The World of Child Labor: An Historical and Regional Survey

1032 Pages·2015·13.094 MB·English

by  Hindman, Hugh D.

The
World
of
Child
Labor
Volume Editor
Hugh D. Hindman, Professor of Labor and Human
Resources, Appalachian State University
Editorial Board
Constance Finlay, Director (retired), Carey Library, School of
Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers University
Frank Hagemann, Coordinator, Statistical Information
and Monitoring Program on Child Labor (SIMPOC),
International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor
(IPEC), International Labor Organization
Colin Heywood, Reader in Modern French History,
University of Nottingham
G.K. Lieten, Professor of Child Labor Studies at the
International Institute of Social History and the University
of Amsterdam; Director of the International Research on
Working Children (IREWOC) Foundation
Furio C. Rosati, Understanding Children’s Work (UCW)
Project Coordinator and Professor of Economics, University
of Rome, Tor Vergata
Deborah J. Schmidle, Social Sciences Librarian, Olin
Library, Cornell University
The
World
of
Child
Labor
An Historical
and
Regional Survey
Hugh D. Hindman
, editor
First published 2009 by M.E. Sharpe
Published 2015 by Routledg e
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hindman, Hugh D.
The world of child labor : an historical and regional survey / Hugh D.
Hindman.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7656-1707-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Child labor--History. 2. Child labor. I. Title.
HD6231.H56 2009
331.3'1--dc22 2008048167
ISBN 13: 9780765617071 (hbk)
Contents
Editor and Contributors xv Child Labor in the Developed
Acknowledgments xxi Nations Today
Abbreviations xxiii Phil Mizen 62
Editor’s Introduction: Child Labor in Global Trade and Child Labor
Global and Historical Perspective Drusilla K. Brown 67
Hugh D. Hindman xxv
Visual Representations of Child Labor in
Editor’s Note: Measuring Child Labor xxix the West
George Dimock 72
PART 1: WORLD
Section 3. Less Developed Regions
of the World 78
Section 1. Understanding Child Labor 3
Worst Forms of Child Labor
The Economic View of Child Labor
Hugh D. Hindman 78
Patrick M. Emerson 3
Worst Forms of Child Labor: Agriculture
Social Science Views on Working Children Alec Fyfe 82
Ben White 10
Worst Forms of Child Labor: Child
A Brief Historiography of Child Labor Domestic Labor
Colin Heywood 18 Jonathan Blagbrough 86
Toward an Integrative Theory of Child Labor Worst Forms of Child Labor: Street
G.K. Lieten 26 Children and Street Trades
David Maidment 91
Section 2. More Developed Regions of Worst Forms of Child Labor: Commercial
the World 33 Sexual Exploitation of Children
Carmen Madrinan 95
Periods of History: Childhood and
Worst Forms of Child Labor: Children
Child Work, c. 1800–Present
and War
Harry Hendrick 33
Zoë Marriage 102
Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution
Worst Forms of Child Labor: Child
Peter N. Stearns 38
Bonded Labor
Coming to Terms with Child Labor
Garance Genicot 106
Hugh D. Hindman 45
The Puzzle of “Idle” Children, neither
Coming to Terms with Child Labor: The in School nor Performing Economic
Historical Role of Education Activity
Alec Fyfe 49 Mario Biggeri, Lorenzo Guarcello,
Coming to Terms with Child Labor: Scott Lyon, and Furio C. Rosati 110
History of Child Welfare Child Labor Policy for Developing Nations
Bengt Sandin 53 Deborah Levison 112
Coming to Terms with Child Labor: Education and Child Labor: A Global
The Role of Technology Perspective
Carolyn Tuttle 57 Ranjan Ray 118
v
vi CONTENTS
Special Health Risks of Child Labor Section 2. Western Africa 194
Anaclaudia Gastal Fassa and Trafficking for Labor Exploitation in
