The Wildlife Techniques Manual: Volume 1: Research. Volume 2: Management 2-vol. set

1133 Pages·2012·30.88 MB·English

by  Nova J. Silvy

The Wildlife Techniques Manual
This page intentionally left blank
The Wi ld l ife
Tech n iques
Ma nua l
Research
7th edition volume 1
Edited by NOVA J. SILVY
Published in Affiliation with The Wildlife Society
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS | Baltimore
© 2012 The Johns Hopkins University Press
All rights reserved. Published 2012
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The Johns Hopkins University Press
2715 North Charles Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363
www.press.jhu.edu
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The wildlife techniques manual / edited by Nova J. Silvy.—7th ed.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Techniques for wildlife investigations and management /
edited by Clait E. Braun. 6th ed. Bethesda, Md. : Wildlife Society, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-0159-1 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-4214-0159-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Wildlife management. 2. Wildlife research—Technique.
I. Silvy, Nova J. II. Techniques for wildlife investigations and
management.
SK355.R47 2012
639.9—dc23 2011013720
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For
more information, please contact Special Sales at 410-516-6936 or
[email protected].
The Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly
book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at
least 30 percent post-consumer waste, whenever possible.
CONTENTS
List of Contributors vii
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Design and Analytical Techniques
1 Research and Experimental Design 1
edward o. garton, jon s. horne,
jocelyn l. aycrigg, and john t. ratti
2 Management and Analysis of Wildlife Biology Data 41
bret a. collier and thomas w. schwertner
Capture and Handling Techniques
3 Capturing and Handling Wild Animals 64
sanford d. schemnitz, gordon r. batcheller,
matthew j. lovallo, h. bryant white, and
michael w. fall
4 Wildlife Chemical Immobilization 118
terry j. kreeger
5 Use of Dogs in Wildlife Research and Management 140
david k. dahlgren, r. dwayne elmore,
deborah a. smith, aimee hurt, edward b. arnett,
and john w. connelly
vi contents
6 Identifying and Handling Contaminant-Related Measuring Wildlife Habitat
Wildlife Mortality or Morbidity 154
steven r. sheffield, joseph p. sullivan, 16 Vegetation Sampling and Measurement 381
and elwood f. hill kenneth f. higgins, kurt j. jenkins,
gary k. clambey, daniel w. uresk,
7 Wildlife Health and Disease: Surveillance, david e. naugle, robert w. klaver,
Investigation, and Management 181 jack e. norland, kent c. jensen,
markus j. peterson and pamela j. ferro and william t. barker
Identification and Marking Techniques 17 Modeling Vertebrate Use of Terrestrial
Resources 410
8 Criteria for Determining Sex and Age of Birds lyman l. mcdonald, wallace p. erickson,
and Mammals 207 mark s. boyce, and j. richard alldredge
eddie k. lyons, michael a. schroeder,
and leslie a. robb 18 Application of Spatial Technologies in
Wildlife Biology 429
9 Techniques for Marking Wildlife 230 thomas a. o’neil, pete bettinger,
nova j. silvy, roel r. lopez, bruce g. marcot, warren b. cohen,
and markus j. peterson oriane taft, richard ash, howard bruner,
cory langhoff, jennifer a. carlino,
10 Wildlife Radiotelemetry and Remote vivian hutchison, robert e. kennedy,
Monitoring 258 and zhiqiang yang
joshua j. millspaugh, dylan c. kesler,
roland w. kays, robert a. gitzen, Research on Individual Animals
john h. schulz, christopher t. rota,
catherine m. bodinof, jerrold l. belant, 19 Animal Behavior 462
and barbara j. keller jessica r. young
Measuring Animal Abundance 20 Analysis of Radiotelemetry Data 480
joshua j. millspaugh, robert a. gitzen,
11 Estimating Animal Abundance 284 jerrold l. belant, roland w. kays,
brian l. pierce, roel r. lopez, barbara j. keller, dylan c. kesler,
and nova j. silvy christopher t. rota, john h. schulz,
and catherine m. bodinof
12 Use of Remote Cameras in Wildlife
Ecology 311 21 Reproduction and Hormones 502
shawn l. locke, israel d. parker, john d. harder
and roel r. lopez
22 Conservation Genetics and Molecular Ecology
