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Volune17
The World Book
Encyclopedia
World Book, Inc.
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The World Book Encyclopedia
Copyright© 1990,U.S.A.
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PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
ISBN0-7166-0090-0
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber89-51290
S
1
Sisthe 19thletterinouralphabet.Itwasalsoaletterin beringrammartextbooksand indictionaries.Itisalso
thealphabetoftheancientSemites,whooncelived in usedasanabbreviationforsizeinadvertisementsand
Syriaand Palestine.Theycalledthelettershin, meaning catalogues.
tooth.ThePhoenicianstookovertheSemiticletterand Pronunciation.5hastwocommonsoundsin Eng-
gaveitamoreregularshape,andtheGreeksturnedit lish.Itcanhaveahissingsound,asinsat.Aperson pro-
onitsside.SeeAlphabet. ducesthissound byforcingthebreaththroughthe
Uses.5or5isabouttheeighth mostfrequentlyused open lipswiththetonguebelowthelowerteethridge
letterin books,newspapers,andotherprinted material andthevocalcordsrelaxed.5canbepronouncedasz
inEnglish.Whenusedonareportcard,5maymeansu- inthemiddleorattheend ofaword(season,has).This
periororsatisfactory.Asageographicabbreviation,it sound isproduced in muchthesameway,butwiththe
standsforsouthorsouthern.Asanabbreviation intitles, vocalcordsvibrating.Insuchwordsasaisleordebris,
5oftenmeanssociety,state,orschool. Inmusic,sis the5issilent.Shasthesamesoundsin French,German,
usedasanabbreviationforsopranoorsolo. Itstandsfor and mostotherEuropean languagesthatithasinEng-
theelementsulfurinchemistry,andforsingularnum- lish.SeePronunciation. MarianneCooley
DevelopmentoftheletterS TThhee;smalllettersdevelopedduringtheA.D.500sfrom
RRoommeanwriting.Bythe1500s,theletterhadtheformthat
^=> isusedtoday.
TheancientEgyptiansdrewthissym- s
bolofatuskabout3000B.C -f S
A.D.500 1500 Today
\y^*~\^ TheSemites,about1500B.C,devel-
opedalettertheycalledshin,whichwas
P| theirwordfortooth.
w SpecialwaysofexpressingtheletterS
ThePhoenicianssquaredofftheletter
about1000B.C
International Braille
I MorseCode
TheCreeks,about600B.C,turnedthe
letteronitssideandcalleditsigma.
s TheRomansgavetheletterSitscapital
formaboutA.D.114. International SemaphoreCode SignLanguage
Flag Code Alphabet
CommonformsoftheletterS
L
Ss J^ Ss Ss Ss Ss
Handwrittenlettersvary Romanlettershavesmall Sans-seriflettersarealso Computerlettershavespe-
frompersontoperson.Manu- finishingstrokescalledserifs calledgothicletters.They cialshapes.Computerscan
script(printedlletters,left, thatextendfromthemain havenoserifs.Thetypeface read theseletterseitheropti-
havesimplecurvesand strokes.Thetypefaceshown shownaboveiscalledFutura. callyorbymeansofthemag-
straightlines.Cursiveletters, aboveisBaskerville.Theitalic TheitalicformofFuturaap- neticinkwithwhichthelet-
right,haveflowinglines. formappearsattheright. pearsattheright. tersmaybeprinted.
Saadi
Saadi,sahD£FU213?-1292),wasafamousPersianau- 19»8,hisdesignofagiantstainlesssteelarchwona
thorwhowrotemanyworksin bothproseandpoetry. competitionforamemorialinSt.Louis.Saarinenwas
Hisbest-knownworkistheGolestan(RoseGarden!,a mostnotedforhisdaringuseofform.Hebecamefa-
collectionofshortprosetaleswithmoralizingversesat- mousforhisboxlikesteel-framebuildingsfortheGen-
tached.Saadi'swritingsarecharacterizedbyaclearand eralMotorsTechnicalCenter(1955)inWarren,Mich.