David H. Wegman 127 West and Central Africa
Albertine de Lange 194
Section 4. Action Against Child Labor 131
Koranic Schools and Child Labor in
The United Nations and UNICEF West Africa
Alec Fyfe 131 Mahir Saul 199
Millennium Development Goals
Jaap E. Doek 135 Burkina Faso 201
International Labor Organization (ILO) Child Labor in Burkina Faso
and the International Program for the Albertine de Lange 202
Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC)
G.K. Lieten 139 Côte d’Ivoire 206
The Role of Nongovernmental Children’s Work, Child Domestic
Organizations Labor, and Child Trafficking in
Mike Dottridge 143 Côte d’Ivoire
Yacouba Diallo 207
The Role of Trade Unions
Alec Fyfe 149
Gambia 212
Organization of Working Children
William E. Myers 153 Ghana 213
The Economics of Consumer Actions Child Labor in Ghana
Against Products with Child Martin Verlet 214
Labor Content
Eric V. Edmonds 158 Guinea-Bissau 218
Global March Against Child Labor
Risto F. Harma 163 Mali 219
Child Labor in Mali
PART 2: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Richard Marcoux 220
Section 1. Introduction 169 Niger 223
Child Labor in Postcolonial Africa
Nigeria 224
Michel Bonnet 169
Child Labor in Nigeria
Child Labor in Colonial Africa
Risto F. Harma 225
Beverly Grier 173
Children in Street Trading in Nigeria
HIV/AIDS and Child Labor in
A.A. Aderinto 229
Sub-Saharan Africa
Child Labor in Nigeria: Historical
Anita Amorim and Nadine Osseiran 177
Perspective
Influence of Orphanhood on Children’s
Adelaja Odutola Odukoya 231
Schooling and Labor: Evidence from
Sub-Saharan Africa
Senegal 236
Lorenzo Guarcello, Scott Lyon,
Child Labor in Senegal: Contemporary
Furio C. Rosati, and Cristina Valdivia 185
and Historical Perspective
Children’s Work Among Traditional
Loretta E. Bass 237
Healers in Africa
Eddy Joshua Walakira 187
Sierra Leone 242
Child Labor Unions in Africa
G.K. Lieten 191 Togo 243
CONTENTS vii
Section 3. Middle Africa 244 Zambia 288
Child Soldiers in the Great Lakes Child Labor in Zambia
Region of Africa Peter Jensen 289
Alison Dilworth 244
Zimbabwe 292
Angola 249
Working Children in Zimbabwe
Michael Bourdillon 293
Cameroon 250
Child Labor in Colonial Zimbabwe
Child Labor in Cameroon Beverly Grier 297
Roger A. Tsafack Nanfosso 251
Section 5. Southern Africa 299
Central African Republic 255
Lesotho 299
Chad 256
Namibia 300
Section 4. Eastern Africa 257
South Africa 301
Burundi 257
Mapping Children’s Work in South
African History
Ethiopia 258
Susan Levine 302
Child Labor in Ethiopia: Overview and
Policy Challenges
Swaziland 307
Tassew Woldehanna and Nicola Jones 259
Attending School, Learning, and Child
PART 3: LATIN AMERICA AND
Work in Ethiopia
CARIBBEAN
Arjun Singh Bedi and Assefa
Admassie 265
Section 1. Introduction 311
Kenya 268 Child Labor in Latin America
Walter Alarcón Glasinovich 311
Child Labor in Kenya
Janet Wamsley 269 History of Childhood and Child Labor in
Latin America
Children and Forced Labor in
Elizabeth Anne Kuznesof 317
Colonial Kenya
Opolot Okia 271 Child Labor and Education in Latin
America
Mirellise Vazquez 321
Madagascar 273
Children’s Social Movements in
Malawi 274 Latin America
Marten van den Berge 325
Rwanda 275
Section 2. South America 329
Tanzania 276 Worst Forms of Child Labor in the
Child Labor in Tanzania Andes Region
Karen A. Porter 277 Marten van den Berge 329
Uganda 283 Bolivia 334
Child Labor in Uganda Child Labor in Bolivia
Eddy Joshua Walakira 284 Marten van den Berge 335
viii CONTENTS
Brazil 339 Costa Rica 381
Recent History of Child Labor in Brazil
Ethel V. Kosminsky 340 El Salvador 382
Child Street Vendors in Brazil Child Labor in El Salvador
