Table Of ContentCRM Series in Mathematical Physics
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David Se´ne´chal
Andre´-Marie Tremblay
Claude Bourbonnais
Editors
Theoretical Methods
for Strongly
Correlated Electrons
With 99 Illustrations
DavidSe´ne´chal
Andre´-MarieTremblay
ClaudeBourbonnais
De´partementdePhysique
Universite´ deSherbrooke
2500boulevarddel’Universite´
Sherbrooke,Que´becJ1K2R1
Canada
Contact:[email protected]
EditorialBoard
JoelS.Feldman DuongH.Phong
DepartmentofMathematics DepartmentofMathematics
UniversityofBritishColumbia ColumbiaUniversity
Vancouver,BritishColumbiaV6T1Z2 NewYork,NY10027-0029
Canada USA
[email protected] [email protected]
YvanSaint-Aubin LucVinet
De´partementdeMathe´matiques De´partementdeMathe´matiques
etdeStatistique etdeStatistique
Universite´ deMontre´al CRM,Universite´ deMontre´al
C.P.6128,SuccursaleCentre-ville C.P.6128,SuccursaleCentre-ville
Montre´al,Que´becH3C3J7 Montre´al,Que´becH3C3J7
Canada Canada
[email protected] [email protected]
PACS:71.27
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Theoreticalmethodsforstronglycorrelatedelectrons/editors,DavidSe´ne´chal,
Andre´-MarieTremblay,ClaudeBourbonnais.
p.cm.—(TheCRMseriesinmathematicalphysics)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-387-00895-0(alk.paper)
1.Electronconfiguration. 2.Condensedmatter. 3.Mathematicalphysics. I.Se´ne´chal,
David. II.Tremblay,Andre´-Marie. III.Bourbonnais,Claude. IV.Series.
QC176.8.E4T448 2003
530.4′11—dc21 2003045457
ISBN0-387-00895-0 Printedonacid-freepaper.
2004Springer-VerlagNewYork,Inc.
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Series Preface
The Centre de recherches mathe´matiques (CRM) was created in 1968 by the
Universite´ de Montre´al to promote research in the mathematical sciences. It is
nowanationalinstitutethathostsseveralgroupsandholdsspecialthemeyears,
summerschools,workshops,andapostdoctoralprogram.Thefocusofitsscien-
tific activities ranges from pure to applied mathematics and includes statistics,
theoretical computer science, mathematical methods in biology and life sci-
ences, and mathematical and theoretical physics. The CRM also promotes col-
laboration betweenmathematicians andindustry. Itis subsidizedby theNatural
Sciencesand EngineeringResearchCouncilof Canada,theFonds FCARofthe
ProvincedeQue´bec,andtheCanadianInstituteforAdvancedResearchandhas
private endowments. Current activities, fellowships, and annual reports can be
found on the CRM Web page at www.CRM.UMontreal.CA.
The CRM Series in Mathematical Physics includes monographs, lecture
notes, andproceedings basedon researchpursued andevents heldat theCentre
de recherches mathe´matiques.
Yvan Saint-Aubin
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Preface
The workshop M´ethodes th´eoriques pour les fermions fortement corr´el´es/
Theoreticalmethodsforstronglycorrelatedelectrons washeldfromWednes-
day May 26 to Sunday May 30, 1999, at the Centre de recherches math´e-
matiques, Universit´e de Montr´eal, Qu´ebec, Canada.
Despitenumerousconferencesandworkshopsonstronglycorrelatedelec-
trons, one rarely finds workshops dedicated only to purely theoretical as-
pectsoftheproblem.Accordingtothespeakers,thisworkshopwasafirst.It
brought together experts on various approaches, focused around a unique
problem, namely, the solution of models of the Hubbard type (problems
wherebothlocalizedanddelocalizedaspectsarepresent)inlowdimension.
Relativelylongpedagogicalintroductions(oneandahalfhours)duringthe
morning, allowed everyone to appreciate the strengths and weaknesses of
each approach as well as to understand open problems for each of the im-
portant methods. Short presentations in the afternoon provided a broad
overviewofcurrentproblems.Oneandahalfhoursadaywerereservedfor
posters. Since these were exhibited during the whole workshop in a com-
mon area they also provided stimuli for informal discussions during coffee
breaks and early in the morning. The workshop was open to theorists as
well as to advanced students and postdocs.
These proceedings do not do full justice to this workshop, but they do
strive to give the same mix of pedagogical review and outlook on current
problems that was at the heart of this meeting. By avoiding exhaustive
lists of short summaries to concentrate on only a few in-depth articles, we
do hope that these proceedings will have lasting value for the student and
the researcher alike. A list of talks and of participants follows this preface.
They are provided both as a memento and as a reference for those who
wish to contact an outstanding researcher on a topic not covered by these
proceedings. The fact that a given talk or topic does not appear in these
proceedings is uncorrelated with the quality of the presentation. Look for
correlations only in electronic properties!
Thecontentsoftheseproceedingscan,roughlyspeaking,bedividedinto
three parts that cover an impressive range of methods.