13 Radar Techniques for Wildlife Research 319 in Wildlife Management 526
ronald p. larkin and robert h. diehl sara j. oyler-mccance and paul l. leberg
14 Invertebrate Sampling Methods for Use Literature Cited 547
in Wildlife Studies 336 Index 653
therese a. catanach
15 Population Analysis in Wildlife Biology 349
stephen j. dinsmore and
douglas h. johnson
CONTRIBUTORS
J. Richard Alldredge
Department of Statistics
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164 USA
Edward B. Arnett
Bat Conservation International
P.O. Box 162603
Austin, TX 78716 USA
Richard Ash
2006 NW Brownly Heights Drive
Corvallis, OR 97330 USA
Jocelyn L. Aycrigg
National Gap Analysis Program
Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources
University of Idaho
Moscow, ID 83844-4408 USA
William T. Barker
3419 Par Street, NE
Fargo, ND 58102 USA
Gordon R. Batcheller
Division of Fish, Wildlife & Marine Resources
New York State
625 Broadway
Albany, NY 12233-4754 USA
viii contributors
Jerrold L. Belant Warren B. Cohen Michael W. Fall
Forest and Wildlife Research Pacific Northwest Research Station Wildlife Research Center
Center U.S. Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture
Mississippi State University Department of Agriculture 4101 LaPorte Avenue
Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA 3200 SW Jefferson Way Ft. Collins, CO 80521-2154 USA
Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
Pete Bettinger Pamela J. Ferro
Warnell School of Forest Bret A. Collier 247-6E Cloverhurst Avenue
Resources Institute of Renewable Natural Athens, GA 30695 USA
University of Georgia Resources
Athens, GA 30602 USA Texas A&M University Edward O. Garton
College Station, TX 77846-2260 Fish and Wildlife Resources &
Catherine M. Bodinof USA Statistics Departments
Department of Fisheries and University of Idaho
John W. Connelly
Wildlife Sciences Moscow, ID 83844-1136 USA
Idaho Department of Fish and
University of Missouri
Game
Columbia, MO 65211 USA Robert A. Gitzen
1345 Barton Road
Department of Fisheries and
Pocatello, ID 83204 USA
Mark S. Boyce Wildlife Sciences
Department of Biological University of Missouri
David K. Dahlgren
Sciences Columbia, MO 65211 USA
Kansas Department of Wildlife
University of Alberta
and Parks
Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada John D. Harder
Office: Region 1
Department of Evolution, Ecology
1426 U.S. 183 Bypass
Howard Bruner & Organismal Biology
Hays, KS 67601-0338 USA
Western Ecology Division 392 Aronoff Laboratory
Dynamac Corporation 318 West 12th Avenue
Robert H. Diehl
200 SW 35th Street Ohio State University
Department of Biological Sciences
Corvallis, OR 97333 USA Columbus, OH 43210 USA
University of Southern Mississippi
118 College Drive [5018]
Jennifer A. Carlino Kenneth F. Higgins
Hattiesburg, MS 39406-0001 USA
Center for Biological Box 2140B
Informatics Stephen J. Dinsmore Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences
U.S. Geological Survey Department of Natural Resource South Dakota State University
Denver Federal Center Ecology & Management Brookings, SD 57007-1696 USA
P.O. Box 25046, MS 302
Iowa State University
Denver, CO 80225 USA 339 Science II Elwood F. Hill
Ames, IA 50011 USA P.O. Box 1615
Therese A. Catanach Gardnerville, NV 89410 USA
Program in Ecology, Evolution, R. Dwayne Elmore
and Conservation Department of Natural Resource Jon S. Horne
University of Illinois Ecology and Management Department of Fish and Wildlife
Urbana-Champaign 008 C Ag Hall Resources
Urbana, IL 61801 USA Oklahoma State University University of Idaho
Stillwater, OK 74078-6013 USA Moscow, ID 83844-1136 USA
Gary K. Clambey
Department of Biological Wallace P. Erikson Aimee Hurt
Sciences Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. Working Dogs for Conservation
North Dakota State University 2003 Central Avenue 609 Phillips Street
Fargo, ND 58108-6050 USA Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA Missoula, MT 59802 USA
contributors ix
Vivian Hutchison Robert W. Klaver Bruce G. Marcot
Center for Biological Informatics U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Northwest Research Station
U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and U.S. Forest Service
Denver Federal Center Science Center (EROS) Department of Agriculture
P.O. Box 25046, MS 302 47914 252nd Street 620 SW Main St.
