevelopmentinLargerCountries 203
4.6.9 EssentialFactorsforSustainableDevelopment 203
x Contents
4.7 IllustrativeExamples and Case Studies 204
4.7.1 TheSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict(California) 204
4.7.2 AnovaVerzekeringCo.Building(Amersfoort,TheNetherlands) 204
4.7.3 TheTraneCompany’sTechnologyCenter(LaCrosse,WI) 205
4.7.4 TheMinistryofFinanceBuilding(Bercy,France) 206
4.7.5 TheCityofSaarbrucken(Saarbrucken,Germany) 207
4.8 Concluding Remarks 207
5 Thermal Energy Storage and Energy Savings 211
5.1 Introduction 211
5.2 TES and Energy Savings 212
5.2.1 UtilizationofWasteorSurplusEnergy 213
5.2.2 ReductionofDemandCharges 214
5.2.3 DeferringEquipmentPurchases 215
5.3 AdditionalEnergy Savings Considerationsfor TES 215
5.3.1 EnergyforHeating,Refrigeration,andHeatPumpEquipment 215
5.3.2 StorageSizeLimitations 216
5.3.3 ThermalLoadProfiles 216
5.3.4 OptimizationofConventionalSystems 217
5.4 Energy Conservation with TES: Planning and Implementation 217
5.5 Some Limitationson Increased Efficiency 218
5.5.1 PracticalandTheoreticalLimitations 218
5.5.2 EfficiencyLimitationsandExergy 219
5.6 Energy Savings for Cold TES 219
5.6.1 EconomicAspectsofTESSystemsforCoolingCapacity 221
5.6.2 EnergySavingsbyColdTES 221
5.6.3 CaseStudiesforTESEnergySavings 225
5.7 Concluding Remarks 230
6 Energy and Exergy Analyses of Thermal Energy Storage Systems 233
6.1 Introduction 233
6.2 Theory: Energy and Exergy Analyses 234
6.2.1 MotivationforEnergyandExergyAnalyses 235
6.2.2 ConceptualBalanceEquationsforMass,Energy,andEntropy 235
6.2.3 DetailedBalanceEquationsforMass,Energy,andEntropy 236
6.2.4 BasicQuantitiesforExergyAnalysis 238
6.2.5 DetailedExergyBalance 240
6.2.6 TheReferenceEnvironment 241
6.2.7 Efficiencies 243
6.2.8 PropertiesforEnergyandExergyAnalyses 244
6.2.9 ImplicationsofResultsofExergyAnalyses 245
6.2.10 StepsforEnergyandExergyAnalyses 246
6.3 Thermodynamic Considerations in TES Evaluation 246
6.3.1 DeterminingImportantAnalysisQuantities 246
6.3.2 ObtainingAppropriateMeasuresofEfficiency 246
6.3.3 PinpointingLosses 247
6.3.4 AssessingtheEffectsofStratification 248
6.3.5 AccountingforTimeDurationofStorage 248
6.3.6 AccountingforVariationsinReference-EnvironmentTemperature 249
6.3.7 Closure 249
Contents xi
6.4 Exergy Evaluation of a Closed TES System 249
6.4.1 DescriptionoftheCaseConsidered 250
6.4.2 AnalysisoftheOverallProcess 251
6.4.3 AnalysisofSubprocesses 253
6.4.4 AlternativeFormulationsofSubprocessEfficiencies 255
6.4.5 RelationsbetweenPerformanceofSubprocessesandOverallProcess 256
6.4.6 Example 257
6.4.7 Closure 260
6.5 AppropriateEfficiency Measures for Closed TES Systems 260
6.5.1 TESModelConsidered 261
6.5.2 EnergyandExergyBalances 261
6.5.3 EnergyandExergyEfficiencies 262
6.5.4 OverallEfficiencies 262
6.5.5 Charging-PeriodEfficiencies 263
6.5.6 Storing-PeriodEfficiencies 263
6.5.7 Discharging-PeriodEfficiencies 264
6.5.8 SummaryofEfficiencyDefinitions 265
6.5.9 IllustrativeExample 266
6.5.10 Closure 267
6.6 Importance of Temperature in Performance Evaluations for Sensible TES Systems 269
6.6.1 Energy,Entropy,andExergyBalancesfortheTESSystem 269
6.6.2 TESSystemModelConsidered 269
6.6.3 Analysis 270
6.6.4 ComparisonofEnergyandExergyEfficiencies 271
