Table Of ContentPraise for The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences
Fresh and comprehensive, this meaty volume provides an unusually deep discussion
of individual differences. With the recent explosion of research, the time is right for
this wonderful update. Don’t look for this handbook on my bookshelves—it will be
on my desk and in use.
Robert B. Kaiser, Partner, Kaplan DeVries Inc., USA
Some of the world’s top researchers give us authoritative and engaging overviews of
the central topics in individual differences, such as personality, creativity, intelligence,
genetics and evolution, work, motivation, special abilities and happiness, making this
a comprehensive guide for understanding how and why people differ.
Robert Plomin, Research Professor, Institute of Psychiatry,
King’s College London, UK
This handbook provides a diverse multidisciplinary collection of chapters by leading
researchers. Domains covered range from intelligence to personality, interests, and
motivation—and from basic research on brain functions to real-world implications in
the workplace and beyond.
Phillip L. Ackerman, Professor of Psychology, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, USA
There is much in this handbook that does not simply summarize present knowledge
but foreshadows the future state of differential psychology. Of use to the beginning
student as well as the seasoned psychologist, any serious psychology library should
possess this handbook.
Philip J. Corr, Professor of Psychology, University of East Anglia, UK
This impressive collection of antecedents, contemporary theory, and the latest empiri-
cal research does not shy away from controversial stances or highlighting consensual
elements of the fi eld, making this a must-read for students, practitioners, and research-
ers alike.
Richard D. Roberts, Principal Research Scientist, Research and
Development, Educational Testing Service, USA
With contributions from many leading researchers in differential psychology, The
Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences provides an up-to-date and com-
prehensive overview of individual differences research. This book will be a valuable
resource for anyone interested in the fi eld.
Tony Vernon, Professor of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, USA
With thoughtful and well-written chapters—ranging from the genetics of individual
differences, to the relation between intelligence and personality, to the traces that
different individuals leave behind in their physical environments—this handbook
manages to be both highly readable and thoroughly informative.
Colin G. DeYoung, Assistant Professor of Psychology,
University of Minnesota, USA
Wiley - Blackwell Handbooks in Personality and Individual Differences
This important series of handbooks provides a cutting- edge overview of classic, con-
temporary and future trends in research across Personality and Individual Differences.
Each handbook draws together a collection of newly commissioned chapters to
provide a comprehensive examination of a sub - discipline in the area.
The international teams of editors and contributors to the handbooks have been
specifi cally chosen for their expertise and knowledge of each particular subject.
The Wiley - Blackwell Handbooks in Personality and Individual Differences will provide
an invaluable resource for advanced students and researchers as an authoritative defi -
nition of their chosen fi eld.
The Wiley-Blackwell
Handbook of
Individual Differences
Edited by Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic,
Sophie von Stumm, and Adrian Furnham
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2011
© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s
publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical, and Medical
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of individual differences / [edited by] Dr Tomas
Chamorro-Premuzic, Sophie von Stumm, Adrian Furnham.
p. cm. -- (Wiley-Blackwell handbooks in personality and individual differences; 1)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4443-3438-8 (hardback)
1. Individual differences--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Personality--Handbooks,
manuals, etc. 3. Intelligence--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas.
