thermal comfort evaluatıon ın ıntellıgent buıldıngs

188 Pages·2010·2.81 MB·Turkish

THERMAL COMFORT EVALUATION IN
INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS; CASE STUDY
IN DARÜŞŞAFAKA RESIDENCE

A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Engineering and
Sciences of İzmir Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

In Architecture

by
ESRA SOYKAN

December 2009
İZMİR
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We approve the thesis of Esra SOYKAN

________________________________

Inst. Dr. Z. Tuğçe KAZANASMAZ
Supervisor

________________________________

Prof. Dr. H. Murat GÜNAYDIN
Co-Supervisor

________________________________

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gülden GÖKÇEN
Committee Member

________________________________

Inst. Dr. Zeynep DURMUŞ ARSAN
Committee Member

18 December 2009

______________________________ ___________________________

Prof. Dr. H. Murat GÜNAYDIN Assoc.Prof . Dr. Talat YALÇIN
Head of the Department of Architecture Dean of the Graduate School of
Engineering and Sciences
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my thanks to Prof. Dr. Murat Günaydın for his kind
supporting and advices. I would like to thank to Inst. Dr. Zeynep Durmuş Arsan for
beneficial contributions and sharing her precious experiences through my study. I also
would like to thank to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gülden Gökçen for her kindness and help to my
study.
Beyond all of my thankfully, I have to state my sincere thanks and great
appreciation to Inst. Dr. Tuğçe Kazanasmaz due to her endless patience. I would like to
express my gratitude to her not only for her guidanence and advices to my thesis but
also for her generous understanding and encouraging approach. I am grateful to study
with such a tutor who never hesitates to spend her time to support me to manage the
difficulties during my study period.
Finally, I should indicate my gratitude to my faithful family for their patience
and spiritual supports. Moreover thanks to Aslı Ermin, is my dearest colleague who
always tolerates me in this term.

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ABSTRACT
THERMAL COMFORT EVALUATION
IN INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS; CASE STUDY IN DARÜŞŞAFAKA
RESIDENCE

Building performance evaluation studies has been an important research area in
recent years. Technologic developments, increasing demands of users, complexity of
buildings, increasing energy consumption in complex buildings and economic factors
force designers to find new solutions. There are several studies in literature using
building evaluation techniques to suggest standard values for comfort conditions.
Intelligent buildings, that have purpose to fulfill comfort conditions effectively while
minimizing energy consumption, take an important part in performance evaluation
studies.
The main objective of this study is evaluating the indoor thermal comfort
conditions in a selected building, in terms of thermal comfort requirements. An
Intelligent building; Darüşşafaka Residence selected as a case building. The research
aims to reach the refined and precise knowledge about thermal comfort requirements.
Complex structures and intelligent buildings are often preferred in building evaluation
studies. In this study the research field is a residential building, a kind of dormitory for
old people over the age of 65. Thermal comfort evaluation of the building has been
conducted in two ways namely objective analysis and subjective analysis. Objective
analysis includes field measurements of variables that affect thermal comfort.
Measurements done by specific equipment called data logger. Subjective data analysis
acquired by occupant’s ideas with interviews. Quantitative data obtained from the
objective analysis supported by the qualitative data acquired from individuals. Thus,
the results of thermal comfort conditions are interpreted with respect to various thermal
sensations of old people. Using both objective and subjective results permitted to
evaluate the thermal perception of users.

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ÖZET
AKILLI BİNALARDA ISIL KONFOR DEĞERLENDİRMESİ;
DARÜŞŞAFAKA REZİDANS

Bina performansını değerlendirmeye yönelik çalışmalar son yıllarda önemli bir
çalışma alanı olmuştur. Teknolojik gelişmeler, sürekli artan kulllanıcı istekleri, gelişen
ve karmaşık fonksiyonları üstlenen gelişmiş yapıların ortaya çıkması, bu değişimlere
bağlı olarak artan enerji ihtiyacı ve bunun yanısıra ekonomik faktörler bina
tasarımcılarının etkili ve yeni çözümler geliştirmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bina
performansını değerlendirmeye ve bu sayede geliştirmeye olanak sağlayan çalışmalar,
konfor kavramının son yıllarda önem kazanması ile bina yapım sürecinde yer alan
aktörler tarafından da önemle ihtiyaç duyulur hale gelmiştir. Literatür çalışmaları
incelendiğinde de bu alandaki çalışmaların arttığı görülmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, seçilen örnek bir binada, çevresel koşulların ısıl konfor kavramı
altında incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Akıllı bina otomasyon sistemlerinin uygulandığı
nitelikli bir yapı olarak Darüşşafaka Urla Rezidans, çalışmanın inceleme alanı olarak
seçilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı doğru ve nitelikli bilgiye ulaşmanın yanı sıra bu bilgiyi
güncel uygulamaların kullanımına sunabilmektir. Bina performansını değerlendirmeye
yönelik çalışmalarda akıllı binalar ve karmaşık işlevlere sahip ofis binaları sıklıkla
tercih edilen yapılar arasındadır. Ülkemizde örneklerine nadir olarak rastlanan bu tip
yapılar genelde ofis binaları ve ticari binalardır. Darüşşafaka rezidans, gerek
kullanıcıları tarafından konut niteliğinde kullanılmakta olan özel yaşam alanı olması,
gerek kullanıcıların 65 yaş üstü özel bir grubu temsil etmesi bakımından önem
taşımakta ve çalışma bu alandaki çalışmalara farklı bir uygulama örneği üzerinden veri
sağlama olanağı sunmaktadır. Isıl konfor ölçümü çalışmaları iki temel yöntem ile
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Birincisi termal konforu etkileyen değişkenlerin ölçümünü içeren ve
sayısal verilerin elde edilmesini sağlayan nesnel araştırma yöntemi, ikincisi ise ortam
koşullarını kullanıcı algısı üzerinden değerlendirmeyi sağlayan öznel yöntemdir. Öznel
yöntemde açık uçlu sorularla oluşturulmuş mülakat yöntemi kullanılmıştır.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................x

