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Boston Public Library
REFERENCE
D
Volume
5
The World Book
Encyclopedia
World Book, Inc.
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ISBN0-7166-0103-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber2002068987
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
03 54321
D
1
Disthefourth letterofouralphabet. Itwasalsothe the Roman numeral system.Thesymbolddenotesdrag
fourth letterinthealphabetused bytheSemites,who in aeronautics,andthefourth known quantityin algebra.
once lived in Syriaand Palestine.Theynamed itdaleth,a ThesymbolDordstandsfordiameterin mathematics
wordthatmeantdoor. Itis believedthatthisword came and physics, orawider-than-averageshoe.
from oneofthehieroglyphs(picturesymbols)thean- Pronunciation. In English,a person pronounces d
cientEgyptians used.Theydrewapictureofadoorwith withthetonguetouchingthe roofofthe mouthjust
panels.SeeAlphabet. backoftheteeth. In French, Dutch,and Italian,the
Uses.Dordranksasaboutthetenth mostfrequently tonguetouchesthe upperfrontteeth. In German,adat
used letterin books, newspapers,and otherprinted ma- the beginning ofaword,followed byavowel, resem-
terial in English.When used onareportcard,Dusually blesthe Englishdsound.Otherwise, itusuallyhasat
meanspoorworkornearfailureinaschool subject. In sound.TheSpanish disexpressed moresoftlythan in
music, itnamesone noteofthescale.Asanabbrevia- Englishwhen itisatthe beginning ofaword. Elsewhere,
tion,Dstandsforthe isotopedeuteriumin chemistry, ithasathsound,similartothein English, notthethof
forelectricdisplacementin electronics,and for500in thin. SeePronunciation. Mariannecooley
DevelopmentoftheletterD ThesmallletterddevelopedaboutA.D.500from
Romanwriting.Monkswhocopiedmanuscriptsre-
shapedtheletterduringtheSOffs.Byabout1500,thelet-
terhaddevelopeditspresentshape.
TheancientEgyptiansdrewthissym-
bolofadoorwithpanelsabout3000B.C
TnhaemeSdemiittdeasleatdh,apttheeidrtwhoersdymfobroldoaorn.d KjA.D. 500 CL 1500 CI Today
ThePhoeniciansusedatriangleintheir SpecialwaysofexpressingtheletterD
alphabetabout1000B.C
TheGreeks,about600B.C,shapedthe International Braille
letterasanequilateraltriangle.They MorseCode
calledtheirletterdelta.
D
TheRomansroundedtheletterand
gaveititscapitalformaboutA.D.114
International SemaphoreCode SignLanguage
FlagCode Alphabet
CommonformsoftheletterD
Dd Dd Dd Dd Dd D
JJci
Handwrittenlettersvary Romanlettershavesmall Sans-seriflettersarealso Computerlettershavespe-
frompersontoperson.Manu- finishingstrokescalledserifs calledgothicletters.They cialshapes.Computerscan
script(printed)letters,left, thatextendfromthemain havenoserifs.Thetypeface "read"theseletterseitheropti-
havesimplecurvesand strokes.Thetypefaceshown shownaboveiscalledFutura. callyorbymeansofthemag-
straightlines.Cursiveletters, aboveisBaskerville.Theitalic TheitalicformofFuturaap- neticinkwithwhichthelet-
right,haveflowinglines. formappearsattheright. pearsattheright. tersmaybeprinted.
2 D-day
D-dayisthetermforasecretdate onwhicha military nated in Germany,where itwastrainedto huntbadgers.
operation isto begin. Peacetime planning ofmilitaryop- Theword dachshund\s Germanforbadgerhound.The
erations isalso based on hypothetical D-days.Terms dachshund hasacone-shaped head,aslim,tapering
suchas D-plus-3(threedaysafterinitial attack)and H- muzzle,and long,drooping ears. Itsfrontlegsare
hour(the hourofanattack)are usedto planthe se- slightlycurved. Itsglossycoatusuallyis blackortan, but
quenceofoperations.Theterm D-daybecame current itmaybe red,yellow,gray, spotted,orstriped.Many
during WorldWarII (1939-1945),when itdefined dates dachshunds have short,smooth hair.Two othervarieties
setforAllied landingson enemy-held coasts.The most arethe long-haired,with long, silkyhair;andthewire-
famous D-DayisJune6, 1944,whentheAllies invaded haired,witharough coat.Thedachshund makesagood
Normandy. Fordetailed informationand amapand pic- watchdog and awonderful pet.Seealso Dog(picture:
tures, SeeWorldWarII (D-Day). JohnW.Gordon Hounds). CriticallyreviewedbytheDachshundClubofAmerica
DaNang, dahnahng(pop.370,670),isoneofthe larg- Dadaism, DAHduhihzuhm,aprotestmovementin
estcities inVietnam. Da Nang isalso calledTourane(too thearts,wasformed in 1916byagroupofartistsand
RAHN\.Thecity's locationontheSouth ChinaSeahas poets in Zurich,Switzerland.The dadaists reactedto
made itan importanttrading centersincethe 1600s(see whattheybelieved wereoutworntraditions in artandto
Vietnam[map]).Thecityproducessoapandtextiles.