6.6.5 Illustration 272
6.6.6 Closure 272
6.7 Exergy Analysis of Aquifer TES Systems 272
6.7.1 ATESModel 273
6.7.2 EnergyandExergyAnalyses 274
6.7.3 EffectofaThresholdTemperature 277
6.7.4 CaseStudy 277
6.7.5 Closure 281
6.8 Exergy Analysis of Thermally Stratified Storages 281
6.8.1 GeneralStratifiedTESEnergyandExergyExpressions 282
6.8.2 Temperature-DistributionModelsandRelevantExpressions 284
6.8.3 DiscussionandComparisonofModels 289
6.8.4 IllustrativeExample:TheExergy-BasedAdvantageofStratification 289
6.8.5 IllustrativeExample:EvaluatingStratifiedTESEnergyandExergy 290
6.8.6 IncreasingTESExergy-StorageCapacityUsingStratification 293
6.8.7 IllustrativeExample:IncreasingTESExergywithStratification 297
6.8.8 Closure 297
6.9 Energy and Exergy Analyses of Cold TES Systems 298
6.9.1 EnergyBalances 299
6.9.2 ExergyBalances 301
6.9.3 EnergyandExergyEfficiencies 301
6.9.4 IllustrativeExample 302
6.9.5 CaseStudy:ThermodynamicPerformanceofaCommercialIceTESSystem 304
6.9.6 Closure 309
6.10 Exergy-Based Optimal Discharge Periods for Closed TES Systems 309
6.10.1 AnalysisDescriptionandAssumptions 309
xii Contents
6.10.2 EvaluationofStorage-FluidTemperatureDuringDischarge 310
6.10.3 DischargeEfficiencies 311
6.10.4 Exergy-BasedOptimumDischargePeriod 312
6.10.5 IllustrativeExample 312
6.10.6 Closure 314
6.11 Exergy Analysis of Solar Ponds 314
6.11.1 ExperimentalSolarPond 315
6.11.2 DataAcquisitionandAnalysis 316
6.11.3 EnergyandExergyAssessments 320
6.11.4 PotentialImprovements 322
6.12 Concluding Remarks 323
Appendix:Glossary of Selected Exergy-Related Terminology 332
7 Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Thermal Energy Storage Systems 335
7.1 Introduction 335
7.2 Approaches and Methods 336
7.3 Selected Applications 337
7.4 Numerical Modeling,Simulation, and Analysis of Sensible TES Systems 340
7.4.1 Modeling 340
7.4.2 HeatTransferandFluidFlowAnalysis 343
7.4.3 Simulation 344
7.4.4 ThermodynamicAnalysis 347
7.5 Case Studies for Sensible TES Systems 349
7.5.1 CaseStudy1:NaturalConvectioninaHotWaterStorageTank 349
7.5.2 CaseStudy2:ForcedConvectioninaStratifiedHotWaterTank 355
7.5.3 GeneralDiscussionofSensibleTESCaseStudies 365
7.6 Numerical Modeling,Simulation, and Analysis of Latent TES Systems 366
7.6.1 Modeling 366
7.6.2 HeatTransferandFluidFlowAnalysis 366
7.6.3 Simulation 368
7.6.4 ThermodynamicAnalysis 368
7.7 Case Studies for Latent TES Systems 369
7.7.1 CaseStudy1:Two-DimensionalStudyoftheMeltingProcessinanInfinite
CylindricalTube 369
7.7.2 Case Study 2: Melting and Solidification of Paraffin in a Spherical Shell
fromForcedExternalConvection 376
7.8 IllustrativeApplicationforaComplexSystem:NumericalAssessmentofEncapsulated
Ice TES with Variable Heat Transfer Coefficients 391
7.8.1 Background 391
7.8.2 SystemConsidered 392
7.8.3 ModelingandSimulation 392
7.8.4 NumericalDeterminationofHeatTransferCoefficientsforSpherical
Capsules 397
7.8.5 HeatTransferCoefficientsandCorrelations 398
7.8.6 ClosingRemarksforIllustrativeApplicationforaComplexSystem 404
7.9 Concluding Remarks 406
8 Thermal Energy Storage Case Studies 413
8.1 Introduction 413
8.2 Ice CTES Case Studies 414
8.2.1 RohmandHaas,SpringHouseResearchFacility,PA 414
8.2.2 ACogenerationFacility,California 416