Thermal Energy Storage for Medium and High Temperatures: Concepts and Applications

398 Pages·2021·18.409 MB·English

by  Wolf-Dieter Steinmann

Wolf-Dieter Steinmann
Thermal
Energy Storage
for Medium
and High
Temperatures
Concepts and Applications
Thermal Energy Storage for Medium and
High Temperatures
Wolf-Dieter Steinmann
Thermal Energy Storage
for Medium and High
Temperatures
Concepts and Applications
Wolf-Dieter Steinmann
Institut für Technische Thermodynamik DLR
Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg Germany
ISBN 978-3-658-02003-3 ISBN 978-3-658-02004-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02004-0
© Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2022
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Preface
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, interest in thermal energy storage
increased sharply due to the introduction of large commercial solar thermal power
plants. Integrated thermal energy storage reduces dependency on instantaneous
solar irradiation and enables electrical energy to be supplied on demand. In 2020,
these integrated storage systems were the second largest storage technology for
electrical energy after pumped hydroelectric energy storage. In addition, there is
extensive research and development work aimed at applying medium and high
temperature storage also in other areas such as industrial process heat or bulk elec-
trical energy storage.
The development of thermal storage for medium and high temperatures began
with industrialization in the nineteenth century and is characterized by pronounced
variations in intensity. Interest in this technology often rose sharply in response to
changes in the energy market, but then often subsided after a few years. This time,
there are strong indications that this will be different and that thermal storage will
become an integral part of future energy systems. If these future energy systems
are based mainly on fluctuating renewable energy, storage systems will be essen-
tial to ensure security of supply while allowing optimal use of installed generator
capacity.
Thermal storage systems are an obvious solution for these future energy
scenarios, where a significant part of the final demand is in the form of heat.
Characteristics of thermal storage systems are a lifetime in the range of several
decades, the use of materials with high availability and low environmental impact.
There are only a few storage materials that can be used over the entire temperature
range considered here. This has led to the development of various storage concepts
that can often only be used in specific temperature intervals. The number of stor-
age concepts is further increased by the use of different heat transfer media used to
transfer heat to and from the storage system. Also, individual storage concepts are
often only suitable for certain performance or capacity ranges. A variety of stor-
age concepts have therefore been proposed for medium and high temperatures;
essential to the successful development of a storage solution is the identification
of the optimum concept, taking into account the boundary conditions of a specific
application.
This book is intended to provide guidance among these numerous concepts
and is intended as a comprehensive resource for thermal energy storage systems
v
vi Preface
operating in the temperature range between 100 and 1200 °C. The emphasis is on
the description of the various basic concepts and the presentation of their charac-
teristic properties. The possible applications and the adaptation to specific bound-
ary conditions are demonstrated by means of numerous application examples.
Even though the author is the solely responsible for the contents of the book,
he owes much to past and present colleagues. I would like to thank especially
Dan Bauer, Alexander Bonk, Markus Braun, Nils Breidenbach, Jochen Buschle,
Markus Eck, Fabian Feldhoff, Nora Fischer, Michael Fiss, Olaf Goebel, Andrea
Gutierrez, Matthias Hempel, Henning Jockenhoefer, Maike Johnson, Ulrike
Kroener, Doerte Laing, Marc Linder, Gerrit Lucht, Claudia Martin, Berthold
Oberle, Christian Odenthal, Marc Roeger, Heiko Schenk, Rainer Tamme, Jonas
Tombrink, Thilo Weller, Michael Wittmann.
I want to thank Barbara Gerlach, who was the project manager for this book,
and Dr. Daniel Fröhlich, who encouraged me to publish this book with Springer.
For their support, understanding and patience my most sincere thanks go to
Karin and Nils.
Wolf-Dieter Steinmann
Contents
Part I Concepts
1 Introduction .............................................. 3
1.1 The Historical Development of Thermal Storage Systems
for Medium and High Temperatures ...................... 6
1.2 Application Areas ..................................... 12
1.3 Classification of Storage Concepts ....................... 15
1.4 Characterization and Assessment of Storage Systems ......... 20
1.5 Economic Aspects .................................... 25
References ................................................ 27
2 Liquid Storage Media ...................................... 29
2.1 Candidate Storage Fluids ............................... 30
2.2 Concepts for Liquid Storage Media ....................... 39
2.3 Two Tank Storage Systems ............................. 41
2.3.1 Thermal Oil Systems ........................... 41
2.3.2 Molten Salt Systems ........................... 43
2.4 Research and Development ............................. 57
2.5 Molten Salts as Liquid Storage Media ..................... 61
2.5.1 Thermophysical Properties ...................... 61
2.5.2 Thermal Stability .............................. 65
2.5.3 Corrosion Behavior ............................ 68
2.5.4 Safety Aspects ................................ 70
2.5.5 Environmental Aspects ......................... 71
References ................................................ 72
3 Solid Storage Media ....................................... 77
3.1 Candidate Storage Materials ............................ 78
3.2 Concepts for Solid-State Storage Systems .................. 83
3.3 Regenerator Type Storage Systems ....................... 84
3.3.1 Stacked Bricks ................................ 90
3.3.2 Packed Bed ................................... 93
3.3.3 Embedded Heat Exchanger ...................... 94
3.3.4 CellFlux ..................................... 105
vii
viii Contents
3.4 Active Storage Systems ................................ 107
3.5 Theoretical Analysis of Regenerator Type Solid Media
Storage Systems ...................................... 114
3.5.1 Physical Model ................................ 114