DaNang becameacityofSouthVietnam in 1954,
whenthatcountrywascreated. DaNangwasakeycity
duringtheVietnamWar(1957-1975)becauseofits loca-
tion nearNorthVietnam.United States militaryforces
established basesthere,andthecitybecameafavorite
targetofthe NorthVietnameseforces.The NorthViet-
nameseCommuniststookcontrol ofSouthVietnam in
1975.Theyunified Northand SouthVietnam intothesin-
gle nation ofVietnam in 1976. Davidp.chandler
Dacca. See Dhaka.
Dachau, DAHkow,wasthefirstpermanentconcentra-
tion camp setup in Germanybythe Nazis. Itbecamethe
modelforall otherNazi concentration camps.Thefacil-
itystoodatthe edge ofthetown ofDachau,nearMu-
nich, in southeastern Germany. Dachau was builtin 1933
to holdJewsand political prisoners.After1942, manyof
the prisonerswere usedasslave laboronfarmsorin
weaponsfactories nearthe camp.
AtDachau,the Nazis performed brutal medical exper-
imentson morethan 3,500prisoners, mostofwhom
died.About28,500otherprisonerswere murdered or
died ofstarvationand disease.United Statesforces
found about 10,000dead bodiesand morethan 32,000
starving prisonerswhentheyliberatedthe campon
April 29, 1945. CharlesW.Sydnor,Jr.
Dachshund, DAHKShund,isadog knownforits
long, low-slung bodyand shortlegs.The breed origi-
OrientalMask,acollageofcardboardandsackcloth;Janco/DadaMuseum,TelAviv,Israel
Dadaartexpresseditsrebellionagainsttraditionalartistic
stylesthroughsuchexperimentalformsasthe collage.Dadaart-
istMarcelJancomadethiscollagemaskabout1917.
theevilsthattheysawin society.Theytriedto shockand
provokethe publicwith outrageous demonstrations,
cabaretperformances, poetryrecitals,andartexhibits.
Much dadaartwas playful and highlyexperimental.Ac-
cordingto one report, dada,the Frenchwordforhob-
byhorse,waschosen because itwas nonsensical.
Dadafoundersincluded Romanian poetTristanTzara,
French artistJeanArp, RomanianartistMarcelJanco,
and German poetHugo Ball. Latermembers included
French artistFrancis Picabia, French poets LouisAragon
andAndre Breton,and GermanartistsMaxErnstand
KurtSchwitters.Though notstrictlya memberofdada,
French artistMarcel Duchampwasworking inthedada
WORLDBOOKphoto spiritasearlyas 1913(see Duchamp,Marcel). Dadaas-
Adachshundhasalongbodyandshortlegs. sumed its mostradicaland political characterin Ger-
DaCama, Vasco 3
many,whereWorld War (1914-1918) had led to severe
I
economic hardship.The appearance ofdada in Paris led
tothe developmentofsurrealism, anotherprotest
movementinthe arts, in 1924. Stephenc.Foster
SeealsoArp,Jean; Breton,Andre; Ernst,Max; Paint-
ing(Dadaism); Ray,Man.
Additionalresources
Dachy,Marc. TheDadaMovement, 1915-1923.Rizzoli,1990.
Motherwell,RobertB.,ed. TheDadaPaintersandPoets:AnAn-
thology.2nded.1981.Reprint.Belknap,1989.
Daddylonglegs isa popularname in NorthAmerica
foraharmless, long-legged creature relatedtothe spi-
der. Its legsare bentand its bodyhangs closetothe
ground. Itis notan insect, butan arachnid(seeArach-
nid).Anothernameforitis
harvestman.
