Theatre and citizenship : the history of a practice

134 Pages·2011·6.49 MB·English

by  David Wiles

THEATREA ND CITIZENSHIP
ThHe isotafPo rrya ctice
'Citizeinssa h ciopnt'e stteerdwm h ictho daiyn spibroetsph o licy­
makearnsd r adiaccatli vDiasvtiWisdl. e st ractehsii sd etaoli tcsl as­
sicraolo texsa,m inibnogt thh eaatnrdec itizeanssp heirpf ormative
practWiicelses.sh owhso wp eopfulnec ticoonl lecrtaitvhetelhrya n
asi ndiuvaildfso,er x amptlher oucghho ruosrec sr owbde haviionu r
thaeu ditorHieue mx.p lohriesst otreincs iboentsw etehnep assivity
oft hsep ectaantdto hrae c tievneg agemoefan c ti ti,pz aeynisnpge cial
attenttoid orna matliiskAters i stophMaancehsi,a vaenldRl oiu sseau
whoh avter anslpaotleidtt ihceaolir nyt aot heaotfra en df oarc tive
citizTehenb so.o iksa f reisnhv estiogffaa mtiiloinaa nrdl efsasm iliar
landmaorfkt sh eahtirset orreyv,e ahloiwnp gl afysu nctaisos no cial
andp oliteivceanIltn st .h iosr igianpaplr otaoct hh eahtirset Woirlye,s
argutehsat th eaitsra ep owermfeudli ufmo bru ildcionmgm unity,
andt haatt temtpotu ss iet a sa v ehifcolered ucatairovene royft en
misplaced.
DAVID WILESi sP rofeosfsT ohera tarteR oyaHlo llowUanyi ver­
sitoyfL ondoHne.h apsu blisehxetde nsiinvt ehfleiy e olfdcl sa ssical
andE lizabethana ntdhh iSesah toHrrei,ts otfoWrye sPteerfomrm ance
Spawcasep u blisbhyeC da mbridUgnei verPsrietisyns 2 00T3hi.s
ish insi ntbho o,ka ndp reviboouoskh sa ve bseheonr difsotre dt he
CritiScoocsi,fe otTryh eatRersee aracnhdR uncimparni zHeesw .a s
ac ontribtuott hoOer xfo rIdll ustratoeTfdh eH(ais1trt9eoa9 rynd5 i s)
currenwtiltCyhh, r istine DymkowsTkih,Ce a emdbitriidngg e Com­
pantioTo hne HaisttroeThry e.f o coufsh itse achainndrg e seahracsh
alwabyese tnh ree latoifto hne attors eo cipeatryt,i ciunlr aerslpoyef c t
festiavnadtl h,pe r esbeonotbk u ilodnts h ber eadotfhh i isn tellectual
interIetsgste sn.e lsiieissn a keynotlee ctwuhriec hhe was invited
tog ivteot heI nternaFteidoenraalft oiTroh ne atRrees eaartct hh e
UniverosfMi atryy lainn2d �0 5·
THEATRE AND CITIZENSHIP
ThHei stoaofP ry r actice
DAVID WILES
RoyaHlolow layU nivoerslfio tyn don
DCAMBRIDGE
V
UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents
UniverPsriitnytH ionugs Cea,m bridge8 BCSUB,n2 i tKeidn gdom
Publisihnte hdUe n itSetda toefAs m eribcyaC ambriUdngiev erPsrietsNyse ,wY ork
CambriUdngiev erPsrietisyssp arotft hUen iverosfCi atmyb ridge.
It furthtehrUesn iversity'bsyd imsissestmiiionnnga knoiwnlte hdpegu er soufi t
educatlieoanr,gn a inndr eseaarttc hhhe i ghienstte rnalteivoeonlfaes lx cellence.
Lisotf pla tes pagveii
www .cambridge.org Ackonwlegdements V111
Informaotni otnth iitswwlw e:. cambridge.org/9781107428065
©DaviWdi le2so u I Introducctiitoinz:ea nnsdth hiepa tre I
Thipsu blicaitsii nco onp yriSguhbtj.te ocs tt atuetxocreyp tion
2 Athens 22
andt ot hper ovisoifro enlse vcaonltl ecltiicveena sgirnege ments,
Democraacnydc horality 23
nor eproduocfta inoypn a rmta yt akpel awciet hotuhtwe r itten
ThFer ogs 33
permisosfiC oanm briUdngiev erPsrietsys .
Plaaton dA ristotle 4I
Firpsutb lis2h0e1d1
Firpsatp erbeadcikt 2i0o1n4 3 FloreRnocmee,a ndM achiavelli 48
A catalorgeuceof rodtr h piusb licaitsai voani lfarbolmte h Ber itLiisbhr ary Machiaveplollii'twsio crakls 48
Cicero 53
LibraorfCy o ngrCeasst alogiunPi unbgl icadtaitoan TerenAcen'ds ria 58
WileDsa,vi d.
ThMea ndarnadt khSeeo cieotfty l Ttreo wel 63
Theatrec iatnidz e:nt shhheii ps toofra yp ractIDi acvei Wdi les.
p. em. ThSeu nflionaw p oelrit igacridaenn' s 70
Inclubdiebsl iogrraepfheirceaanlnc die nsd ex. CodaG:o ldoAnyick,b ourann dt lctoem ic genre 74
ISB9N7 8-0-521-1(9h3a2r7d-b6a ck)