modeststyle,andbythetoleranceand humanityoftheir HisKresgeAuditorium(1955)attheMassachusettsInsti-
sentiments.Theclarityand high moralqualityofhis tuteofTechnology(M.I.T.)isaconcretedomewithonly
workhavemadehimperhapsthemostpopularofall threepointsofsupport.HisM.I.T.chapel(1955)isasmall
Persianwriters. brickcylinder.Saarinen'sTransWorldAirlinesTerminal
SaadiwasborninShiraz.Helivedinpoliticallyunsta- (19621atKennedyInternationalAirportinNewYorkCity
bletimesandspentmuchofhislifemovingfromplace useswinglikeforms.HisDullesInternationalAirport
toplaceandpatrontopatron. DickDavis (1962)nearWashington,D.C,isnotedforitspassenger
Saar,zahrorsahr, isastateinWestGermanyonthe lounges,whichcanbedriventotheairplane.Seealso
Franco-Germanborder(seeGermany(politicalmap]!. Architecture(picture:Anairlineterminal);Furniture
TheSaarcovers994squaremiles(2,574squarekilome- IRecentdevelopments;picture);Interiordecoration
ters)and hasapopulationof1,051,600.Itisnamedafter (picture:Formininteriordesign);SaintLouis(picture:
theSaarRiver,whichflowsthroughthearea.Theregion DowntownSt.Louis). StanfordAnderson
isalsocalledtheSaarTerritory,ortheSaarBasin.The SabbathistherestdayoftheJews.ItcomesonSatur-
GermannamefortheSaarisSaarland.TheSaarisvalu- day,theseventhdayoftheweek.Today,Christiansalso
ableforitsmanycoal minesandsteel plants.Itscapital usethewordSabbathfortheirSunday.
isSaarbrucken. In Biblicaltimes,theSabbathwasajoyous,holyday.
BeforeWorldWarI,theSaarbelongedtoGermany. Peoplestoppedworking,visitedtheTemple,andof-
Afterthewar,FrancewantedtoannextheSaarinpay- feredextrasacrifices.OneoftheTenCommandments
mentforwardamages.TheTreatyofVersaillesgave (Exod.20:8-11)requiresrestingontheSabbath.
FrancetheuseoftheSaarcoal minesfor15yearsin JewstookobservanceoftheSabbathseriously.They
paymentforFrenchlosses.TheLeagueofNationsgov- suffered manylossesandinsultsratherthan breakthe
ernedtheSaarduringtheFrenchoccupation.Thegov- Sabbathlaws.IntheOralLaw,39kindsoflaborwere
erningbodyincludedoneFrenchcitizen,oneGerman, forbidden.Theseincludedtheproceduresrelatedto
andthreepeopleofothernationalities.Germanypro- growing,preparing,and cookingfood;weavingand
tested,andin 1930theLeagueorderedanendtotheal- makingclothes;slaughteringanimalsand preparing
liedcontrol.Mostoftheregion'speoplewereGermans, hides;writing;building;carryingthingsfromoneloca-
andtheyvoted in 1935tobecomepartofGermany. tiontoanother;and lightingfires.
AsaresultofGermany'sdefeatinWorldWarII, ManyJewsstill keepstrictSabbath regulations.Their
FranceoccupiedtheSaarin 1945.Francedirectedthe SabbathlastsfromsunsetFridayevening untilnightfall
region'sdefenseandforeignrelationsandcontrolled its Saturday,atthetimewhenitiscalculatedthatthree
heavyindustries.TheSaaralsojoinedinacustomsand starscould beseen intheeveningsky.Christianshave
currencyunionwithFrance.TheSaarwasallowed par- generallyadoptedSundayastheSabbathbecausethey
tialself-governmentin 1947.InOctober1955,thepeople believethatJesusChristrosefromthedeadonSunday
votedagainsttransferringtheresponsibilitiesofdefense (seeSunday).ButtheSeventh-dayAdventists,aChristian
andforeign relationsfromFrancetotheWesternEuro- denomination,observeSaturdayastheSabbath.
peanUnion.OnDec.18,1955,theyelectedaparliament B.BarryLevy
pledgedtounitetheSaarwithWestGermany.Byagree- SeealsoJudaismITheSabbath).
mentbetweenFranceandWestGermany,thisunionoc- Saber-toothedcat,alsocalledsaber-toothedtiger,
curredOnJan.1, 1957. |ohnW.Boyer wasacatlikeprehistoricanimal.Itwasoneofmanycat-
Saarinen,SAHRuh \eh\,isthefamilynameoftwofa- likespeciesthathadenlargedcanineteeth(long,
mousarchitects,fatherandson.Bothwereborn inFin- pointedteethnearthefrontofthemouth).Theteeth
landand movedtotheUnitedStatesin 1923. wereshaped likesabers(curvedswords),andwere
ElielSaarinen,EHiyeh/i1873-19501,wasborninRan-
tasalmi,nearVarkaus.Hebecameinternationallyfamous
fortheboldandsimplifiedtraditionaldesignofhisHel-
sinki railroadstation(1914).Healsogainedrecognition
forhisentryin1922inacompetitiontoselectadesign
fortheChicagoTribuneTower.In 1925,Saarinenbegan
designingthebuildingsfortheCranbrookEducational
CenterinBloomfield Hills,Mich.Hetaughttherefrom
1929untilhisdeathandwaspresidentoftheCranbrook
AcademyofArtfrom 1932to1948.
