Table Of ContentTHE WONDER THAT WAS
I N D I A
Volume II
A survey of the history and culture
of the Indian sub-continent
from the coming of the
Muslims to the British
conquest
........ , 1200-1700
S. A. A. RIZVI
Pl CADOR INDIA
I\ I
First published 1987 by Sidgwick & Jackson, London
This edition published 2005 by Picador
an imprint of Pan Macmillan Ltd
Pan Macmillan, 20 New Wharf Road, London Nl 9RR
Basingstoke and Oxford
Associated companies throughout the world
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ISBN 978 0 330 43910 7
Copyright© S.A.A. Rizvi, 1987
All rights reserved. No part of this public~tion may be
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9
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THE WONDER THAT WAS INDIA
Volume II
1200-1700
I
I
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
Vll
Important Dates
IX
List of Maps
XIV
Note on Pronunciation xv
Introduction, with a Review of Sources xvn
I The Arabs and the Turks
Early Islam, Institutions, Law, The Arab
Conquest of Sind, The Ghaznavids, The
Ghurlds, The Ilbarl Turks, The Khaljls, The
Tughluq byn·asty, The Sayyids
II The Independent Ruling Dynasties 57
Bengal, Assam, Tirhut, Orissa, Rajasthan,
Kashmir, Jaunpur, Malwa, Khandesh,
Gujarat, The Western Coast, Ma'bar, The
Bahmanl Kingdom, The Five Deccan King-
doms, The Vijayanagara Kingdom
III The Afghans and the Mughals 89
The Lodls, Babur and Humayun, Sher Khan
(later Sher Shah), Sur, The Sur Sultanate,
Humayun Recaptures Delhi, Akbar the
Great, Jahanglr, Shahjahan, Aurangzlb, Fall
of the M ughal Empire
IV The State 154
Kingship, Law, The Royal Court and House-
hold, Ministers and their Departments, The
Mansabdars and the Army, Finance, Justice,
The Police, The Provincial Administration,
District Administration
V Social and Economic Conditions 196
Social Structure, Women, Slavery, Villages,
The Zamzndars, Towns and Cities, Education,
Inland Trade, Coastal Trade, Commercial
Practices
CONTENTS
VI Religion 231
Philosophical Movements, Sufi Movements,
The Kubrawiyya, The Qalandars, The
Muslim Intellectual Perception of Hinduism,
The Hindu Impact on Sufism, The Mahdawi
Movement, The New Sufi Orders (the Shat
tariyyas), The Qadiriyya Order, The
,Naqshbandiyya Order, The Shi'is
VII Fine Arts 277
Pre-Mughal Architecture - the First Phase,
Architecture of the Regional Kingdoms, The
Lodi and Sur Monuments, The Mughal
Monuments, Mughal Gardens, Painting,
Music
Conclusion 308
Bibliography and References 317
Appendix with Bibliography and References 354
Index with Glossary 373
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Between pages 60 and 61
1: Jami' Masjid (Werner Forman Archive)
U.
2. Pietra Dura in l'timadu'd-Dawla, Agra Allan Cash)
U.
3. Screen in the Diwan-i Khass Allan Cash)
4. Screen of the Sidi Sayyid Mosque (M. Ara and the Institute of
Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo)
U-
5. The Panch Mahal Allan Cash)
6. Throne in the Diwan-i Amm (A. F. Kersting)
7. Jami' Masjid at Mandii (Robert Harding)
8. Sikri Mosque (Werner Forman Archive)
9. Sher Shah's mosque ( Y. Crowe)
10. Bidar Madrasa (College) (M. Ara and the Institute of Oriental
Culture, University of Tokyo)
11. Shaykh Ruknu'd-Din Multani's tomb (Archaeological Survey,
Pakistan)
12. Mandii,Jahaz Mahal (M. Ara and the Institute of Oriental Culture,
University of Tokyo)
13. Humayiin's tomb (A. F. Kersting)
14. The interior oftheJodh Bai's palace (A. F. Kersting)
Between pages 124 and 125
15. Babur supervising layout of garden (British Library)
16. Jahangir shooting (Indian Museum, Calcutta)
17. Invention of the mirror (Indian Museum, Calcutta)
18. Turkey-cock (Indian Museum, Calcutta)
19. Abu'l-Fazl presenting the Akbar-Nama (Chester Beatty Library)