4 FromC oventtorL yo ndon 78
1. Theataenrds ociet2.yT .h ea-tePro litaiscpaelc It.sT .i tle.
PN1643.W24051 1 Christfiraant ernity 78
306.4-'8d4c822 2010041961 ,. TheW eaverpsa'g eainnCt o ventry 83
ShakespHeeayrweo,o andd London 91
ISBN9 78-o-521-19327-6 Hardback
ISBN9 78-1-107-4P2a8p0e6r-b5a ck JohMni ltoann dt lrteev olution 103
Cambridge UnPirveehsrassns io rt eys ponsifbotirhl peie trys isotrea nccceu roafc y 5 GenevRao:u ssevaeur sVuosl taire IIO
URLs foerx ternoartl h ird-ipnatretrywn eebts irteefse rtroie ntd h ipsu blication, Geneva IIO
andd oenso gt uaranttheaaetn yc onteonnst u cwhe bsiitsoe,rsw ilrle maianc,c urate Rousseau Il3
ora ppropriate. TheL etttdoe'A ri embert 122
Theb attfloaerp ubltihce atre I31
Conclusriwooin d:e als 136
6 Parainsdt hFer enRcehv olution 148
Brutaundst l atcet icviet iazuedni ence I48
Trageasd ays chofoolcr i tiztehncesa :r eoefrM .-CJh.e nier 158
v
Vl Contents
Three volfeusttiiovanla ry 171
Didaenrbdoo tu rrgeeaoliiss m 180
7 Thep eoptlhefe,o lakn dt hmeo derpnu blsipch ere
Plates
Colleicpntr ievG-iewsrammr a ny
ThIen dPieaonTp hleeAa'stssr oec iation
Isne aortfchh p eu bslpihce re
EpilogWuaes:h ingtmoonn'usm enttocs i tizenship 224
Lisotf r eferences 228
Index 254
1' ThDee atohfL ucreEtngiraa.v biyn gLL eor raaiftne r
JeaFnr-a-ns;doeTi rso yR.o yaAlc ademoyfA rts. pagen9
i Lelsi ctreauprpsoa rtB ernuttule ssc orpdses efisls P.a intbiyn g
Jacques-DLaovuiiLdso. u vre. 149
3T hec rownionfVgo ltaEinrger.a vfirnogRm e voludet ions
Franceetd eB rabnaon5.t3· B odleLiiabnr .a ry 155
4 Le Cardiden Laolr rabienneis,sle asan sts ades sins
StB.a rtheleCmoyl.o ureendg ravbiyJn eagn G-uillaume
!vfoittCeo.m edie Fran<yaise. 162
5L et riomdpuph eeu frpalen faDeitsa.oi fal d rawibnyg
Jacques-DLaovuiiMdsu. s eCea rnavalet. 166
6 Fetdee 'Eltres upraeumC eh amdpeM ar(s2 p0r aiarnIIi -al
8j uiIn7 94P)a.i ntbiyn gP ierre-DAenmtaocihMny.ue s ee
Carnavalet. 175
7 Rehearpshaolto ofsV omT auwinudn dd enre uFerenu de,
choreogrbaypR hueddo vlofnL abainn,t hDei etrEicckha-rt
theatBreer,lP ihno.t forso tmh fee stpirvoargla mmien t he
John Hodgson BArrocthhievlreit,bo rn,Ua nriyverosfi ty
Leeds. 195
vii
CHAPTER I
Acknogwelmeednts Introduction
Citizaenntdsh heipa tre
Completoifto hnip sr ojweacsmt a dep ossibbyal g er aunntd etrh AeH RC Citizenissth hpierp e occupoaftt oidoaAnys I. w ritthee wsoer disnF ebru­
ResearLceha vsec hemTeom. Postlekwianidtrl eyf ermeye adp plication, ar2y0 1t0hG,eu ardnieawns pahpaejsru slta uncahneo dn lipnaem phlet on
andi ti st hantkohs imt haItfi rsbte nmty t hougthott sh cei tizenI- artist.C itiEztehni pcrso,m ptbeyMd i chaSeanld el2'0s0 R9e itLhe ctuwrietsh,
amg ratetfuoml y c olleaigntu heDese partmoefDn rta maan dT heatarte manyfi gurferso pmu blliiccf oen tribtuhteivinirge wTsh.eM1 a rxilsitt er­
RHUL foarl lowmiens ga bbatliecaavalen ,df oprr ovidainin ngt ellectual arcyr iFtriecd eJraimce sion2n 00l2a menttehrede -emerogfep noclei tical
environtmheasnttt i mullaatteetsrh aolu gIhnpt a.r ticHuellaeNrni, c holson philoso'pthrya ialftienirgta ltlh osaen cieinsts uoefcs o nstituatnido ns
encouramgee tdoc onsi'dceirt izean tsohpiirpce' l evtaopn rta ctitioners citizenosfch iivpsi,ol c iaentdyp arliamernetparreys enotfar teisopno,n ­
todaMyy. r eseasrtcuhd ehnatvske e ppto intmient gon ewl inoefes n quiry, sibialnidtc yi vviicr twuhei,ch w erteh eh ottteospti ocfts h ee ighteenth
andp rovae dw elcodmiev ersfiroonlm a boouvre trh ew ord-processor. centujruysa tss urealsty h eayr neo l ongoeuror w nI.ti sa st houngoht hing
I havsep okeonnc itizeantss heimpi noarrw so rkignrgo uipnsA thens, hadb eelne arnefdr otmh ec halleonfgt ehser evoluticoennatrujyru ys t
DelphLie,e dLsi,s boMna,r ylaOnxdf,o rPdl,y mouatnhda tR HUL,a nd conclu.d..•e:�. Jd ii rgHeanb ermwaassI ,b elicevleo,s teotr h mea rikn d ub­
Ia ma pprecioafht eilvpedfu ils custshiaoetnn ss ueNd.P.. AshleJya,c ky binmgo dern'iatunyn finisphreodj ercoto'ti endt hee ighteenth-century
BrattMoanr,g rCeotn veZrayc,h aDruyn baHre,l eNni cholasnodEn l len EnlightenCmietnitz}e nissah c iopn testteerdtm h ahta sr esonafnocre s
Wilehsa vsep artehdet imteo g ivmee feedboancd kr acfth aptoerr s peopolfem anyd ifferpeenrts uasions, al piobteerrnaatllil aypliolniygn t,
sectiDoincsMk.c Cawg omte i ntereisnLt aebda ann df ountdh peh otos. potentdieaslplJiyat mee sopnr'ost estpaatriootfan nsa genfdoarr a dical
VickCio opeartC ambriUdngiev erPsrietssyus p porttheipdsr ojfercotm ch'anSgowe h.y h atsh icso ncerpoto,t ienad n tiqaunidti ynt heei ghteenth
itisn ceptTihoann.kfi sn altloGy a ynwai,t howuhto sseu ppoIcr otu lndo t centubreyc,o maeg asionn ecessary?
havwer itttheinbs o ok aboutl ipfueb.l ic Int hfier sitn stamnocsert,e adoeftr hsi bso owki liln haabm iutl ticultural
sociwehteyr eet hniacnidtc yu ltutrraald idtoin oontm arruyp w itahn y
homogeniczoinncgeo pfnt a tionhTohoed .i odfe' ac itizeunnshhoiopk's
t�es taftreo imd eaofsn atiownh,i lasffitr mintgh aett hiacnsdf eeling
cannboets eparfartoemmde mbersohfai p pa rticpuollairtc iocmamlu nity.
