Table Of ContentTheory and Empirical Research in Social
Entrepreneurship
Grahams HD:Users:Graham:Public:GRAHAM'S IMAC JOBS:14559 - EE - PHAN:PHAN 9781782546825 PRINT (M3302) (G)
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SERIES ON
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Series Editor: Phillip H. Phan, Johns Hopkins University, USA
From its inception more than 130 years ago, The Johns Hopkins University has
led the world in scientific discovery and innovation. Starting with the Master of
Science in Management Science in 1916, the university has focused its lens on
bringing the most up-to-date concepts to business education. In 2007, the
university established the Johns Hopkins Carey Business School to transform
business education through a uniquely humanistic, integrated approach to
research. This series continues the tradition of discovery and innovation by
bringing the best research in technological entrepreneurship and management in
the form of book length original contributions and edited volumes on topics of
contemporary interest and theoretical significance.
Titles in the series include:
The Competitive Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Market Entry
Edited by Gideon Markman and Phillip H. Phan
Theory and Empirical Research in Social Entrepreneurship
Edited by Phillip H. Phan, Jill Kickul, Sophie Bacq and Mattias Nordqvist
Grahams HD:Users:Graham:Public:GRAHAM'S IMAC JOBS:14559 - EE - PHAN:PHAN 9781782546825 PRINT (M3302) (G)
Theory and Empirical
Research in Social
Entrepreneurship
Edited by
Phillip H. Phan
Professor of Management, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Jill Kickul
Director, NYU-Stern Program in Social Entrepreneurship,
New York University Stern School of Business, USA
Sophie Bacq
Assistant Professor, Entrepreneurship and Innovation,
Northeastern University D’Amore-McKim School of Business,
Boston, USA
Mattias Nordqvist
Professor of Business Administration, Jönköping International
Business School, Sweden and Director, Center for Family
Enterprise Ownership (CeFEO), Sweden
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SERIES ON
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Edward Elgar
Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA
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© Phillip H. Phan, Jill Kickul, Sophie Bacq and Mattias Nordqvist 2014
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior
permission of the publisher.
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Edward Elgar Publishing Limited
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Cheltenham
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Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
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Northampton
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USA
A catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013949869
This book is available electronically in the ElgarOnline.com
Business Subject Collection, E-ISBN 978 1 78254 683 2
ISBN 978 1 78254 682 5
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Contents
List of contributors vii
Introduction 1
Phillip H. Phan
PART I THE EXTANT LITERATURE
1. Research in social entrepreneurship: from historical roots to
future routes 11
Huriye Aygören
PART II THEORIES AND EVIDENCE
2. A social exchange theory of non- governmental organizations
as social entrepreneurs in rural entrepreneurship 73
Soo- Hoon Lee
3. A theoretical model for understanding the scalability of
social impact 112
Christiana Weber, Arne Kroeger and Kathrin Lambrich
4. What really matters: a theoretical model for the assessment
of social enterprise performance 154
Ann- Kristin Achleitner, Peter Heister and
Wolfgang Spiess- Knafl
5. An empirical analysis of the missions, funding sources, and
survival of social ventures 174
Albert V. Bruno, Jennifer L. Woolley and Eric D. Carlson
6. Crowdfunding, foundations, and impact investors as sources
of financial capital for social entrepreneurs 191
John E. Clarkin
v
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vi Theory and empirical research in social entrepreneurship
PART III APPLICATIONS
7. Social entrepreneurial leadership: creating opportunities for
autonomy 223
Jeroen Maas, Anastasia A. Seferiadis, Joske F.G. Bunders and
Marjolein B.M. Zweekhorst
8. Value creation at the individual, venture and societal levels of
analyses through social venture competitions 256
Moriah Meyskens and Nadia Auch
Conclusion 292
Phillip H. Phan
Index 297
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Contributors
Ann- Kristin Achleitner has held the Chair in Entrepreneurial Finance,
supported by KfW Bankengruppe since 2001 and has served since 2003 as
Scientific Director of the Center for Entrepreneurial and Financial Studies
(CEFS), both at the Technische Universität München. She completed her
undergraduate and doctoral studies in both economics and law as well as
her lecturer qualification at the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland.