Ana Lúcia Kassouf and Lorenzo Guarcello, Gabriella Breglia, and
Andrea R. Ferro 345 Scott Lyon 383
Prostitution and Commercial Sexual
Guatemala 386
Exploitation of Children and
Child Labor in Guatemala
Adolescents in Brazil
Lorenzo Guarcello, Gabriella Breglia, and
Leandro Feitosa Andrade and
Scott Lyon 387
Fúlvia Rosemberg 347
Special Health Risks to Child Workers
Honduras 391
in Brazil
Child Labor in Honduras
Anaclaudia Gastal Fassa and
Adrienne Pine 392
David H. Wegman 349
The Intergenerational Persistence of
Mexico 396
Child Labor in Brazil
Child Labor in Mexico
André Portela Souza 352
Maja Pleic, Felicia Marie Knaul, and
Child Labor Labeling in Brazil
Albert Berry 397
Andres Pablo Falconer 354
Street Children in Mexico
Development of Child Labor Law in Brazil
Felipe Peralta 404
Oris de Oliveira 357
PROGRESA/Oportunidades: Mexico’s
The History of Child Labor in Brazil
School Stipend Program
Ana Lúcia Kassouf and Marcelo
Abhra Roy 406
Justus dos Santos 361
Impact of Temporary Labor Migration
Orphans and the Transition from Slave
on Schooling Among Mexican Children
to Free Labor in Northeast Brazil
Grace Kao 409
Joan Meznar 365
History of Child Labor in Mexico
Marcos T. Aguila and
Chile 367
Mariano E. Torres B. 411
Colombia 368
Nicaragua 416
Child Labor in Colombia
Child Labor in Nicaragua
Cármen Elisa Flórez and
Luis Serra 417
Diana Hincapié 369
Panama 421
Ecuador 375
Section 4. Caribbean 422
Guyana 376
Child Slaves on West Indies
Paraguay 377 Sugar Plantations
Jerome Teelucksingh 422
Peru 378
Dominican Republic 425
Venezuela 379
Haiti 426
Section 3. Central America 380 Child Labor in Haiti
Belize 380 Tone Sommerfelt and Jon Pedersen 427
CONTENTS ix
Jamaica 431 Edgar Gardner Murphy
Child Labor in Jamaica James DelRosso 493
Leith L. Dunn 432 Lewis Wickes Hine
Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Tom Beck 494
Children in Jamaica The U.S. Children’s Bureau
Leith L. Dunn 436 Kriste Lindenmeyer 496
PART 4 NORTH AMERICA
Child Labor and the United States Today 498
Section 1. Canada 443 Children in the Fields: America’s Hidden
Child Labor in Canada Child Labor Problem
Nancy Janovicek 443 Reid Maki 498
Children in Canadian Mining Twenty-First-Century Adolescence
Elizabeth Perry 448 in America
Jeremy Staff and Jeylan T. Mortimer 501
Nation Builders: Orphans in the
Canadian Wilderness American Students’ Activism Against
Gail H. Corbett 450 Global Child Labor
Chivy Sok 506
Evolution of Child Welfare Policy
in Canada
PART 5: EUROPE
Maureen Baker 454
Section 2. United States 459 Section 1. Introduction 515
History of Child Labor 459 Europe: An Introduction and
The Work of Enslaved Children in Overview
the United States Colin Heywood 515
Wilma King 459 European Proto-Industrialization
David Levine 517
Orphan Trains
Laura L. Leavitt 464 European Industrialization and
Child Labor
History of Children in U.S. Coal Mining
Marjatta Rahikainen 521
Julia E. Offiong 466
History of Education in Europe:
Child Labor in the American Glass Industry
Schooling and Child Labor in Europe
Ken Fones-Wolf 468
Since the Reformation
Child Labor in American Textiles
Harry Haue 527
Hugh D. Hindman 472
Apprenticeship Practices in Europe
Child Labor in Commercialized
Hal Hansen 532
Agriculture, 1890–1966
Church and Child Labor—Catholicism
Mary Lyons-Barrett 477
Timothy Kelly 537
Evolution of U.S. Child Labor Policy
Church and Child Labor—Protestant
Hugh D. Hindman 482
Reformation
Florence Kelley and the National Thomas Max Safley 540
Consumers League
Laura S. Abrams 487
Section 2. United Kingdom 544
National Child Labor Committee History of Child Labor in Britain
James DelRosso 489 Peter Kirby 544
Felix Adler Pauper Apprenticeship in England
James DelRosso 491 Alysa Levene 549