Ito ffearl sa ngutahgreo uwghh icthoa ddrfersasu igshstul eiskt ehw ee aring
oflslahmeiacd scarsvcheoso loisrtn, h pel acemoefrn eth abilicteanttiroens
withtihn'e c ommutny'iT.h et er'mc itiwzaesnn o'ta watchwoorftd h e
AmericRaenv olutbieocna ucsiet izbeydn esfi nithiaovnte o b ec itizens
ofs omewhepraer ticaunldau rn,l ickeen traFlriaznetcdhe eU SA wasa
1ww w.guar.deio/an.cuokmmsefrnetei/2em/bo2/of/ciettihzeinc-s--tcirmies-iosf
2 James(o2n0 022.) l Haber(m19a96s ).
viii
2 Introducctiiotinze:an nsdh ipt heatre Inotdructciiotni:ze ansnhtdiph eatre 3
federaotfsi toant ietws a;st hFeo urteAemnetnhd meonft1 86th8a gta ve backdrcoaprsd,b osaertadsn ,o verwepirgihmtda o nnHae.r i nteriesis nt
thet errme sonaanscsee,r tthianbtgl acakn dw hitael ikiefb, o rni nt he Moscows'osc eilailat reo uhnedra ,n dh eorw nfl esehx posienad nu nfamiliar
USA,w eraeu tomati'ccailtlioyzft e hnUes n iteSdt at4e s'. evenignogw nT.h ea tmosphperroeg rescsaitvcehhleeysru p;s hef orgets
Secondtlhy,ec ollaopfts heMe a rxipsrto jetcowt h,i cJha mesloono ks hefira ncaen ds urrenwdietrhsor uets isttaot nhcseee ducwehroi nvahdeers
backh,a sl efta certvaaicnu uImn.m y studeyneta ristw asa xiomatic boxT.h ea ctioonns tamgier rors her downfall: otfhafen dw oman carried
tha'tg ootdh eatarned'' s ubvetrhseiavtwere ers'ey nonymtoeursm asn,d lamenttihnmega ,l set ruthtiidsna gn caefi ,n avli sioofHn e lTlh.e t heatre
thep romei osfa lternwaatysio vfel iviwnagsh arnessteodt hei deoafl isa s pacoefs ocipaelor rfmancaen,da s itoefs eductwihoenrm eo rality
'alterntahteiavpterer'ef ormiendd arbka semeTnotdsa.yt hep lanheats cofalpseNsa.t asehnad tsh en ovelle arnfirnogRm o usseaabuo unta tural
shruannkd b olthnooll eosn geexri Tshte.p robloeftm h feu tuirsheo ww e breast-faenedda ivnogi,d eilnegg aFnrte ncchod eosff emableeh aviour.
can tliovgee tihnae w ro rlodfd iminisehnivnigr onmreenstoaulrw cheesre, Then ovenlo,tt heatwraest, h em ediutmh rouwghhi cThol stfoeylh te
communicatteicohnn olhoagvimeea sd et heb oundaroifte hsen ation­ couladr ticulatbeo ttahrb uotuhts unique indivainddau baolu tR ussians
staitnec reaspionrgoluys . Citaidzdernetsshhsfueein spd amenptraolb lem whaRto ussteearum tehd'e g enewrialtllh 'te,r anspefrosrowcnheai lct ho ok
ofc ohabitation. Russitaovn isc taograyi Nnaspto leIonTn o.l stonyo'vste hlae r istoocfrSatt s
Thiridst hies shuieg hligbhytt heGed u ardpiaamnp hltehtpe,e rceived Pe�trsbuarrgte o rbne twetehne niart ionaalnidts hmel iorvf eo trh Fer ench
lacokfa s hareetdh ifcraalm ewionrs ko ciesttireisp bpoetdoh f r eligious institouftt ihoena tIrnae R .u ssdieafi nebdyi tvsa srtu reaslt aTtoelss,t oy
consenasnudos f t hep assieonngse ndebryne adt ionaIlnii stpmsr. i nted celebrtahtehe osu sehaonlddt her elatoifol nasn dlaonrddp easaansat
textth,eG uardhiiagnh liMgihcthsa Sealn deplh'rsa s'eT:h heo llowing foromf s ocimeotryne a tutrhaalan n ya ristoscarlaootrnic co nfratoefr nity
outo ft hpe ublirce almma keistd ifficutloct u ltisvoaltied arIsi htayl.l' 5 burghAelrtsh.o uMgohs coowr ganirceaglelnye irtasteelsfi tbasuft renri ng,
retuartnt hec looseft hibso okt ot hei detah aitn a worlodf m edia we� on ofitn di nT olstaonyyn otion tao'k ciint izefnostrhh iepr'e, a wnads ,
manipulaatnidpo enr sonaploiilttiytc hse riesn os pacfeo arn ys erious somweo ulsda tyh erreem ainnosr ,o ofmo trh irse publaincdsa enc uildaera l
publeincg agemweinttmh o rails suTehseG. uardsieaentk osp oistiiotns in�s ocisehtayp beydC zarainsdtO rthodcouxl tutrraald itTiolosntso.y 's
ownf oruwmi thtihni psu blrieca lam r,e alwmh icihn clutdheesa atsr e R\}Ssidae finietsis d entiinot pyop sittiooF nr ancaen,dr epbulicaniiss m
wei nfferro tmh eG uardicahoni'ocsfec ontribJuutdoKere sl.lt ye ltlhse a featuorfte h eF rencoht hearn,i nadequcarteeet dh acto llaipnsteos
readtehra' ta irastf undamernitgaohlfet v ehruym abne inwgh'i,Kl wea me Napoleoniimcp erialism.