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................1
1.1.Argument ............................................................................................1
1.2. Objectives...............................................................................................3
1.3. Procedures...............................................................................................4
1.4. Disposition..............................................................................................5

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE SURVEY..........................................................................7
2.1.BUILDING PERFORMANCE................................................................7
2.1.1. The Tendency on Building Performance Analysis............................7
2.1.2. Emergence of Intelligent Buildings...................................................8
2.1.3. Methods Used in Building Performance Analysis...........................10
2.1.4. Qualitative Research Methods .......................................................10
2.1.4.1. Qualitative Study ...................................................................10
2.1.4.2. Methods of Subjective Study..................................................12
2.2.THERMAL COMFORT ...................................................................14
2.2.1. General Terms for Thermal Comfort .............................................15
2.2.2. Thermal Comfort Parameters..........................................................16
2.2.3. Thermal Comfort Studies................................................................18
2.2.3.1. Thermal Comfort Studies of Fanger.......................................19
2.2.3.2. An Example Case Study about Thermal Comfort..................23
2.2.4. International Standards about Thermal Comfort............................ 26

CHAPTER 3. MATERIAL.............................................................................................28
3.1.Climatic Conditions................................................................................28
3.2.Site Analysis...........................................................................................31
3.3.Description of Case Building Darüşşafaka Residence Urla...................33
3.4.Occupants Definition..............................................................................37
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CHAPTER 4. METHOD.................................................................................................38
4.1. Objective Data Collection and Analysis................................................38
4.1.1. Walk-through...................................................................................39
4.1.2. Instrumental Measurements.............................................................41
4.1.3 Physical Facilities for Measurements..............................................43
4.2. Subjective Data Collection and Analysis..............................................51
4.2.1. Research Process.............................................................................51
4.2.2. Interview Questions.........................................................................52

CHAPTER 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS............................................................55
5.1. Results...................................................................................................55
5.1.1.Results Of Measurements................................................................55
5.1.1.1. Temperature Data..................................................................56
5.1.1.2. Relative Humidity Data.........................................................58
5.1.1.3. Intensity Data.........................................................................65
5.1.2. Results of Correlation Analysis between Variables.....................73
5.1.2.1 Temperature and Relative Humidity......................................73
5.1.2.2 Temperature and Intensity......................................................78
5.1.3. Results on Interview Questions....................................................84
5.1.3.1. Evaluating the Intelligence in the Building...........................84
5.1.3.2. Thermal Comfort Evaluation.................................................86
5.1.3.3. Room Identification...............................................................94
5.2. Discussion............................................................................................101

CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION .....................................................................................107