Daddylonglegs preyon
small insects.Theyalso eat
dead insectsandfallen WORLDBOOKillustrationbyRobertHynes
fruit.When disturbed, Thedaffodilisayellownarcissusthatbloomsintheearly
manyspecies ofdaddy spring.Thebest-knowndaffodil isthetrumpetnarcissus,above.
longlegs can give offa bad
odor, buttheydo notbite. northernAfrica, buttheycan adapttoawide range of
Inthetropics, some spe- growing conditions. Some daffodils are also known as
ciesgatherin great jonquils.
enough numbersto cover Growers have developedthousands of cultivars(culti-
asmall bush. Ifdisturbed, vatedvarieties)ofdaffodils.The best-known cultivars are
all the daddylonglegsWill WORLDBOOKillustrationbyJohnF.Eggert those ofthe trumpetnarcissus,also calledthe trumpet
shakeviolently,causing the Daddylonglegs daffodil.This daffodil's trumpet,orcup, is equalto or
entire bushto move. longerthanthe petalsthatsurround it.Thetrumpetnar-
In England,the cranefly\s called daddylonglegs.The cissus produces onlyonefloweron each stem. How-
craneflyisan insectthathaswingsand looks much like ever, othertypesofdaffodils mayproduce morethan
a large mosquito, but itdoes notbite. oneflowerperstem.
Scientificclassification.Theharvestmanbelongstothe Daffodils growfrom bulbs,which are planted inthe
classArachnida.ItmakesuptheorderOpiliones.Thecranefly fall. Inflowerbeds, large bulbs should be planted about
belongstotheclassInsecta,orderDiptera,andfamilyTipulidae. 2to 6 inches(5to 15 centimeters)apartand about4to 6
EdwinW.Minch inches(10to 15 centimeters) deep. Smaller bulbs can be
Daedalus, DEHDuhluhs,in Creekmythology,wasa placed closertogetherand somewhatless deep. Daffo-
skilledAthenian craftsman and inventor. Daedalustook dils havefive orsixnarrowleavesthatgrow upto 16
his nephewPerdix,orTalos,asan apprentice. Perdix inches(41 centimeters) long. Mostbulb growth occurs
provedto be such a brilliantcraftsmanthatDaedalus afterflowering.Thus,the leaves,which makefood for
killed him in ajealous rage.Afterhis crime, Daedalus growth, should not be removed foratleast 10weeks
fledto Crete. Minos,the king ofCrete, hired Daedalus, aftertheflowers havefaded. Daffodil bulbsare poison-
who created manyingenious inventionswhile inthe ous ifeaten.
ruler's service. Hisworkincludedthe labyrinth,amaze- Scientificclassification.Daffodilsareintheamaryllisfam-
like building,which imprisoned amonstercalledthe ily,Amaryllidaceae.Trumpetnarcissusesarecultivarsofthespe-
Minotaur(seeMinotaur). ciesNarcissuspseudonarcissus. AugustA.DeHertogh
Daedalus helped Minos'daughterAriadne elopewith Seealso Bulb;Jonquil; Narcissus.
Theseus,the slayerofthe Minotaur.As punishmentfor DaCama, duh GAMuh,
the crime, Minos imprisoned Daedalusand hisyoung Vasco, VASkoh(1469?-
son, Icarus, inthe labyrinth. In orderto escape, Daeda- 1524),was aPortuguese
lus madetwo pairs ofwingsfromfeathers,wax,and seacaptain and explorer.
thread. Daedalusand Icarus usedthewingstoflyfrom He commandedthefirst
Crete. However, Icarusflewtoo closetothe sun.The fleetto reach Indiafrom
waxin hiswings melted and he plungedto his death in Europe.DaGamasailed
the sea. Minos pursued Daedalusto Sicily.Accordingto aroundthe Cape ofGood
one story, Daedalus killedthe king byscalding him ina Hopeto Indiainthe late
speciallyconstructed bathtub. Justinm.Glenn 1490s. Hisvoyage opened
See alsoAirplane(picture:An ancientGreekstory). thefirstall-watertrade
Daffodil isatype ofgardenflowerwith petals sur- route between Europe and
rounding acup-shaped center. Daffodilsare usually Asia.
white oryellow, buttheymayalso be shades ofcream, Earlylife. DaGamawas DLeitsabiolnoGfeaongreanpghriacvailngSobcyieBtryoegg,
orange, or pink. Daffodilsare nativeto Europeand born in Sines, Portugal. He VascodaGama
4 DaGama,Vasco
Laterlife.The king sentanotherfleetto Indiain 1500
to breaktheMuslims'control oftrade inthatcountry.
The Portuguesesucceededthistime,and daGama
madeasecondvoyageto Indiain 1502toestablishand
expandtradethere.Hesailedfrom Lisbonwithafleetof
15ships.DaGamakilled manyinnocentIndiansand
Muslims in revengeforviolenceagainstPortuguese
sailors.Portugal soon becameoneofthe mostimpor-
tanttrading and naval powers inthe Indian Ocean.
Afterreturningto Portugal in 1503,daGamaretired
fromthesea. In 1519, hewas madeCountofVidigueira,
which entitled himtocollecttaxesand rents intwo Por-
tuguesevillages. In 1524, KingJohn III named him
viceroyofIndia. DaGamasailedto India,where hedied
thatSameyear. JohnParker
Seealso Exploration(ThevoyagearoundAfrica).