Kwei-Ardrneachl atrheawsth enw ritifnotgrh e National jTohbe atre hiTso lstocyr'ist ioqftu heea terceh oPelsa atnod R oussewahuo steh inking
ist o' holad m irruoprt on atu6rI es 'h.a nloltu npacaktt hipso intth e Is haelxla miinnet hec ourosfet hibso okH.i sp remiisste h atth eaitsr e
assumpttihoanltsi b ee hisnudc sht atemebnetyso,na ds kitnhgeo b vious as ocieavle wnht ich utnhdgeeu ri osfec osmoolpitanbiisnmdt so getah er
questiwohnasit:ts h itsh i'nagr tth'al ti kfeo owde h avaer igthoct o nsume? certsaoicnicl aalsa sn,d i tpso welri neosti na nya ppetaorl e asbounti n i ts
Andi st heaptrriem arami ilmy etriecp resenotrai tsii tao s no,c ieavle nt? sdeuctihvoel udp ont heem otioAnrstf. o Tro lstiosay t r oo'tam eanosf
7
Ther elatiobnesthwiepte hne aatnrdet hep ublrieca lnme edhsi storical unioanm onmge nj, ointihnegmt ogetihnte hrse a mfee eli.nRgisc'h ard
investiigfsa attiiosnfa acntsowreyar rste o b ef ounfdo trh ceo ntemporary Rorttya kaes si mivliaewro ft hweo rlwdh ehne c ontetnhdastt h per inciple
probloefhm o wt heatre cownifitcghiu triezse nship. ofl oyailsat ly wapysr itoort hper incoifpr leea sroant,i onbaeliinbtguy t
Do wen eecdi tizenDsoh wiepn ?e etdh eatLreetu? s r etutronfi .r st ad evitcoee n sutrhese u rviovfla alr ggreo u8pF so.Tr o lsteoty,h ivcaallu es
princiwpilttehhs he e lopfa n ineteenthn-ocveenltLiuesroTtyo l. s tpolya ces shoubledf ormneodit n t hpeu blrieca lbmu tin t hien timeantvei ronment
thsee ductoifoNna taRsohsat aottv h cee ntorfWe a ra nPde aacste h pei vot oft hheo rnew,h erneo velliskW ea ra ndPeailclbee r weaIdtf. o lltohwasitit s
uponw hicthh ep lottu rnNsa.t asehnat etrhsMe o scoOwp erHao usaes ani llufsoiGrou na rdian-trheeaatdrient-gogi omeargsitn heee ixrp eriences
ani nnoceanntda, t fi rsatl slh ec ans eoen t he sitsaa gret ificcaen:v as wilslo mehgoewn eraab teet tweorr lfdo,r tahtetyet nhdNe a tioTnhaela tre
4 SeHeea te(r2 40)0 .7 0s Guadria2n0F ebru2a0r1y0 .
6 Kelltyex'itsn t hnee wspvaepireosrnK w,e i-Arimnta hhoe n lipanmep hlet. 7 WhatiA sr itnF? eag iann Mda yna(r1d9 19771). 8 Ror(t1y9 98).
4 Introducctiitoinzean:ns tdhh ipe atre Introduccititoizenna:sn htdiph eatre 5
meretloyb er eassiunrt ehdep irre -exicsotnevnitc tainodin nts h,e siorc ial t;.ht'""'r'•r•ni ns eeitnhge sierx uaanlx ieatriteisc uolnas tteadga en,ds ocial
positSiuocnih.st hTeo lstocyhaanl lenge. liberoanti int hes harreedc ogniotfti hoonsa en xietTiheessq?eu estions
Letu sc onsiidnet rh ilsi gahr te ceNnatt ioTnhaela tvreen tuMraer,k •"-V'""'J. .. usw henw et hinokft heaatsra es o ciparla ctaincdte h,ae n swers
RavenhpilllaC'yis t izenAs thyipp.i rceavli aecwc esvsietadh eN ational arfea frr oomb vious.
Theatrwee bsirteec ords: Inr espoefcm to dercni tizenRsahviepn,hCi itlli'zesn sphosipae fu sr ther
questTihoenp. l awya sc ommissiaosnp eadro tft hNea tioTnhaela tre's
IW entT oW atcChi tizenLsahsNitip g hWti thM y Scho@ol T he National 'Connectpiroongsr'a mwmhei,c ihn clutdreadi nsiensgs ifoontrse achers
TheatIrWtea. s A wesomTehe.W ayM arkRa venMhainlalg TeodU seC omedTyo ,a ndd irecotfoy rosu tthh eatgrreo upasn,di twas writtfeonra mateur
ShoAwn A ctuaQluliytM ee aningfuPli eOcfeD ramWaa sR ealGloyo dA.n dH is
CharacterOifsA alTtlhi oeTn e enWse rPer etty SMpuocOthn .M eA ndM y Oass perform1aH nocwed .ow1 ec ompapraer ticiipnaa ct oimomnu niatcyt ivity
MateWse reLe ft ComparingC hTahrea cTtoeO rtsh eSrc hoMoalt eDse.f inatley witthh wea tchoifna sg k ilplreodf esspiroondaulc tWieo anrt?eh robwanc k
A GoodJ obW elDlo ne.9 onc ompetdienfign itoif'o cnist izeInfws ehi impp'o.as l eo cal frame upon
thtee rmw,es hatlhli nokft eenaagcet ors exaek ricniodsf ci intgi zenship
Thes pecttarteotarht pesl aaysa r efleocfth iesoron c rieaall aintdty r ansmits whent hepye rfoRramv enhtielxlft'o str h epiere rfusn,c tionaisan cgt ive
byt hweo r'dm eaninsgofumlre'e cogniotfti hoenm actoinct eBnutti. ti s memberosft heciorm munintoytp, a ssciovnes umoefrc su ltuOrne t.h e
cletahra tth es pectaitseo crh oian cge rtain academiacn dw dei scourseo,t hhearn di,fw eg ivteh tee ramn atiofnraalmw ee,s hasleln ssoem ething
havneo m eanosfk nowing whtehtimhsie rrr oroifrn ega laintdsy e nosfe rathvearl uaibnlt eh et eenagpearrst'i ciipnaa tw iiodnec ru ltuwroarll d.
al urkimnega niwnigla ll lohwe 'rt goo o 0u ti nttoh ew orladn da ssko me Thougvhi rtual entchoruonubtglehor agsns d i Phonceosm plitchaoetl ed
newq uestioofin t,sa' sR avenhhiolple sT.h1ew or'da wesocmaet'c hes dichotoofml yo caanld n atio2n saulc/nhe tworkcianngn iontm y view
ane motiorneaalc thiionnt,i antag n e xperisehnacrewe idt chl assmates, substiftoutrth ece o mpleoxfih tuym ainn teragcetnieorna btyae s dh ared
erhaapffse cttihndegy namiocfts h agtr ouIps .a wR avenhpillalwy'h se n
p physipcraels einnac p eu blsipca ce.
