Table Of ContentPHYSICS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
T P
HEORETICAL HYSICS
R D
ESEARCH EVELOPMENTS
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PHYSICS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
T P
HEORETICAL HYSICS
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS
JOHN P. SULLIVAN
AND
ANDREW L. MONTEY
EDITORS
Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
New York
Copyright © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Theoretical physics research developments / editors, John P. Sullivan and
Andrew L. Montey.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-62257-116-1 (E-Book)
1. Physics. I. Sullivan, John P. II. Montey, Andrew L. III. Title.
QC28.T44 2011
530--dc22
2011003828
Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Chapter 1 Commentary on the Prior Errors for Conservation of Momentum 1
Süleyman Mazlum and Nazire Mazlum
Chapter 2 Dark Energy as the Source of the Time Dependent Einstein
Cosmological Constant 9
Miroslaw Kozlowski and Janina Marciak-Kozlowska
Chapter 3 Non-Linear Refractive Index Theory: I-Generalized Optical
Extinction Theory and Dispersion Relations 25
S. S. Hassan, R. K. Bullough and R. Saunders
Chapter 4 Quantum Coherence and Tunable Transient Behavior
of a Double-Control Four-Level Atomic Vapor 41
Arash Gharibi, Jing Gu and Jian Qi Shen
Chapter 5 Application of GEANT4 Code in Gamma Irradiation Processing 59
O. Kadri, F. Gharbi, K. Farah and A. Trabelsi
Chapter 6 Study of Atomic Entanglement in Multimode Cavity Optics 75
Papri Saha, N. Nayak and A. S. Majumdar
Chapter 7 Analytical Expression for P-3He Total Reaction Cross Section 89
M. A. Alvi
Chapter 8 Radiative Transitions of Mesons in an Independant-Quark
Potential Model 97
S. N. Jena, H. H. Muni, P. K. Mohapatra and P. Panda
Chapter 9 Laser Prototyping of Polymer-Based Nanoplasmonic Components 119
Andrey L. Stepanov, Roman Kiyan, Carsten Reinhardt
and Boris N. Chichkov
vi Contents
Chapter 10 An Approximation Method for Determination of the Coupling
Constant and Charged Pion Form Factor at Q2=0.6-1.6GeV2
and Q2=2.45 GeV2 133
B. Rezaei
Chapter 11 Hubbard Model and Ferroelectric Phase Transition in Graphene 141
M. B. Belonenko, N. G. Lebedev and N. N. Yanyushkina
Chapter 12 Study of Pressure Dependence Superconducting State Parameters
of Binary Metallic Glasses by Pseudopotential Theory 151
M. Aditya Vora
Chapter 13 Control Over Group Velocity in a Three Level Closed Ladder
System with Spontaneously Generated Coherence 167
Sulagna Dutta and Krishna Rai Dastidar
Chapter 14 Modelling of Microcracked Bodies Using the Concept
of Crack Opening Mode 183
A. Thionnet
Index 223
PREFACE
This new book presents and discusses current research developments in the study of
theoretical physics. Topics discussed include dark energy as the source of the time-dependent
Einstein cosmological constant; non-linear refractive index theory; quantum coherence and
tunable transient behavior of a double-control four-level atomic vapor; laser prototyping of
polymer-based nanoplasmonic components and radiative transitions of mesons in an
independant-quark potential model.
Chapter 1 - Momentum is the force of a fluid element because of its motion. For
incompressible fluids, momentum of fluids at motion, in a cross-section, is expressed
M = ρ.Q.v
as .
At fluid flows having nonlinear and nonparallel streamlines momentum is subject to
variations along the flow direction. Conservation of momentum, for dynamic conditions,
is commonly derived from Newton’s second law of motion.
Chapter 2 - In this paper the authors calculate the Einstein cosmological constant.
Following our results presented in the monograph: “From quark to bulk matter”, they obtain a
new formula for the time dependent cosmological constant, Λ. Following the general formula
for the time dependent Λ, the authors can describe the history of the cosmological constant.