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................109

APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. MEASUREMENT DATA ..................................................................112
APPENDIX B. EXTREME AND DAILY AVERAGE TEMPERATURES ............117
APPENDIX C. OUTDOOR AND INDOOR VARIABLES.........................................128
APPENDIX D. INTERVIEW TEXTS..........................................................................133
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
Figure 2.1 PPD as a Function of PMV .........................................................................21
Figure 2.2. Comfort Zone................................................................................................22
Figure 3.1. Site Location of Block ...............................................................................31
Figure 3.2. Front View of BlockB...................................................................................32
Figure 3.3. View of BlockB.............................................................................................32
Figure 3.4. Number of storeys for each blocks................................................................33
Figure 3.5. Ground Floor Plan of B blocks.....................................................................35
Figure 4.1. Hobo Data Logger.........................................................................................42
Figure 4.2. Plan and Section of Lobby............................................................................43
Figure 4.3. Plan and Section of Restaurant.....................................................................44
Figure 4.4. Plan and Section of Tea Saloon....................................................................45
Figure 4.5. Plan and Section of Room 1.........................................................................46
Figure 4.6. Plan and Section of Room 2..........................................................................47
Figure 4.7. Plan and Section of Room 3..........................................................................48
Figure 4.8. Plan and Section of Room 4..........................................................................49
Figure 4.9. Plan and Section of Room 5..........................................................................49
Figure 4.10. Plan and Section of Room 6........................................................................50
Figure 4.11. Plan and Section of Room 7........................................................................51
Figure 5.1. Relative Humidity Value for Room-1.........................................................59
Figure 5.2. Relative Humidity Value for Room-2...........................................................60
Figure 5.3. Relative Humidity Value for Room-3...........................................................61
Figure 5.4. Relative Humidity Value for Room-4...........................................................61
Figure 5.5. Relative Humidity Value for Room-5...........................................................62
Figure 5.6. Relative Humidity Value for Room-6...........................................................62
Figure 5.7. Relative Humidity Value for Room-7...........................................................63
Figure 5.8. Relative Humidity Value for Restaurant.......................................................64
Figure 5.9. Relative Humidity Value for Tea Saloon......................................................64
Figure 5.10. Relative Humidity Value for Lobby...........................................................65
Figure 5.11.Intensity Value for Room 1..........................................................................66
Figure 5.12.Intensity Value for Room 2..........................................................................66
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Figure 5.13.Intensity Value for Room 3..........................................................................67
Figure 5.14.Intensity Value for Room 4..........................................................................68
Figure 5.15.Intensity Value for Room 5..........................................................................68
Figure 5.16.Intensity Value for Room 6..........................................................................69
Figure 5.17.Intensity Value for Room 7..........................................................................70
Figure5.18.Intensity Value for Restaurant..................................................................... 71
Figure 5.19.Intensity Value for Lobby............................................................................71
Figure 5.20.Intensity Value Tea Saloon..........................................................................72
Figure 5.21. Correlation Between Temperature and Relative Humidity for Room -1....73
Figure 5.22.Correlation Between Temperature and Relative Humidity for Room -2.....74
Figure 5.23.Correlation Between Temperature and Relative Humidity for Room -3.....74
Figure 5.24.Correlation Between Temperature and Relative Humidity for Room -4.....75
Figure.4.25.Correlation Between Temperature and Relative Humidity for Room -5.....75
Figure 5.26.Correlation Between Temperature and Relative Humidity for Room -6.... 76
Figure 5.27.Correlation Between Temperature and Relative Humidity for Room -7.....76
Figure 5.28.Correlation Between Temperature and Relative Humidity for Restaurant..77
Figure 5.29.Correlation Between Temperature and Relative Humidity for TeaSaloon..77
Figure 5.30.Correlation Between Temperature and Relative Humidity for Lobby.........78
Figure 5.31.Trendline of Temperature and Daylight for Room -1 .................................79
Figure 5 .32.Trendline of Temperature and Daylight for Room -2 ................................79
Figure 5.33.Trendline of Temperature and Daylight for Room -3 .................................80
Figure 5.34.Trendline of Temperature and Daylight for Room -4 .................................80
Figure 5.35.Trendline of Temperature and Daylight for Room -5 .................................81
Figure 5.36.Trendline of Temperature and Daylight for Room -6 .................................81
Figure 5.37.Trendline of Temperature and Daylight for Room -7 .................................82
Figure 5.38. Trendline of Temperature and Daylight for Restaurant .............................82
Figure 5.39.Trendline of Temperature and Daylight for Tea Saloon..............................83
Figure 5.40.Trendline of Temperature and Daylight for Lobby......................................83
Figure 5.41.Outdoor and Indoor Variables for Room- 1 ..............................................102
Figure 5.42.Acceptable Limits and Actual Measured Values of Indoor Temperature
for Room-1...............................................................................................102

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
Table 2.1 Thermal Sensation Scale ..............................……………………………......20
Table 2.2 Recommended Indoor Design Parameters ……………………………….....27
Table 3.1. Monthly Statistics of Dry Bulb Temperatures for İzmir……………............28
Table 3.2. Monthly Statistics of Wind Speed for İzmir ..................................................29
Table 3.3. Monthly Statistics of Wind Direction (%) for İzmir......................................29
Table 3.4. Monthly Statistics of Relative Humidity for İzmir ………………...............30
Table 3.5. Extreme and Average Outdoor Temperatures...................………………….30
Table 3.6. Distribution of the floor Areas of Each Storey ……………………………..33
Table 3.7 Description of Spaces Located on Each Floor in each Block. ……………...34
Table 3.8. Description of elderly occupant profile..........................................................37
Table 4.1. Codes of Devices in Figures....................................………………………...43
Table 5.1. Intelligence of the Building............................................................................84
Table 5.2. Evaluation of Awareness According to Individual Thermal Comfort...........87
Table 5.3. Individual Interferences..................................................................................89
Table 5.4. Use of Fun Coil .............................................................................................91
Table 5.5. Sun Control.....................................................................................................93
Table 5.6. Use of the Room.............................................................................................95
Table 5.7. Awareness Evaluation about Room Orientation............................................96
Table 5.8 Common Places Thermal Comfort Evaluation...............................................98

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