From 1994 to 2000, she was a Professor of Banking and Finance at the
European Business School in Oestrich- Winkel, Germany. She conducts
research in the area of entrepreneurial finance.
Nadia Auch is the Associate Director of the Center for Peace and Commerce
at the University of San Diego. She directs the Center’s Social Innovation
Challenge, among other activities. Nadia previously worked as a consultant
at The Ohio State University and ran its 65th Anniversary of International
Studies. Nadia has worked in South Africa and Peru. She holds a Master
of Science from University College London in International Public Policy,
where she received a distinction for her dissertation entitled Beyond
Advocacy: the Microbicides Effort from a Delphi Technique Perspective.
Huriye Aygören holds a master’s degree in Science, Technology and
Society from Istanbul Technical University and Linköping University.
She is continuing her Ph.D. program at Jönköping International Business
School. Huriye has been involved in various research projects in the
areas of innovation and technology management, social entrepreneur-
ship, sociology of science/scientific knowledge. Currently, her research
is in social entrepreneurship, women’s entrepreneurship and immigrant
entrepreneurship.
Sophie Bacq is Assistant Professor of Entrepreneurship and Innovation
at at Northeastern University D’Amore-McKim School of Business.
Sophie is the co- Director of the 9th Annual NYU Stern Conference on
Social Entrepreneurship, the largest academic conference in the field of
social entrepreneurship. She serves as a reviewer for the Journal of Social
Entrepreneurship and Family Business Review. Sophie’s primary research
interests include social entrepreneurship, governance and management
issues in hybrid organizations, as well as international new ventures.
vii
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viii Theory and empirical research in social entrepreneurship
Albert V. Bruno is the William T. Cleary Professor at Santa Clara
University, where he was founding director of the Center for Innovation
and Entrepreneurship. Professor Bruno earned his Ph.D. at the Krannert
School of Management at Purdue University. His research focuses on the
measurement of impact with applications in marketing and social entre-
preneurship. His book, The Market Value Process: Bridging Customer and
Shareholder Value, was published by Jossey-B ass in 1996 and republished
in Germany in 1998.
Joske F.G. Bunders is director of the Athena Institute for research on inno-
vation and communication in Health and Life Sciences at VU University
Amsterdam. She was appointed Professor of Biology and Society in 2000.
Her specific field of interest is the linking of knowledge and expertise of
end users with developments in modern science and (inter)national policy.
Joske has published widely and has a specific interest in conducting
research on methodology development to stimulate and facilitate interac-
tive and transdisciplinary processes of problem solving, in which various
stakeholders engage in a deliberative mutual search and learning process.
Eric D. Carlson is a Senior Fellow at the Santa Clara University Center
for Science, Technology, and Society. During the past 30 years, Carlson
has worked in research, product development, and executive management
in Silicon Valley for IBM, Convergent Technologies, Unisys, the ASK
Group, and Silicon Graphics, retiring in 2004 as President and CEO of
Telcontar, Inc. Eric has a Ph.D. in computer science and a master’s degree
in City and Regional Planning from the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill.
John E. Clarkin is Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship at Northern
Kentucky University. Formerly, he was director of the Tate Center for
Entrepreneurship at the College of Charleston in South Carolina. He
earned his Ph.D. in Entrepreneurship from the University of Stirling,
Scotland and received his MBA from The Citadel. His academic career is
built on more than 25 years of engineering, management, and consulting
experience, which includes more than 15 years with Fortune 50 companies
and more than 10 years of consulting with entrepreneurs.
Peter Heister is active in the field of entrepreneurship and venture capital
working for different companies and foundations. After his studies of
economics he worked in leveraged finance before joining the Chair for
Entrepreneurial Finance at the Technische Universität München as a
doctoral student. He completed his doctoral thesis in 2010. His research
focus lies in social entrepreneurship with an emphasis on the financing of
social enterprises.