II. Von Stumm, Sophie. III. Furnham, Adrian.
BF697.W4933 2011
155.2'2--dc22
2010047214
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 10/12.5 pt Galliard by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
1 2011
Contents
List of Plates viii
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xii
List of Contributors xiv
Preface xvi
List of Abbreviations xix
Part I Individual Differences: An Up-to-Date Historical
and Methodological Overview 1
1 Individual Differences and Differential Psychology:
A Brief History and Prospect 3
William Revelle, Joshua Wilt, and David M. Condon
2 Methodological Advances in Differential Psychology 39
William Revelle, David M. Condon, and Joshua Wilt
Part II Intelligence and Personality: Structure
and Development 75
Section 1 Personality 77
3 Personality Development across the Life Span 77
Jaap J. A. Denissen, Marcel A. G. van Aken,
and Brent W. Roberts
4 Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, Research, Applications,
and Future 101
Luke D. Smillie, Natalie J. Loxton, and Rachel E. Avery
5 The General Factor of Personality: Normal and Abnormal 132
J. Philippe Rushton and Paul Irwing
vi Contents
6 Five into One Doesn’t Go: A Critique of the General
Factor of Personality 162
Eamonn Ferguson, Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic,
Alan Pickering, and Alexander Weiss
Section 2 Intelligence 187
7 The Nature and Structure of “Intelligence” 187
Charlie L. Reeve and Silvia Bonaccio
8 Re-Visiting Intelligence–Personality Associations:
Vindicating Intellectual Investment 217
Sophie von Stumm, Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic,
and Phillip L. Ackerman
9 Individual Differences in Cognitive Aging 242
Elliot M. Tucker-Drob and Timothy A. Salthouse
Part III Biological Causes of Individual Differences 269
10 Behavior Genetics 271
Frank M. Spinath and Wendy Johnson
11 Molecular Genetic Aspects of Personality 305
Alexander Strobel and Burkhard Brocke
12 Understanding Human Intelligence by Imaging the Brain 330
Roberto Colom and Paul M. Thompson
13 Evolutionary Psychology and Individual Differences 353
Satoshi Kanazawa
Part IV Individual Differences and Real-World
Outcomes 377
Section 1 Work 379
14 Individual Differences at Work 379
Deniz S. Ones and Chockalingam Viswesvaran
15 Leadership 408
Robert Hogan and Ghufran Ahmad
Section 2 Health, Longevity, and Death 427
16 Cognitive Epidemiology: Concepts, Evidence,
and Future Directions 427
Catherine M. Calvin, G. David Batty, and Ian J. Deary
17 Personality and Differences in Health and Longevity 461
Margaret L. Kern and Howard S. Friedman
Section 3 Society 491
18 Personality and the Laws of History 491
Robert Hogan and Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic
Contents vii
19 Individual Differences and Antisocial Behavior 512
Vincent Egan
20 Intelligence and Social Inequality: Why the Biological Link? 538
Linda S. Gottfredson
Part V Motivation and Vocational Interests 577
21 Goal-Setting: A State Theory, but Related to Traits 579
Gary P. Latham, Deshani B. Ganegoda, and Edwin A. Locke
22 Personality and Approaches to Learning 588
Adrian Furnham
23 Vocational Interests: The Road Less Traveled 608
Patrick Ian Armstrong, Rong Su, and James Rounds
Part VI Competence beyond IQ 633
Section 1 Special Abilities 635
24 Exceptional Talent and Genius 635
Dean Keith Simonton
25 Ability and Trait Emotional Intelligence 656
K. V. Petrides
26 Individual Differences in Creativity 679
James C. Kaufman
Section 2 Relationships and Subjective Well-Being 699
27 Personality and Happiness: Predicting the Experience
of Subjective Well-Being 699
William Pavot and Ed Diener
28 Self-Esteem: Enduring Issues and Controversies 718
M. Brent Donnellan, Kali H. Trzesniewski,
and Richard W. Robins
29 Love at First Sight? Individual Differences and
the Psychology of Initial Romantic Attraction 747
Viren Swami
30 Manifestations of Individual Differences in
Physical and Virtual Environments 773
Lindsay T. Graham, Carson J. Sandy, and Samuel D. Gosling
Index 801
List of Plates
1 Genetic continuum of similarity in brain structure
2 Image analysis steps for detecting differences in cortical anatomy
3 Statistical maps of cortical structure
4 Correlations between regional gray matter and digit symbol scores, picture
completion, and block design (N = 48)
5 Correlations between gray matter and measures of g (conjunction of block