From 1936untilhisdeath,Saarinenworkedwithhis
son,Eero.ButElielischieflycreditedwithtwooftheir
finestworks- theTabernacleChurchofChrist1194-1'in
Columbus,Ind.,andtheChristLutheranChurchH949)in
Minneapolis.
EeroSaarinen,AYroh(1910-1961),wasbornin Thesaber-toothePdainctiantg,bvaChparrieehsiRstKmoqrhitcaAnniimenatla,nMhuasdeutmwootNaltournagl,History
Kyrkslatt(alsoknownasKirkkonummi),nearHelsinki.In fangliketeeththathelpeditcatchandeatitsprey.
Sabotage 3
about8inches(20centimeters!long.Thefirstsaber-
toothedcatslivedabout40millionyearsago.Theybe-
cameextinctabout 10,000yearsago.Fossilshavebeen
found inAfrica,Europe,and Northand SouthAmerica.
Thecatswereprobablyasheavyastoday'stigers.They
probablyatethick-skinnedanimals,includingelephants,
mastodons,andgroundsloths.
Scientificclassification.Somespeciesofsaber-toothed
catsbelongtothecatfamily,Felidae.OthersbelongtoNimravi-
dae,anextinctfamily.ThebestknownAmericanspeciesis
Smilodoncalifornicus. MichaelRVoorhies
Scaanbimne,diScaAlYrbeishena,rAchlebre,rdtevBerluocpeed(t19h0e6-oral po),lainoAvamce-ri- ThesableisarareanimalthatisnWaOtRiLvDeBtOoOSKiiblelursitraat.ionSbayb|loehnsDarDaewson
cine.TheSabinvaccineconsistsofweakenedformsof bredandraisedonsablefarmsfortheirluxuriousfur.
thevirusesthatcausepolio.Itprotectsthebodyagainst
poliowithoutcausingthedisease. grayish-yellowpatchonthethroat.Itscoatdoesnot
PhysiciansintheUnitedStatesbegantousethevac- changetowhiteinwinter,asdothoseofsomeanimals.
cinein 1961,theyearafterSabindevelopedit.Previ- Furriersmakeitintoexpensiveclothing(seeFur).
ously,vaccinationsagainstpoliohadtobegivenbyin- Becauseofthedemandforthefur,trappershave
jection.TheSabinvaccineiseasiertogivethanthe killedofftheanimalsinthewesternand southwestern
earliervaccine,developed byJonasE.Salkin 1954,and portionsoftheRussianrange.Sablesarerarealmost
itseffectslastlonger.Thewidespread useofbothtypes everywhere.TheSovietUnionhasclosedthetrapping
ofvaccineshad nearlyeliminatedpolioinmanyregions seasonseveraltimes,and hasexperimentedsuccess-
oftheworld.Sabinalsodevelopedvaccinesagainst fullywithraising sables.
othervirusdiseases,includingencephalitisanddengue. Scientificclassification.Thesablebelongstothefamily
Inaddition,hehasinvestigatedpossiblelinksbetween Mustelidae.ItisManeszibellina. GaryA.Heidt
virusesandsomeformsofcancer. Sable,JeanBaptistePointdu.SeeDuSable,Jean
Sabinwasbornin Bialystok,Poland.Hisfamilysettled BaptistePoint.
intheUnitedStatesin 1921,and hegraduatedfromthe SableIslandisasmall islandintheAtlanticOcean,
NewYorkUniversityCollegeofMedicinein 1931.Sabin about95miles(150kilometers)fromthecoastofNova
hasservedonthestaffsofmanymedical institutions,in- Scotia.ItliesneartheNorthAtlanticshippinglanebe-
cludingtheUniversityofCincinnatiCollegeofMedicine tweenNorthAmericaand Europe.Theisland isadan-
andtheMedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina.Hehasre- geroushazardtonavigation.Ithasbeenthesiteofmany
ceivedmanyawardsforhisresearch. |ohnf.Henahan shipwrecks.Thus,sailorshavecalled itthegraveyardof
SeealsoPoliomyelitis. theAtlantic. Lighthouses
Sabin,SAYbihn,FlorenceRena,REEnuh(1871- wereaddedtotheisland
1953),wasanAmericanscientist.BorninCentralCity, asasafetyprecautionbe- Canada
Colo.,shestudiedandtaughtatJohnsHopkinsUniver- ginningin 1873.Today,
sitySchoolofMedicine.From 1925until 1938she radarandotheraidspre-
workedattheRockefellerInstituteforMedical Research ventmostaccidents.