20. Sword of Sultana' Al 'u'd-Din Khalji (Prince of Wales Museum of
Western India)
21. Shaykh Phiil Shattari in front of his Agra house (Bharat Kala
Bhavan Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi)
22. Birth of Prince Salim (Chester Beatty Library)
23. Story of the unfaithful wife (Bodleian Library)
24. Portrait ofShahjah~n (Chester Beatty Library)
25. Presentation of meal (British Library)
26. Portrait ofjahangir (Chester Beatty Library)
Vlll
Between pages 188 and 189
27. Char Minar in Hyderabad Deccan (A. F. Kersting)
28. The Qutb Minar (A. F. Kersting)
29. Temple pillars in the cloisters of the Qiiw"Yatµ'l-Islam mosque
U· Allan Cash)
30. Details of carvings, Qutb Minar (Robert Harding)
31. Tomb chamber in the Taj Mahal (A. F. Kersting)
32. Upper domes in the Birbal's house U. Allan Cash)
33. Atala Mosque,Jaunpiir (M. Ara and the Institute of Oriental
Culture, University of Tokyo)
34. The Buland Darwaza (Robert Harding)
35. Interior oflltutmish's tomb (M. Ara and the Institute of Oriental
Culture, University of Tokyo)·
36. Ala'i Darwaza, Delhi (M. Ara and the Institute of Oriental Culture,
UniVersity of Tokyo)
37. The Qiiwwatu'l Islam Mosque Screen (M. Ara and the Institute of
Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo)
38. Carved pillar in one of the-chambers ofFathpiir-Sikri (Werner
Forman Archive)
Between pages 252 and 253
39. Akbar controlling elephants (Victoria and Albert Museum)
40. Political lessons through animal behaviour (School of Oriental and
African Studies, University of London)
41. Black buck ( Victoria and Albert Museum)
42. Dara Shukoh with Miyan Mir, Mulla Shah and the khanqah
servants (Erince_ojJ1!.oJ,.e.s__M~um of Western India, Bombay)
43. Jahangir weighing Prince Khurram (British Museum)
44. Shahjahan watching Sama (Indian Museum, Calcutta)
45. Jahangir riding (Victoria and Albert Museum)
46. Integration of Sufi music with Bhaktas (Victoria and Albert
Museum)
47.__Bah'=!f yi~~ting_Q<:>r_'1kh!ari fr()m the Babur~]Vama (British L~~rary)
by a.·ffi-arcr from-Lor-C-han-da -Uofn .- ··· ...
48. The heroine being served
Ryland Library)
49. Captivity ofHimii (Chester Beatty Library)
50. News of the birth of Akbar communicated to Humayiin
(Khudabakhsh Library, Patna)
51 . W ork m en building Agra fort ( Victoria and Albert Museum)
52. Village life from Anwar Suhaylz (Bharat Kala Bhavan Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi)
IMPORTA NT DA TES
c. 571 Birth of the Prophet Muhammad
622 Hijra (emigration) of the Prophet from Mecca to Medina
630 The Prophet conquered .Mecca
632 The Death of the Prophet
632-4 Abu Bakr, the first caliph
634-44 'Umar, the second caliph
644-56 'Usman, the third caliph
656-61 'Ali, the fourth caliph
661-749 The Umayyads
680 The martyrdom of Imam Husayn
705-715 Caliph al-Walid
712 Conquest of Sind by Muhammad bin Qasim
749-1258 The 'Abbasids
998-1030 Mahrriud of Ghazni
1150-1 Sack of Ghazni by Ghurid 'Ala'u'd .. Din Jahan-suz
1178 Defeat of Mu'izzu'd-Din Muhammad bin Sam at
Anhilwara
c. 1185-1205 Lakshmana Sena's rule in Bengal
1191 Defeat of Mu'izzu'd-Din Muhammad bin Sam at the
first battle of Tara'in by Prithviraja Cha~han
1192 Second battle of Tara'in, defeat of Prithviraja Chauhan
1192-3 Delhi seized by Qutbu'd-Din Aybak
1200 Conquest of Bih~r and Bengal by Ikhtiyaru'd-Din
Bakhtiyar Khalji.
1206 Death of Mu'izzu~d-Din Muhammad bin Sam
llbaii Turks; 1206-90
1210 Death of Qutbu'd-Din Aybak
1221 Chingiz chases. Jalalu'd-Din Mingburnu
1227 Chil)giz died
1235 Death of Khwaja Qutbu'd-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki
1236 Death of Sultan Iltutmish
Death of Khwaja Mu'inu'd:..Din at Ajmir
1236-40 Raziyya
1246-66 Nasiru'd-Din Mahmud Shah
1265 Death of Baba Farid
1266-87 Ghi:yasu'd-Din Balban