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Contributors ix
Jill R. Kickul joined the NYU Stern School of Business as a Clinical
Professor of Management and Organizations in July 2008. She is the
Director of the Program in Social Entrepreneurship in NYU Stern’s
Berkley Center for Entrepreneurial Studies. Jill’s primary research areas
of interest include innovation and strategic processes within new ventures,
microfinancing practices and wealth creation in transitioning econo-
mies, and social entrepreneurship. She is the author of Entrepreneurship
Strategy: Changing Patterns in New Venture Creation, Growth, and
Reinvention, and has published more than 50 publications in entrepreneur-
ship and management journals.
Arne Kroeger works and researches at the Institute of Management
and Organizational Behavior at the Leibniz University of Hanover. His
research interests are in the field of social entrepreneurship, in particular
scaling social impact, social impact measurement, and impact invest-
ments. In addition, he works as an analyst with the Social Venture Fund in
Munich since January 2010. Arne holds a diploma in business administra-
tion from the University of Hamburg.
Kathrin Lambrich works and researches at the Institute of Management
and Organizational Behavior at the Leibniz University of Hanover.
Her research interests are in the field of social entrepreneurship, in
particular scaling social impact, as well as corporate responsibility and
sustainability. Kathrin holds a master’s degree in Entrepreneurship,
Business Development and Innovation from the University of Wuppertal
and a diploma in banking and finance from the Baden-W ürttemberg
Cooperative State University.
Soo- Hoon Lee is Associate Professor at the College of Business and Public
Administration at Old Dominion University. She received her Ph.D.
in Human Resources Management from the University of Washington
Foster College of Business. Dr. Lee’s research interests include strategic
human resource management, human resource management practices
for entrepreneurial firms, and human resource management practices to
attract and retain knowledge workers. Her most recent work involves the
role of social capital in human capital capacity building in entrepreneurial
economies.
Jeroen Maas rejoined the Athena Institute at VU University Amsterdam
as a project manager and researcher in 2009. Currently, his primary
research topics are entrepreneurship in developing countries, and manag-
ing health care organizations and systems. He teaches entrepreneurship,
management of innovations and management of health care organiza-
tions. Before, he worked as business consultant on organizational change
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x Theory and empirical research in social entrepreneurship
management and stimulating an entrepreneurial mindset in multinational
companies (care organizations and industry). He was a policy writer at
a Dutch Ministry and has worked for several organizations in Kenya.
He received his master’s degrees in both Biology (2000) and in Business
Studies (2001) from the VU University Amsterdam.
Moriah Meyskens is Professor of Strategy and Entrepreneurship at the
University of San Diego. She recently completed post-d octoral research
at Babson College where she worked with the United States Global
Entrepreneurship Monitor. Her dissertation was on the role of partner-
ships in nascent social ventures. Moriah has published several book
chapters, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reports and peer-
reviewed articles. She has over eight years of professional experience in
finance and microfinance. Moriah holds a Ph.D. from the Department
of Management and International Business from Florida International
University, and an MBA from NYU.
Mattias Nordqvist is Professor of Business Administration at the
Jönköping International Business School and Director, Center for Family
Enterprise Ownership (CeFEO).. He is on the board of the International
Family Enterprise Research Academy—IFERA—and on the scientific
committee of the Center for Young and Family Enterprise (Cyfe) of the
University of Bergamo, Italy. Mattias is the founding associate editor of
the Journal of Family Business Strategy, and serves on the editorial board
of the Family Business Review, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, and
Journal of Small Business Management. His research focus is on family
firms, with a particular focus on entrepreneurial, strategic, and govern-
ance processes.
Phillip H. Phan is Professor and Executive Vice-D ean at The Johns
Hopkins University Carey Business School and Core Faculty of the
Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality at the Johns Hopkins
School of Medicine. He received his Ph.D. in Strategic Management from
the University of Washington Foster College of Business. His research is
in the management of innovation and entrepreneurship. He served two
terms on the editorial board of the Academy of Management Journal, is
senior editor of the Journal of Business Venturing, and associate editor
of the Journal of Technology Transfer. His most recent work involves the
impact of micro- capital on innovation in social entrepreneurship.
Anastasia A. Seferiadis received her MSc in Biology from Université
Joseph Fourier and MPhil from Cambridge University. She then gradu-
ated with an MSc in Management in Policy Analysis and Entrepreneurship
from VU University Amsterdam, where she studied food safety in Accra,