(nowRockefellerUniversity).Afterretirement,shebe- SableIsland isabout24
camefamousforpublichealthwork.Herstatuerepre- miles(38kilometers)long
sentsColoradointheU.S.Capitol'sStatuaryHall. and 1 mile(1.6kilometers)
Sabines,SAYbynz,weremembersofanancientItal- wide.Itconsistsoflow
iantribe.TheSabineslived northeastofRome,andwere sanddunes,and issur-
amongtheancestorsoftheRomans.TheSabinesarefa- rounded byshoals(sand NortOhceAtalnantic
mousforalegendtoldaboutthem.Accordingtothe bars).ThenameSablede-
legend,nowomen lived inRomewhenRomulus rivesfromaFrenchword WORLDBOOKma
foundedthecity.Romulusaskedneighboringcitiesto meaningsand.Theisland's LocationofSableIsland
allowRomanstochoosewivesfromamongtheir sizeand shapearecon-
women.Whenthecitiesrefused,Romulusinvitedallthe stantlychanged bywindandwatererosion.Sable Island
surrounding peopletoattendagreatfestival.Duringthe ispartlycovered bygrassandscrub,andsoitsupports
festivalgames,theRomanscarriedoffyoungSabine alargenumberofbirdsand oceanmammals.Itisalso
womenbyforce.TheSabineswenttowarwiththeRo- thehomeofaherdofwild horses.Theanimalsarede-
mans,butthewomen persuadedthetwotribestostop scendantsofhorsesbroughtbypeoplewhofailed inan
fightingand uniteasonenation. Herbertm.Howe attemptedsettlementinthe 1700s.Today,theonlypeo-
Sable,SAYbuhl, isasmallanimalintheweaselfamily. plewholiveontheislandarethestaffofaweathersta-
Ithasthemostvaluablepeltofallweasels.Sablesrange tionrunbytheCanadiangovernment.Underseadepos-
fromeasternRussiaacrossSiberiaandMongoliato itsofoiland naturalgashavebeenfound intheshallow
Hokkaido,in northernJapan.Theyarecloselyrelatedto watersaroundSableIsland. da.Sutherland
NorthAmericanpinemartens,alsocalledAmericansa- Sabotage,SABuhtahzh,isanymeansofdeliberately
bles(seeMarten).Thesableisabout20inches(51 centi- wastingordamagingthetools,machinery,orproduc-
meters)long,includingits5-inch(13-centimeter)tail.Its tionofanemployerorgovernment.Thewordorigi-
furrangesfromdarkbrowntoalmostblack,witha nated inthe 1800swhenFrenchworkerswouldthrow
4 Sabre
theirsabots(woodenshoes)intomachinestohaltpro- pelk,andamountainpassnamedafterher.Monuments
duction.InSpain,France,and Italy,sabotagewasused and memorialstoherstandatPortland,Ore.,Three
bythesyndicalists, membersofanarchisttradeunions. Forks,Mont.,Bismarck,N.Dak.,Lewiston,Ida.,andnear
Inwartime,sabotagebytrainedagentscalledsabo- Dillon,Mont. WilliamHGilbert
teursisameansofdamagingwarproductionandcom- SeealsoLewisandClarkexpedition.