Chapter 3 - Starting from the Bloch-Maxwell equations for two-level atoms forming an
extended system, taken as a parallele-sided slab for a Fabry-Perot cavity configuration, the
authors generalize the optical extinction theorem to the non-linear regime. Generalized form
of the Lorentz-Lorenz dispersion relation for the refractive index (m) is derived. Within the
context of optical multistability phenomenon, the input-output field relationship is derived in
terms of (m).
Chapter 4 - The tunable transient evolutional behavior of a double-control four-level
atomic vapor is studied and its application to photonic logic gates is suggested. It is shown
that the quantum interferences between two external control fields can lead to controllable
absorption and transparency characteristics of a multilevel atomic vapor. One of the most
remarkable properties involved is that of the absorption (or transmittance) of the probe field
in the atomic vapor being dependent upon the ratio of the intensities of the two control fields,
allowing the tunable optical features (transparency or opaqueness to the probe field) to be
achieved by tuning the quantum interferences between the control transitions (driven by the
control fields). The mechanisms in question are applicable to the design of a variety of new
photonic and quantum optical devices such as logic and functional devices, optical switches
as well as other photonic microcircuit components, which can be employed for controlling the
viii John P. Sullivan and Andrew L. Montey
wave propagation of a probe field. Two typical photonic logic gates (OR and EXOR gates)
based on the tunable four-level optical responses (quantum constructive and destructive
interferences) are presented as illustrative examples.
Chapter 5 - The present work presents an overview of application of the Monte Carlo
code, GEANT4, in the gamma irradiation processing field. In order to check the validity of
such code, a successful calculation of expected dose rate and photon flux in the Tunisian
gamma irradiation facility was carried out. In the same course of study, an ample set of
comparison tests were done using the PMMA dosimeters and the GEANT4 version 8.2 code,
for measurement and calculation purposes. Thus, the excellent agreement seen between data
and calculations allow us to apply the GEANT4-based tool in order to optimize some process
parameters, specific to the studied Co facility, and to systematically improve the dose
uniformity within irradiated targets having different densities and volumes. Therefore, three
irradiation processing procedures were studied let us to conclude that for a given carrier
dimensions, more the product density is higher than a determined value, more a specific
procedure will be performed. It is shown that Monte Carlo simulation improves the gamma
irradiation process understanding.
Chapter 6 - In this work the resonant interaction between two two-level atoms and m-
electromagnetic modes in a cavity is considered. The authors have considered an ideal cavity
that is cavity losses are assumed to be zero. Such a system can be achieved in a microwave
cavity with pairs of Rydberg atoms having long lifetime of the order of 0.2 seconds.
Entanglement dynamics between two atoms is also examined. In particular, they compare
dynamical variations for different cavity modes as well as for different cavity photon
numbers. The collapse and revival of entanglement is exhibited by varying the atom-photon
interaction times.
Chapter 7 - Applying Coulomb correction factor to the Glauber multiple scattering model
an analytical expression has been derived for microscopic study of proton-3He total reaction
cross section. Using independent single particle model for the density of 3He, reasonably
good account of the data has been achieved.
Chapter 8 - Taking an independent-quark potential model with its parameters determined
from a fit to the mass splittings of ground state meson masses in the strange, charm and
bottom flavour sector, the authors investigate the decay widths of the radiative transitions
among the vector and pseudoscalar mesons. The authors go beyond static approximation to
perform a more realistic calculation of decay widths incorporating some momentum
dependence due to recoil of the daughter meson. The results obtained in case of light mesons
are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values. The predictions in heavy meson
decays are comparable to those of other model predictions.
Chapter 9 - Growing interest in the field of surface plasmon polaritons comes from a
rapid advance of nanostructuring technologies. The application of two-photon polymerization
by pulse laser technique for the fabrication of dielectric and metallic SPP-structures, which
can be used for localization, guiding, and manipulation of plasmonic waves on a sub-
wavelength scale, are studied. This fast technology is based on nonlinear absorption of near-
infrared femtosecond laser pulses. Excitation, propagation, and interaction of SPP waves with
nanostructures are controlled and studied by leakage radiation imaging. It is demonstrated
that created nanostructures are very efficient for the excitation and focusing of plasmonic
waves on the metal film. Examples of various plasmonic components are presented and
discussed.