1tt ourteodt heO xforPdl ayhosuistet,ni enagtr h ef ronatm ida small Todayt hiArsts Councpioll isctya temoefn1 t9 9s6o undqsu aintly
grouopfo ldsepre ctastoomroesf w homh ado bvioucsolmyeb ym istake.
archaic:
Thea uditorbieuhmi nwda sfi llewdi tthe enaggreo upmso,s tfleym ale,
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voceiouint heeinrthusiraesstpiocan nsdec reatais negn soefe ngaged Forfi veh undryeedra sd,r amhaa bs eeant t hhee aorftE nglancdr'esa tlii.vfee. .
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_ Englainsrd i ghrtelgya radsae w do rlcde ntfroedr r amaan di tpsl aayrsee x ported
parttctapnadtm wtne rchawnigteth h es tamgoer ef amiltioam re asa
throughowuotr l.td.hI .en r ecognoiftt ihoitnshA e r tCso uncoifEl n glasnpde nds
theahtirset otrhiaaannsa p atroofnt hPel ayhouse.
al aipgreo porotfii otfunsn dso nd ram.a.J .us atsG ermacnu lthuarfseo unidt s
We cana nalRyasvee nhiplllao'yns t wol eveWles c.a nf ocuosnt he
higheexsptr esisnii tomsnu sical t-roardt ihIteti aolnri eanna isisnai ntvcsie s ual
texotr,d ramactoinct eanntd,c onsihdoewrt hep larye pretseeenntagse art-ss ot hEen glish hgaebsne ieusnse eanb ovaelo ln s ta'g3e .
sexualpioty,r tsr awayo rlwdh eryeo unpge opalreee xclufdredo mt he
ThougRha venhiiscl elr taeisntleye maebdr oagdo,v ernmefunntd inogf
publrieca lamn,ds atirgiozveesrn meanttt emtpott se acchi tizevnisah ip
thea rtisnE nglacnadnn ol ongbeerj ustiafitel de,ap sutb liocnls yu,c h
essaoynsm ulticultaunrdal liifsemst krialilnisin mn ogt herhTohoedr.e
�esthoertn iact ionaglriosutnibdcus t,a p latyh aetd ucattheyeso unign
isa availaacbaldee mtioco lwkhiitc mha ketsh iksi nodf a nalyqsuiist e
?
citi�nisshc iopn siswtietnmhto derpno litviaclaulae nsdi se minently
stratghtfMourcwhha arrdd.te orp ind owni st hep erformaasns coec ial
fundabWlhea.t evRearv enhmialydl o t os atitrhicezi et izeendsuhciapt ion
evenWth.a tk inodf b ondiunngi ttehdea uditoraisau w mh oloer,t he
p,rovbiyda endu ncarsitnaght eei ,st rappienad c irtchlaept o sithiiomn s
teenasgueb groiunpcsl uosrie vxec luosfit vheet iera cheorrys o utlhe aders?
asp arotft haetd ucatainodtn h,ie n tenosfhi tiwysr itniond go ubrte flects
Weret het eenagbeerisne gd ucaitnet dh eatre-sgoto hienwygi lble come
hiasw arenoefbs esi negn snaTrheedN .a tioTnhaela thraets o r econtchiel e
regulianlr astl eirfW ee?r et heya lblo unfdo urn iveraswiaty,rt eh atth edyo
twini deaolfds e mocrdaitviecr asnidnt ayt iohnoamlo genwehiitcyjh u stify
nott hemseslivatett s h eb ottoomft hes ocihaelab pu tf indicnagt hartic
n Ont hceo ntanexdt i mpaltiicosneDsee, e n(e2y 00711)S .ef eor ex ampGlre a(y:1. 001).
9 www.youtube.com/uwa7tjcDhs?HvY=1 o0Ray veR4nhill (20v0i8Tiex)ito. ft hpel aoyn2 33--92. '3Ar ts Coun(c1i9l9 O6)nar. ts p olicf.c Ey.v rei(t2t 001).
6 Introduccittiizoenns:th hipe aatrned Introduccittiiozanen:ntd sh heipa tre 7
itfsu ndianngdt, h dei rerco tfto hatth eatNriec,h oHlyamse rc,h oosheiss Waleasn dI relainscd u,r relntoloyk itnotg h e UnSittaetfdeor s n ao tioofn
wordcsa relfuyl'.W ew antto t etlhlse t ories tthhaweta yct hhaenr att ion citizetnhsahatic pc ommodcautletsu arnadel ht nidci vetryws,hi ilaett he
isc hangiWneg w.a nt to fbrornitn-glr ienopret frso mn ewc ommunities samtei mieit s u nwilltiorn egl inqaum iosrhe Euroipdeeaatn h o'efn ation'
andg enetriaonasn,dw ew ant steote h per esernetd efiinnte hdec o ntext whicihm plieesl eamne onftn atcioom,m on' btihr'I.na nE nglatnhda t
oft hpea stAs. 'a1f 4ro nt-lrienpeoo rntt hset aotfet hen atioRanv,e inlhl's stiplrlo claiitmssne oltafr peublbiuctp arotfa U nitKedi ngdohme,a ping
19
play happtihlityswe nfittys- first-acgeenntduar.y moravla luoen ttoh tee r'mc itizeinsasn hoivpep'lr oject.
Althouwgemh a yw incneo wa tt hreh etoorf1i 9c 9u6nh,o okciintgi zen­ It niesv epro ssitbol es hoaffkb eo ndcsr eatedh isbrtyyo e, veni na
shifpor m nationhiosno odts oe asialcyc olmpishAeddv.ci et ow ould-be reupblfiorcm edo fi mmigralnitktseh eU SA,a ndt her oloeft heatirne
20
immigratnott hsUe K setosu tth pea rdaox'.B ritiasaci onu ntwrhye rpee o­ craeticnogm munmaelm oriiesos ft eann i mportoannet. I r ecenhtaldy
ploef m anyd ifferceunltt uarnedfs ai thlsi vWeh.a tb rings British peoptlhete a sokfc hairais negm intahrab tr ougthotg etahnAe urs trainadanP olish
togetihste hra t ltihsettyeo dn i fferpeonitn otfs e vwi,t hehya vree spfeorc t theatre praacntdIi f touinodnt ehrem, u tuailn compreherneesvailoinn g.
equarli ghatnsdt heyb elitehvaect o mmuniitsiy m porntta.A' c1o5h erent Fort hAeu striatnhP,eo liwsohr mka den os enasned a ppearreegdr esisni ve
natioindaeln tiisdt eye meadto ncteoe xiasntdt on oetx iAs t2.0 0g8ov ern­ itisn sisrtheyntth amnsdm ytohpoebirci colacglea sosmfia ctaelr Firaolm.