3.5.2 Governing Equations ........................... 118
3.5.3 Constitutive Equations .......................... 120
3.5.4 Analytical Solutions ............................ 123
3.5.5 Numerical Solutions ............................ 126
References ................................................ 128
4 Dual Media Storage ....................................... 133
4.1 Types of Dual Media Storages ........................... 134
4.2 Pilot Scale Demonstration of Dual Media Storage Systems .... 139
4.3 Theoretical Analysis of Dual Media Storage ................ 142
4.4 Outlook ............................................ 147
References ................................................ 149
5 Steam Accumulators ....................................... 153
5.1 Basic Types of Steam Accumulators ...................... 154
5.1.1 Sliding Pressure Accumulator (Ruths Storage) ....... 155
5.1.2 Expansion Type Storage ......................... 156
5.1.3 Displacement Accumulator ...................... 157
5.2 Thermodynamics of Steam Accumulators .................. 158
5.2.1 Sliding Pressure Accumulator .................... 158
5.2.2 Approximate Solutions for the Sliding Pressure
Steam Accumulator ............................ 164
5.2.3 Expansion Type Storage ......................... 171
5.3 Storage Vessels ....................................... 173
References ................................................ 177
6 Latent Heat Energy Storage ................................ 179
6.1 Phase Change Materials ................................ 183
6.2 Concepts for Latent Heat Storage ........................ 189
6.2.1 Extended Heat Transfer Surface Concepts .......... 194
6.2.2 Encapsulation ................................. 217
6.2.3 Intermediate Heat Transfer Fluid .................. 222
6.2.4 Active Systems ................................ 224
6.3 Modeling of PCM Storage Systems ....................... 230
References ................................................ 237
7 Thermochemical Energy Storage ............................ 241
7.1 Reaction Systems for Thermochemical Energy Storage ....... 243
7.1.1 Concentration/dilution Systems ................... 245
7.1.2 Methane Reforming ............................ 246
7.1.3 Ammonia Synthesis/dissociation .................. 248
7.1.4 Sulfur Based Systems .......................... 249
7.1.5 Hydroxides ................................... 252
Contents ix
7.1.6 Carbonates ................................... 254
7.1.7 Metal Hydride Systems ......................... 254
7.1.8 Redox Systems ................................ 256
References ................................................ 260
8 Selection of Storage Concepts ............................... 263
8.1 Operating Temperature Range ........................... 263
8.2 Working Medium ..................................... 265
8.3 Technical Development Status ........................... 268
8.4 Other Criteria ........................................ 269
Part II Applications
9 Concentrating Solar Power Plants ........................... 273
9.1 CSP Systems ........................................ 274
9.2 Storage for CSP ...................................... 275
9.3 Research and Development Projects ...................... 281
9.4 Commercial CSP Facilities with Integrated Storage .......... 290
9.5 Role of Thermal Storage for CSP Technology .............. 295
9.6 Prospects of CSP with Integrated Thermal Storage ........... 300
References ................................................ 301
10 Industrial Storage Applications .............................. 303
10.1 Basic Concepts for Improving Industrial Energy Efficiency
Through Thermal Storage Systems ....................... 305
10.1.1 Supporting Waste Heat Integration ................ 305
10.1.2 Increasing the Utilization Factor of Components ..... 306
10.1.3 Support for Waste Heat Conversion ................ 307
10.1.4 Integration of Renewable Energy .................. 308
10.1.5 Increasing the Flexibility of Combined Heat and
Power (CHP) Plants ............................ 309
10.1.6 Storage as Thermal Rectifier ..................... 310
10.2 Industrial Application Areas for Thermal Storage Systems ..... 311
10.3 Examples for the Use of Storage Systems in Industry ......... 313
10.3.1 Waste Heat Power Generation in the Cement
Industry ..................................... 314
10.3.2 Autoclaved Building Materials ................... 320
10.4 Perspectives ......................................... 325
References ................................................ 326
11 Systems for the Storage of Electrical Energy ................... 327
11.1 State of the Art: Large-Scale Energy Storage ............... 328
11.2 Basic Concepts for Electrical Energy Storage Based on Heat
Storage ............................................. 328
11.2.1 Power-To-Heat to Power (PHP) ................... 329
11.2.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) ........... 332
x Contents
11.2.3 Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES) ........... 339
11.2.4 Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) ................ 355
11.3 Hybrid Concepts ..................................... 358
11.4 Outlook ............................................ 360
References ................................................ 361
12 Integration into Thermal Power Plants ....................... 365
12.1 Early Steam Power Plants .............................. 365
12.2 Modern Power Plants .................................. 368
12.3 Outlook ............................................ 369
References ................................................ 370
13 Power to Heat Storage ..................................... 371
13.1 Electrical Heat Storage for Space Heating .................. 372
13.2 Electrothermal Storage for Process Heat ................... 374
References ................................................ 375
14 Mobile Applications ....................................... 377
14.1 Energy Supply for the Prime Mover in Vehicles ............. 377
14.1.1 System Based on Steam Accumulators ............. 378
14.1.2 Thermochemical Energy Storage: The Honigmann
Locomotive .................................. 380
14.1.3 Stirling Systems for Road Vehicles ................ 383
14.2 Thermal Management of Vehicles ........................ 384
14.3 Space Applications .................................... 386
14.4 Mobile Heat Storage for Heat Supply ..................... 389
References ................................................ 390
Index ........................................................ 393