Denver, CO 80225 USA Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA Portland OR 97205 USA
Kurt J. Jenkins Terry J. Kreeger Lyman L. McDonald
USGS Forest and Rangeland Veterinary Services Branch Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc.
Ecosystem Science Center Wyoming Game and Fish 2003 Central Avenue
600 E. Park Avenue Department Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA
Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA 2362 Highway 34
Wheatland, WY 82201 USA Joshua J. Millspaugh
Department of Fisheries and
Kent C. Jensen
Cory Langhoff Wildlife Sciences
Department of Wildlife and
Northwest Habitat Institute University of Missouri
Fisheries Sciences
P.O. Box 855 Columbia, MO 65211 USA
SPB 138D, Box 2140B
Corvallis, OR 97339 USA
South Dakota State University
David E. Naugle
Brookings, SD 57007 USA
Ronald P. Larkin Wildlife Biology Program
Illinois Natural History Survey FOR 309
Douglas H. Johnson
1816 S. Oak Street 32 Campus Drive
U.S. Geological Survey
Champaign, IL 61820 USA University of Montana
Northern Prairie Wildlife
Missoula, MT 59812 USA
Research Center
Paul L. Leberg
204 Hodson Hall
P.O. Box 42451 Jack E. Norland
University of Minnesota
Lafayette, LA 70504 USA School of Natural Resource
Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
Sciences
Shawn L. Locke North Dakota State University
Roland W. Kays
Department of Wildlife and Fargo, ND 58108 USA
New York State Museum
Fisheries Sciences
Albany, NY 12230 USA
Texas A&M University Thomas A. O’Neil
College Station, TX 77843-2258 USA Northwest Habitat Institute
Barbara J. Keller
P.O. Box 855
Department of Fisheries and Roel R. Lopez Corvallis, OR 97339 USA
Wildlife Sciences Texas A&M Institute of Renewable
University of Missouri Natural Resources Sara J. Oyler-McCance
Columbia, MO 65211 USA 2632 Broadway, Suite 301 South 2150 Centre Ave, Building C
San Antonio, TX 78215 USA Fort Collins, CO 80526 USA
Robert E. Kennedy
Department of Forest Ecosystems Matthew J. Lovallo Israel D. Parker
and Society Pennsylvania Game Commission Department of Wildlife and
Oregon State University 752 Lower George’s Valley Road Fisheries Sciences
321 Richardson Hall Spring Mills, PA 16875 USA Texas A&M University
Corvallis, OR 97331 USA College Station, TX 77843-2258 USA
Eddie K. Lyons
Dylan C. Kesler Harold and Pearl Dripps Markus J. Peterson
Department of Fisheries and Department of Agricultural Department of Wildlife and
Wildlife Sciences Sciences Fisheries Sciences
University of Missouri McNeese State University Texas A&M University
Columbia, MO 65211 USA Lake Charles, LA 70609 USA College Station, TX 77843-2258 USA