mentr eoprbty L orGdo ldsmrietcho mmentdheasdtc holoelavienra sr ite the Poploiisnohtf v iewc,o nveyr,st ehlei detah awte c an shturmiapn
ofp assasgheo uslwde aarno atohf a llegitaoQn uceee ann dC outnr,ya nd beindgosw n Bienc ketfatsiahni otnot hem inimoafl anguaangdeb ody
thaatB ritniasthi odnaaysl h oublede stabl.i1sT6hh eedsper oposwaelrse seemendi hiilciI.cs otulodn lrye cnocitlheic sl aosfhp rincibpyll oeosk ing
deridetdh peir ne fsorse pitomitzhien gva enrtyi thoefsBiirtsi sh-ntehses atn atiotnaradli tiIonna Gs e.r manciocn texatn,y thtihnagst m ackosft he
sorotft hintgh at Amerdioac nadnw sed on'Tth.en atio'nwaerl'e fusteos Volikss uspebcetc auosfte h ewa yn atiomnyatlh wse rmea nipulbayt ed
bee radicated. Fasciasnmda, n yv alid aemsutshte tnbioecfw ou ndeodn minimaanldi sm
No studoyfc itizecnasnhi igpn otrheep henomenoofnn a tiodnia­fl firsptr inci.Ip nlP eoslanodn,t heo thehra ndw,h erthee c ultural trauma
ferencSei.n cDee Tocquelvliei,n dividuhaalsbi esemrn e cogniazse da ofS talinfolilsomw tewdo centoufsr tiaetse dismemrbeelrimgaeinnodtn ,
distinfceattiuvroeefa U SAt haitsa to ncae staantdae u nioonfs ta.t1e7s folk traditionr essecePumoeel defro sm t aos ensed eohfu maniozna toir
TheA mericrahne toorfci ict izeenmsphhiaps iiznecsl usivaesnseesrst,i ng non-ebinAgn. a esthbeatsiecd r eosni doufce usl tumreamlo rayp peared
thaetv ery minoirtipstl ya cihneaa l sa nthda ti su ndersttoobo edd ivseer, �erefotrobe e a n aturfoarlm o fc reateixvper oenssT.ih eriesm aneisftly
anda tetntitoomn i norihteilepsse xtpolw ahiynt hUen itSetda theasns e ver lesast tachmteonn att iionln o ng-estanbaltiisothnae-tdlse iskB er ittahiann
generaat' eNda tiTohneaalt orne't hEeu ropemaond eTlh.e G ermaBnu n­ inn ewlayu tonomnoautsi oannsda, n ya ccouonfct i tizennesehdtisopt ake
desrepuislb ilkiekwf iorsmea lalf yed eratainodtn h,te e rSmt aatsburgerschanfto,to eft hidsi fference.w iPtoihlt hasin sdt,oo fri yn cursfiroomnP sr ussia,
thnee areasptp roxiiomna t'tcoi tiizpei'nsf,se dh eraliints hte wiatly i nks Russainad A ustro-nHgrauyfi, ndss ourcoefss o lidairnii ttlsya nguage,
thes ta(teS tataott h)eb urghoefra na utonomcoiu.tsE y thnicriattyh er literaatnudrr eel igpiroaucst itcheamsta ya ppeairn comprehetnos ible
thapno litmiecmable rshhaispo vear l ong periodt hseh aspeends e of native spoefaa g kleorbsa lEinzgeldil sahn guage.
beinGge rmaCno.n very,si enFl ranwcie,ti ht s hiosfct eonrtyr aliaznadt ion Sucdhi vermsaikteyts h weo rokf thhies toarlitlah nme o riem portant.21
imperialism, hFarsle onncbghe neernse sg aradsed p ar oduocftc ultural Citizenissh fuinapc tioofnt hsep atuinailtt ow hicthh cei tibzeelno ngs,
asismilattioao bns:o Frrbe nlcahn guaangdel iteraantdurr eieln quiosthh er andt hautn ican t takdei fferfeornmts i,n cludtihnlego ccaolm muint,ty he
cultubroanldi sst o b ecomFern ech.E1n8g lawnidt,ih t msi xeAdn glo-Saxon cittyh,ce i ty-stthaneta et,i tohnre,e upbliacn,da rguatbhl'eyw o rlOdf'al. l
andG allbiaccg krounadn,du nearsleya tiontsoAh nigpl ophSocnoet land, thesieti,s 'trheep ublic'b etethnia etmd o hssatts r ontgotl hye moirdaeall
oft he' cietni'Wz.h il'ed emocrrauclybe'yt , h ec ollecdetmiovoser p ublic,
'4ww w.natihoeantarlet.org.uk/?lid=7083
I!ww w.liefinthesetuo.kv.gtuk!stiextttesetllrnoot...h2trnl '9 For Etnhgelp ioslhi ctoinctasexlet te,h ien trodtuocB triaonnnJ aonh,n Satnodk( e2r0 07).
16'C itizeonuscrho impm:ob no ndp'u,b liIsIM haerdc2 h0 0ww8w:. jiucset.ugkolvd.ocs/citizenship­20 Onn atioannm de mory,s eSem i(t1h9 99).
repofulrl.tp-df 21 Usefhuils tosruircavolef cy ist izeinnschlRiuipde es en(b1e9r9Hg2ea )t,e( r1 99F9a)u,l( k2s0 00),
'7B eletl aah(L 1 9i9s6c )la a ssutsdiyc. '8O nF ranacneGd e rma,sn eyBer uba(l1t9e9r2 ). Heater( 2004)M aagnnde(t 2t0e0 5).