municationsinenemycountries.Enemyattemptsatsab- Additionalresources
otageagainsttheUnitedStateshavenevercaused
impSoirntcaentWodralmdaWgeartoIIUe.Sn.dweadrineff1o9r4t5s,.anumberofcoun- CBluarartnk,,dOElClillvaaerEk.W,E.axnpSedadciEatdjiamownoe.nadU.sniW.va.tMtaosrf,gCo1at9l.7i8fS.oraFncoiaragyParoweuesnsa,geo1fr97tr9he.eadLeerwsi.s
trieshaveusedsabotageincovert(secret)warstointim-
idateoroverthrowothergovernments.Suchsabotage Saccharides,SAKuhrydz,arecarbohydrates—oneof
sometimesbeginsasanextensionofintelligenceactivi- thethreemainclassesoffood.Fatsandproteinsform
tiesbetweenhostilestatesthatareformallyatpeace theothertwoclasses.Saccharidesareclassifiedaccord-
(seeIntelligenceService). EdwinBrownFirmage ingtotheirchemicalstructure.Monosaccharides,which
SeealsoFifthcolumn. havethesimpleststructure,includeglucose,asugar
Sabre.SeeFencing. found intheblood.Monosaccharides,unlikeothersac-
SAC.SeeStrategicAirCommand. charides,cannotbebrokendownintosimplercarbohy-
SacIndians.SeeSaukIndians. dratesbytreatmentwithdiluteacidsorbytheactionof
Sacagawea,sakuhjuh WEEuh(1787P-1812?),wasthe certainenzymes.Disaccharides,suchassucrose(table
interpreterfortheLewisandClarkexpeditiontothePa- sugar),consistoftwomonosaccharidemoleculeslinked
cificOceanin 1804and 1805.Sacagawea'snamemeans byanoxygenatom.Polysaccharides,suchasstarchand
BirdWoman. ItisalsospelledSacajaweaorSakakawea. cellulose,mayconsistofthousandsoflinked monosac-
ShewasbornamongtheShoshone,orSnake,Indiansof charides.Foradiagramofsaccharidemolecules,see
Idaho.EnemyIndianscapturedher,andsold herasa Carbohydrate.SeealsoStarch. Dorothym.Feigi
slavetoaFrench-Canadiantrader,ToussaintCharbon- Saccharin,SAKuhrihn, isasyntheticsweetener.Itis
neau.CharbonneauandSacagaweajoinedtheLewis madefromtolueneand petroleum.Itisabout300times
andClarkexpeditionasitpassed uptheMissouriRiver. assweetastablesugarbuthasnocarbohydratesandno
WhilecrossingtheContinental Divide,thegroupmet foodvalue.Saccharinalsohasabitteraftertaste.
relativesofSacagaweaamongtheShoshone.Shewas Saccharin hasbeenwidelyused in placeofsugarby
abletogetfoodandhorsesthatthetravelersneededfor peopledietingtoloseweightandbypeoplewithdiabe-
theirjourneytothePacificOceanand back. tes.Itismadeintheformoftinytabletsorasapowder
ManydetailsofSacagawea'sliferemainunknown. oraliquid.Manufacturersusesaccharininsuch prod-
OneaccountsaysshediedontheMissouri Riverin uctsaslow-caloriesoftdrinks,sugarlesschewinggum,
1812.OtherscontendSacagaweadiedandwasburied jams,jellies,puddings,and saladdressings.In 1977,the
ontheWind RiverReservationinWyomingin 1884. U.S.Foodand DrugAdministration(FDA)movedtoban
CaptainClark'sjournalof1825-1828listsherasdead. theuseofsaccharin in preparedfoods,aftertestsindi-
Sacagaweahasbeenhonored byhavingariver,a catedthatitcouldcausebladdercancerinmalerats.But
theU.S.Congressblockedthismove.In 1978,theFDA
orderedmanufacturerstoincludeahealthwarningon
allpackagesoffoodthatcontainsaccharin.Canada
bannedtheuseofsaccharin inpreparedfoodsin 1977.
Butmorethan80othercountriesapproveitsuse.
Saccharinwasdiscoveredin 1879byConstantinFahl-
berg,achemistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Ithasbeen
soldcommerciallysinceabout1900.Itschemicalfor-
mulaisC6H4S02NHCO. laneAnnRaymondBowers
SeealsoArtificialsweetener.
Sacco-Vanzetticase,SAKohvanZEHTee,wasa
controversialmurdertrial held inMassachusettsin 1921.
ThedefendantsweretwoItalianimmigrants,Nicola
Sacco,ashoemaker,and BartolomeoVanzetti,afish
peddler.Theywerebothexecuted.
Thecase,whichattractedworldwideattention,began
aftertwocustodiansofashoecompanypayrollwere
robbedand murderedinSouth Braintree,Mass.,in
1920.SaccoandVanzettiwerearrestedandcharged
withthecrime.Bothwerecarrying pistolswhenthey
werearrested,andSacco'sgunwasofthesamecaliber
asthatusedtokilloneofthemurdervictims.Bothde-
fendantsalsostronglysupportedapolitical philosophy
knownasanarchism,whichcalledfortheoverthrowof
SacagaweawasaguideandinterpreterfortheLewisandClark allsystemsofgovernment(seeAnarchism).Saccoand
expeditionacrossWesternlandstothePacific.Shehelpedthe Vanzettiwereconvictedandsentencedtodie.After
partyobtaintoodandhorsesfromherShoshonerelatives. passingsentence,JudgeWebsterThayerindicatedthat