Part I, Numerical Methods, deals with two of the most widely used nu-
merical methods in strongly correlated electrons. Both of these methods
have found applications in areas spanning condensed-matter, high-energy,
and sometimes nuclear or statistical physics. The first one, Density Matrix
viii Preface
Renormalization Group is, by now, one of the leading numerical meth-
ods for one-dimensional and quasi-one-dimensional problems. The paper
by Karen Halberg covers the different areas where the method is applied
and also gives the reader a general overview on the subject. Much activity
has focused on extensions of the method to dynamical quantities, finite
temperatures, disorder, phonons, etc. They are all discussed. The exten-
sive list of references will be extremely valuable to the reader. The second
method, Quantum Monte Carlo, is introduced in a pedagogical chapter
by Shiwei Zhang. Most of the aspects of this methodology are covered,
including primarily auxiliary-field (or determinantal) methods, but also
configuration-space methods and Constrained Path Monte Carlo. There is
a focus on the latter method that allows one to free oneself from the infa-
mous sign problem. In this chapter, Shiwei has developed a formalism that
unifies the different methods and allows for a systematic understanding of
their strengths, weaknesses, and common features.
Problemsinonedimension,orweaklycoupledchains,havelendedthem-
selvestothedevelopmentofavarietyofanalyticalmethods.Theseanalyti-
calmethodshavealloweddetailedunderstandingofthefascinatingphysics
that arises in the presence of interactions, such as spin-charge separation.
And these methods continue to produce new results, some of which find
extensions to higher dimension.
Part II, Lagrangian, Functional Integral, Renormalization Group, Con-
formal and Bosonization Methods, contains three reviews that cover the
most widely used methods. The chapter by C. Bourbonnais, B. Guay, and
R. Wortis reviews the renormalization group method and scaling concepts
for interacting fermions. Peculiarities of the two-loop calculation are clar-
ified for the first time. Dimensional crossover, multiple fixed points, and
Kohn–Luttinger mechanisms in different channels are subjects of current
interestthatarealsodiscussed.ThechapterbyD.S´en´echalcontainsaped-
agogical review of bosonization methods and conformal invariance. These
methods are applied, as an example, to the solution of the Tomonaga–
Luttinger model, which embodies the physics of spin-charge separation.
Non-Abelian bosonization as well as a variety of applications, such as edge
states in the quantum Hall effect, are also discussed. The last chapter of
PartIIwaswrittenbyT.GiamarchiandE.Orignac.Usingone-dimensional
spinless fermions as a pedagogical example, the authors explain various
methods, in particular the replica method and the Gaussian Variational
Method, to treat the elastic disordered theory that describes a large class
of disordered fermionic systems. Extensions to higher dimension of prob-
lemssuchasWignercrystal,ChargeDensityWaves,andBoseglassarealso
presented. These fall into the general class of disordered quantum solids.
The authors also investigate in detail the interesting example of a disor-
dered Mott insulator and argue that intermediate disorder can lead to a
novelphase,theMottglass,intermediatebetweenaMottandanAnderson
insulator.
Preface ix
Part III, Functional Derivatives, Mean-Field, Self-Consistent Methods,
Slave-Bosons,andExtensions,beginswithareviewbyE.BickersofBaym-
Kadanoff, or Φ-derivable, approximations. Functional integrals results are
also used to establish the connection between conventional mean-field the-
ory and higher-order Baym-Kadanoff approximations. The Φ derivabil-
ity criterion for thermodynamic consistency is discussed and contrasted
with parquet, or crossing-symmetric, approximations. Instabilities of the
electronic normal state and numerical techniques for the solution of self-
consistent field approximations are reviewed, with particular emphasis on
renormalization group methods for frequency and momentum space. This
leads to the next chapter by J. Kroha and P. Wo¨lfle. They review a new
systematicmany-bodymethodcapableofdescribingbothFermiliquidand
non-Fermiliquidbehaviorofquantumimpuritymodelsatlowtemperatures
on the same footing. The method covers the crossover to the high temper-
ature local moment regime as well. In more technical terms, this chapter
dealswiththemethodofauxiliaryparticlesintroducedtoeffecttheprojec-
tion in Hilbert space while keeping most of the desirable features of renor-
malizedperturbationtheory.Afterapedagogicalintroduction,approxima-
tionsarederivedfromageneratingLuttinger-Wardfunctional,Φ,interms
of renormalized perturbation theory in the hybridization V. The conserv-
ing T-matrix approximation (CTMA), discussed in the previous chapter,
is used here again, but for the auxiliary particles. The results are com-
paredwiththenon-crossingapproximation(NCA)andwithdataobtained
by the numerical renormalization group and the Bethe ansatz. Generaliza-
tionsarediscussedaswell.ThelastchapterbyS.Allen,A.-M.S.Tremblay,
and Y. Vilk presents a formal derivation of a non-diagrammatic approach
thatwasdevelopedafewyearsago.Thederivationmakestheanalogiesand
differences with Φ-derivable approximations clearer. The two-particle self-
consistentapproachpresentedinthischapterhasproducedresultsthatare
more accurate, both quantitatively and qualitatively, than other methods
when compared with Quantum Monte Carlo calculations, in particular for
the so-called pseudogap problem. But its extensions to different problems
are not as obvious as with Φ-derivable approximations. This is one of the
manyareaspresentedinthisbookwherethereaderwillfindchallengesfor
the future.
Inconclusion,wethanktheCentrederecherchesmath´ematiquesandits
skillful and courteous staff that made this event run smoothly and allowed
the organizers to participate in the event instead of being caught up in
logistics. We are indebted also to Luc Vinet and Yvan Saint-Aubin, who
encouraged us to organize this workshop and applied for grants that made
it possible. Yvan Saint-Aubin also gave valuable advice on the philosophy
behind these proceedings. Finally, we acknowledge the financial support
of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of
Canada, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Fonds pour