8 Introduccittiizeonasnnh:dip theatre Introduccittiizeoansnnh:tdip h eatre 9
wasa ni nventoifAo tnh entsh,ei deoaflt he'e rpublwihci'c,ih m plies Britsiesnhs ibihlaivlteoi nergse spontdote hdde r eaomfc onnecttoi on
ownersohfit ph er epsu bloicra' p ubtlhiigcn' w,a sa creatoifRo on me. a·communriotoyt iendt imiem memorSieavle.n teenthE-ncgelnitsuhr y
Romew ast obo ifgo dre moccryaa,n dt hsee natocrliawasalsse ntrenched radicfaolersx ,a mpcllea,i mtehdat th pee opwleer set islulb jteoca t' Nor­
ini tpso webru,tw ithtihnRe o manR epublaince lemeonfft a ce-to-face many okien't hbee liefs otmheawth ienra enea rlieru nacnodn taminated
25
encounatneddr e mocrvaottiicwn agsp owerifunsl y mbotleircm osff,e ring AnglSoa-xopna slta ayw orladk itnoE den.R aymonWdil liaimnsT ,h e
am orarli gthort i owth esne natfoorrsgt ohtat th set autlet imabteelloyn ged Gounatryn tdh Cei tys,h owehdo wB ritwirsiht reerpse atmeadnluyf actured
tot hpee oplEem.o tioantst acthoae r de puabrlneio tc stahmeae se motions fakoefsc ountlriyfb eu,tp aradoxhiecla aliblday r aett hsea mtei mceo n­
attacthoea dn atisoinnt,che oe n et ertmr aditionalolwyn eirmsphliipe,s tinuiitnti heesd esiorfwe r itteorfi sg htth el ogoifcp rofiwti tahn i deal
thoet hneart i.v2 2i' tCyivrieucpb licaniists omd'at yh set andlaarbdge ilvn e ofr urcaolm mun.iM taytertiraalco efts h pea svti sitbhlreo uhgihWs e lsh
tot hesc hoooflp olittihcoaulght th aotp peossi ndividulailbiesrtailci sm, studwyi ndorwe mindheidmo fa ne ndur'isntgr ucotffu ereel iwnhgi'c h
andi nclufidgeusr leiskM ei chaSealn d2e3l . pittace odm muncaolu ntlriayfg ea iunrsbtaa nl iena2t6Ji eoanLn.u- Nca ncy
Republaircess e lf-evihduemnadncy o nstruucntlsi',kn ea tiaonnds ' froamF renpcehr speacrtgiuvteehs a hti stortioaoen ass iploys tulloastte
'communi.Bt einees'dAincdte rsionnI maginCeodm munidtevieelso ped communitwiheesr,ei atis sa ctuatlhleeyx perioefln ocsets h acto nstitutes
ani nfluenctriiatlio qfnu aet ionaflriosammr ,eu pblicpaenre scptiHvies. communitRioeuss.s iesaapu a radigfimgautrhieec r ien,v enttihcneig t izen
argumeinstt h a'ta clolm muniltairegste hrap nr iomrdivaill loafgfa ecse ­ ofa f reseo,v erceoimgmnu niitnry e spotnots hehe a rsahn dg odlreesasl ity
7
to-faccoen t(aacntpd e rhaepvset nh esaeri)em aginCeodm.m unitairteeos ofm odern' soci.e2ty'
bed istinguniosbthy te hde,fai lrs ity/genbuuibntye t nhesest syi,ln we h ich In1 96J0oh Anr deann dM argarDe'tAtracyw rotae' communpiltayy'
28
theayr iem agin'e24Id n.A ndershoins'tso mroidcea'lli, m agirneeldi'g ious foarS omervsieltl ianwg hei ch wtehreleyi vinNge.ithseoEr n gliassth o
andd ynasctoimcm uniwteirerese plaicnte hdAe g eo fE nlightebnym ent troutbhlIeer iDs'hA r,cn yosro s piriatstu ota rlo utbhlseee cuAlradre tnh,e
'imaginnaetdi'oc noamlm unitpioewse,r fuilnlflyu enbcyet dhm ee diuomf stoorfyC hrisnta'tsi vsieteym etdob et hpee rfveechti fcolcreo mmunity
prinMty. o wnp oinotfd epartiusdr ieff erfeonIrtb , e liweevs eh ould not theatHroew.e vetrh,ce e nturineast-iovlpidlt aiyysn owi nc risDiesf.e nd­
undervtahlpeuh ee nomenoleoxgpiecraiolef fn acleas nedg enuicnoem mu­ inhg imseilntf h rei ght-pwrienisgnsD ecemb2e0r 0a7g aicnhsatr goefs
nitiTehsu.sf ,o erx amptlhepe,r opotshaaaltl B lr itsicshho loelavsehrosu ld represpsoiiltviecc oarlr ectTrneevsoPsrh, i llCihpasio,rf t hEeq ualaintdy
sweaalrl egitaoQn uceee ann dC ountwraysw idepleyr ceaisvac e edr emony HumanR ighCtosm mission, sruopupnodrthlteye s dc hool npaltaiyv:i ty
thawto ulcdr eaftaelc soem mutnyiA.n derspoanr'esn th'e(sainpsde rhaps 'Isnp iotfie t gsr owicnogn sumetriinsgCteh ,r istimasam so menwth eonu r
evetnh espeo)i'nt toas p hilosohpohliaecatt l h ceo roefh imse thod: what wholnea ticoannc elebtrhasett eo orfyh opteo,g ethearnndce osmsp assion
relatiotnhsehanir,pne so ,'t i magineidn'f?e rBweyena crepe o intbeadct ko symbolbiyzt ehdCe h risttiaalyneo; ud onh'atv teob ea C hristtiosa hna re
thuen iqauuet hentoiffc aimtiyla inadnl e ighboruerllayt ioAnnsdheirp­s. thvea luoefcs o mmuniatnydfa mi.lT yheriesr oomf oerv erybaottd hyi s
29
sonh'iss toriofgorcaupushpeyos dn i scoaunrdts eex tuaatlt ihteeyx penosfe inn'.T her hetoorf'i nca tifuosne'ws i tthh reh etoorf'i cco mmuniint y'
peorrfmancaen,dh eh asm anyp erceptthiivntego ss a ayb outth iem pact thisse cularizing, rahsestiombriuilthca o,tw ieovnaeitrst tr acPthiivlel ips'
ofp rint-capbiuthta eli isns omit,n terefsoextrae mdp lienh owt hree ading metaphoofar n i nnw itmha nyg uesmtasyb eB,r itpiosilhc ioefms u lti­
ofa n ewspaipnea nre ighteenthc-ocffeenet-uhrmoyiu gshect o nstiat ute culturaarliein scmr eashianrtgdolr ye conwciitltheh ied eoaf' onnea tion',
peorrfmanccree,a tais nmga clolm muniotfmy i ndasn db odiweist htihne asw ea rree minded Pwhhielnln ioptste hsa t 'Mohaims'm tehsdee' c ond­
public sIptih sIe,s r hea.l l tahrgevu eern,ya tuarnedp urpoosfte h eatre most-comnmaomne f onre wb abiienEs n gla.3n°dI 'tw aso ncaes sumed
toc reactoem munitainedms o,s fto rmosfp re-modtehrena mtarxei mized thamto dernity tehndete acilloiefnrd ee ligbieoluibseu f,ti nm ospta rotfs
thaeu dienacwea'rse ntehsaistte mbodiaec do mmunitthyat tr anscended
familainadnl e ighboruerllayt ions.