design and vocabulary; left panel), working - memory capacity (WMC; total digit
span score; middle panel), and the overlap between the two (right panel) are
shown on standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) templates (frontal, left,
and right, respectively)
6 Regional correlations between gray matter density and individual differences in
g ( N = 104)
7 The 15 facets of the TEIQue, positioned with reference to their corresponding
factor. Note that adaptability and self - motivation (“ auxiliary” or “ independent”
facets) are not keyed to any factor, but feed directly into the global trait EI
score
List of Figures
1.1 Gideon ’ s double dissociation test 5
1.2 Success rate in Army Air Force elementary pilot classes
as a function of the ability scored in stanines 11
3.1 Patterns of mean- level personality change in the Big Five
(for extraversion, the facets of social dominance and social
vitality are distinguished) across eight different age periods 79
3.2 Rank - order test– retest correlations of personality across
10 different age periods 82
3.3 General model of personality continuity, created by
Fraley and Roberts 8 2
3.4 Cross- lagged paths between personality (P1, P2) and
social relationship (SR1, SR2), and correlated change of
personality and environment at time 2 (Rp, Rsr),
controlling for both variables’ long - term stability 89
5.1 The GFP going to the Big Two to the Big Five using
the medians from Digman’ s (1997) 14 samples 134
5.2 The GFP in the Guilford– Zimmerman Temperament
Survey going from the GFP to three higher - order factors
to the 10 primary traits 1 39
5.3 The GFP in the California Psychological Inventory going
from the GFP to the Big Two to six higher - order factors
to the 20 primary traits 140
5.4 The GFP in the Temperament and Character Inventory
going from the GFP to three higher - order factors to
the seven primary traits 141
5.5 The GFP in the Comrey Personality Scales going from
the GFP to three higher - order factors to the eight
primary traits 142
5.6 The GFP in the Multidimensional Personality
Questionnaire going from the GFP to the Big Two
to fi ve higher- order factors to the 11 primary traits 143
x List of Figures
5.7 The GFP in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory– 2 going from the GFP to the Big Two to four
higher - order factors to the 10 primary traits 144
5.8 The GFP in the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
going from the GFP to fi ve higher- order factors to the
Big Two, of internalizing and externalizing, to the 24
primary traits (not shown) 1 45
5.9 The GFP in the Personality Assessment Inventory going
from the GFP to fi ve higher- order factors to the 18
primary scales (not shown) 146
5.10 The GFP in the Dimensional Assessment of Personality
Pathology going from the GFP to four higher - order
factors to the 18 primary scales 147
5.11 The genetic and environmental architecture of the GFP
in the prosocial and EAS temperament scales from
South Korean 2 - to 9- year - olds 150
5.12 Hierarchical factor structure of four inventories taken
together (JPI, HPI, Mini- Markers, BFI) showing the
correlations between the GFPs 153
5.13 A multi - trait – multi - method model of the GFP from
self - , teacher- , and parent- ratings going from the GFP to
the Big Two to the Big Five from a re - analysis of
Barbaranelli et al.’ s (2008) data 154
7.1 Vernon ’ s hierarchical model 1 93
7.2 Guilford ’ s structure of intellect (SOI) model 194
7.3 Schematic representation of the radex model
of cognitive abilities 195
7.4 Carroll’ s three- stratum model of cognitive abilities 198
7.5 Structural representation of the visual– perceptual–
rotational (VPR) model 2 00
7.6 Schematic representation of the contemporary thinking
on the structure of mental abilities 200
7.7 Illustration of the constructs and infl uences in the
PPIK theory 207
8.1 Theoretical perspectives on IPA 2 19
8.2 Theoretical pathways through which intellectual
investment affects life- satisfaction 232
9.1 Cross- sectional age trends from the Virginia Cognitive
Aging Project at the University of Virginia 244
9.2 Cross- sectional and Longitudinal age trends in inductive
reasoning from the Seattle Longitudinal Study 245
9.3 Localizing cross- sectional aging- related differences
in a hierarchical structure 250
9.4 Illustration of differential preservation (left) and preserved
differentiation (right) scenarios 252