Additionalresources
Humble,Richard. TheVoyagesofVascodaGama.Watts,1992.
Youngerreaders.
Jones,Vincent.SailtheIndianSea.Gordon&Cremonesi,1978.
Stefoff,Rebecca. VascodaGamaandthePortugueseExplorers.
1,000Kilometers ChelseaHse.,1993.
WORLDBOOKmap Subrahmanyam,Sanjay. TheCareerandLegendofVascoda
VascodaGamasailedfromPortugaltoIndiain1497and 1498. Gama.Cambridge,1997.
tHriasdheisrtoourtiecvboeytawgeee,nwEhuircohpiessanhdowAnsiao.nthismap,openedanew Daggerisasmall,handheld weaponwithashort,
pointed blade.Daggersarechieflyusedforself-defense
and suddenattack, butsome have served purelycere-
probablyattended school inthetown ofEvora.Asa monial ordecorative purposes. Daggerstypicallymeas-
young man,Vasco learned astronomyand navigation. urefrom6to20 inches(15to51 centimeters)in length.
DaGamabecamea naval officerin 1492and command-
ed shipsalongthecoastofPortugal.
AnotherPortugueseseacaptain,Bartolomeu Dias,
had discovered aroutearoundthe southerntipofAfrica
in 1488.He had sailed aroundtheCapeofGood Hope.
In 1497, King Manuel I ofPortugal asked daGamatofind
asearouteto IndiabysailingaroundAfrica.The king
wanted daGamato establishtradewith India. DaGama's WORLDBOOKphotobyRalphBrunke
fatherhad been chosento leadtheexpedition, buthe Adaggerisashort-bladedweapon.Thisdaggerwasusedby
died beforethe planswerecompleted. BritishcommandosduringWorldWarII(1939-1945).
VoyagetoIndia.DaGamacommandedfourships,
includingthe Berrio,the SaintGabriel,andthe Saint Both edgesofthe bladeare sharpened.Daggers have
Raphael.He had atotal crewofabout170men. His navi- been used since prehistorictimes.Mostdaggers have
gational equipmentincluded compasses,an instrument had metal blades, butsome have been madeofstone,
calledan astrolabe,and astronomical charts. bone,wood,and plastic.Theearliestform ofbayonet
DaGamasailedfrom Lisbon, Portugal,onJuly8, 1497. wasadaggerwithatapered handlethatwouldfitinto
He roundedtheCapeofGood Hopeon November22, the muzzle ofamusket WalterJ.Karcheski,Jr.
headed north,and stoppedattrading centersthatare Seealso Bayonet;Bowieknife.
nowMozambique,Mozambique;and Mombasaand Daguerre, dahCAIR,LouisJacquesMande, /wee
Malindi, Kenya.Arabtraders in Mogambiqueand Mom- zhahkmahnDAK(1787-1851),aFrench stagedesigner
basa hatedthe Portugueseandtriedtoseizetheirships. and painter, introducedthefirstpopularform ofpho-
The peopleatMalindiwerefriendlierand arrangedfor tography. His pictureswerecalled daguerreotypes.
aguideto leadthefleetto India. Daguerrewas born on Nov. 18, 1787, inCormeilles-
On May20, 1498,daGamareached Kozhikode(also en-Parisis, nearParis. He becameatalentedtheaterartist
knownasCalicut), India.Butthe Indian rulerfeltinsulted and operatedascenerytheatercalledthe Dioramain
because hethoughtthegiftsdaGamahad broughthim Paris.There hedisplayed hugepainted scenesfrom na-
were oflittlevalue. Inaddition,Muslim merchantscon- ture, using lightingtocreatetheillusion ofchanging
trolledtradein Kozhikodeand resented European inter- views.Adesireto improvethesescenes led himtowork
ference intheirbusiness.Theycontinuallythreatened with N.Niepce,aFrench scientistwho had invented
J.
the Portugueseandwould nottradewiththem. InAu- thefirstphotographictechnique. Experimentingwith
gust 1498,daGamasailedforhomewith onlysamples thistechnique, Daguerrediscoveredthedaguerreotype
ofIndian goods.Manyofthe sailorsdied ofdiseasedur- process in 1837.The permanentmirrorlike images pro-
ingthevoyage,and only55survived.DaGamaarrived in ducedthroughthe process broughthimworldwide
Lisbon in September 1499. King Manuel rewarded him fame. ReeseV.Jenkins
and gave himthetitleofAdmiral ofthe SeaofIndia. Seealso Photography(History).