2; Hil(l16 49).2 6Wi lli(ams1 97527)N an.cy (1999-11)0 .
» Ind efenocefn atiaosann ideaslee,e. gM.i ll(e02r0 0K)ym,l ic(k2a0 2003-16)4O .n thtee nsion 28 ThBeus inoeGfsso oGdo vernment.
betwereenp ubanldi nca tisoenTe,a yl(o2r 004). 29' Whbye a shametdoce lebrCahtrei stEmavesin?n'Sg t an1da0Dred c emb2e0r 07.
2'K ymli(c20ka0 229)4 F--9i,nl ay(0s2o0n15 80)-1 .3 24 Anders(o1n9 6-9fi1r)sptu blisinh 1e893d. '!<' Thes tatiinsctoircp omrualrteisspp leel lings.
10 Introduccittiizeonansn:htd iph eatre Introduction:t hceiattirzeen ship IaI nd
thweo rltdh ce ashea sp rovoetdh erwwiisterh,e ligvieoronyft enaf oun­ Thed ifficulrtaiiessbe ydh erp ositrieolnat tote h ep robloefmi dentity,
datifoontr h ef eeltihnagot n eb elontgots h iasn dn ott hacto mmunity. foArr enadptp eatrods o wngrbaodteth h ien newro rladn dt hbei ological
Thes ecunloatri oofn' citizehnassah,ni dhp a'ls o nhga da,r olteop laiyn worlAdn.y s erieonugsa gemweinttth h efi guroeft he' citinzeeendt'so
providainen tgh iccoauln terwteothi egm hett aphycsliaciaomlfrs e ligion begiwni tthh nea tuorfte h pee rsoMni.c haSealn daesla c ivriecp ublican
ando fn ation. challetnhgleei sb eraolfJioshmRn a wlwsh ob uihlitts h eoorfjy u stuipcoen
Citizenwsahsfi opmr a nyc entunroitoe nsl ays ecubluatra lsaom as­ ac oncepotfit ohnhe u masnu bjaescb to undaendd u nifieWdh.e nR awls
culiindee Aatlt.e sttiotn hgve a loufep ublliicfi eti, m plicitly downgradepde rceivesa sts hoceco inevteyr goefan lcree ianddyi vidpueartseodn s, then
domesltiifcwe h,i cahl onwgi tfho rmosfr ituaaclt ivciotmyp ritshetedr a­ accordtioSn agn dheels eparoautrie dse ntaisct iyt izfernoomsu ri dentity
ditiosnpahleo rfew omenU.n titlh tew enticeetnht urreyp,u bliccoamn­s asp ersofnoshr,e i sm orei ntereisnrt iegdha tn,d ebxyt ensiinodni vidual
monliyd entitfihecedi tiazsea mn a nw hot akheisps l aicnet hrea nktso humarni ghtthsa,in n w idecro nceptoifto hngeso oldi wfhei cphr ovided
figfhothr i csi twyh,i lnea tionableicsatuossf,te h eeimrp hasoinbs i rth, thfeo undaftoicrol na sstihceaolro ifje uss t3i3Rc aew.lpso's itiisco hna rac­
wermeo rei nclinteodd e velfoepm ahlaeg iograaprhoiuenfsdi, g ulriekse teriasz etdh teh eoorfy' atomibsyCm h'a rlTeaysol rw,h oi nsitshta'stt he
Joaonf A rco rG oodQ ueeBne sTsh.o ugphu blliicfc eo ntintuobe es identoiftt hyae u tonomosuesl,f -deteirnmdiinviinrdgeu qaulia rs eso cial
dominabtyem de nt,h ied eoaflc itizeevnoslhvieipdn t htew enticeetnh­ matr3i4x '.
turtyou nderptihnem oracla sfeo erq ualIitwty. a sl ogiecnaolu gthh at Thoslei kTeayl oarn dS andwehlo s esee lifnc ollecotric voimsmtu ni­
advocaotfce ist izewnhsohh iapdl onrge siesstseedn tairagluimsetn ts about taritaenr mtsr atchee tihri nkbiancgtk oA ristofatmloeu'sss t atemtehnatt
natiaonndr eligsihoonua lldsl oe atronr eseissste ntairagluimsetan btosu t thehu manb einigsa za onp olitai pkoolnit,i calA rainsitmpoaotlsl.te u ­
gendAeirm.e Bee rinign1e r9 0l0oo kbeadc nko stalgtiotc haeeli lgyh teenth lataense volutipornoacrewysh se rehbuym anmso vefdr ohmo useholds
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dramatIinst th.eVi ctoripaenr iosdh,el amentweodm,e ns ucceeadse d havaen i nnaitmep ultsoew arpdasr tnerasnhdti hpah,tu manisni solation
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ticesthoti hpel esstehrao,tf t het heaYt rHee'rs peercehv ehaolwst he definitoifjo uns tiisfc oeu ndneodto ni ndivirdiugahbltu sto nt hbea soifs
eighteenthi-dceeoanfltc uirtyi zewnassah lirpea bdeyi nugs eadtt he start what maakr esi gshotc i36eH teya .rguienhs i Est htihcast 'thoeft hgeo od
oft het wenticeetnht utrody e manadp lafcoewr o meni np ublliicfa e , indiviidstu oab le c herisbhuetd ,fi annedrm ores acriestd h eg oodo f
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thpeu bltirca nsactionoaftl h thewe oarthlrades s hrusnikn 1ce9 0M0o.re it adi ese pheurm ainn stitnorc etp litchameto ev emenotfos t heirnds a nce
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spheorfte h cei tizen. isA. t heatrciocuanlt ertpoma ordte rna tomicsamnb ef ounidnE rving
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HannaAhr end(t1 9-0765h)av per ovseodm ethoifan c gh alletnofg eem i­
nisms,i nAcree ndrte'sso lautttea chtmeotn htpe u blrieca lwmi tshc arcely 33S and(el1 998).
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208ff.
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fotrh irse ference. referetnoac t erdan slated source.
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paraclrleealti sotno riinGes e nesis. 38O nA ristaontdtl heoe r igoifdn rsa msae,De e pe(w 2007).