Table Of Content3
The White Men’s Countries explores how a shared ideal of race united the
American and Australian governments during World War II and the early
Cold War periods. This interpretation places cultural and ideological factors H
alongside the traditional emphasis on pragmatic economic and security con- a
r
siderations in explaining why two nations whose objectives in the Pacific d Travis J. Hardy
region were often at odds were able to craft one of the most enduring dip- y
lomatic relationships of the twentieth century. It examines not only official
policies and attitudes but also emphasizes the shared views on race carried
by both American and Australian citizens that helped to ameliorate, and at The White Men’s Countries
times complicate, the bond between Washington D.C. and Canberra. This
work also places greater emphasis on the post-World War II relationship as T
being the most crucial time in the shaping of the alliance. The White Men’s h
Countries serves to help broaden our understanding of how racial ideol- e
ogy played a powerful role in the transnational relationships formed by the Racial Identity in the United States-Australian Relationship,
W
United States and Australia in the mid-twentieth century and how influen-
1933–1953
tial ideological factors became in international diplomacy. h
i
t
e
Travis J. Hardy received his Ph.D. in twentieth-century American history
from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He currenlty serves as History M
Chair and Provost at Southampton Academy in Courtland, Virginia. His past
e
publications include articles in journals such as Diplomatic History.
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www.peterlang.com
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Studies in Transnationalism, vol. 3 N
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9781433169366_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 22-Feb-20 15:04:06
3
The White Men’s Countries explores how a shared ideal of race united the
American and Australian governments during World War II and the early
Cold War periods. This interpretation places cultural and ideological factors H
alongside the traditional emphasis on pragmatic economic and security con- a
r
siderations in explaining why two nations whose objectives in the Pacific d Travis J. Hardy
region were often at odds were able to craft one of the most enduring dip- y
lomatic relationships of the twentieth century. It examines not only official
policies and attitudes but also emphasizes the shared views on race carried
by both American and Australian citizens that helped to ameliorate, and at The White Men’s Countries
times complicate, the bond between Washington D.C. and Canberra. This
work also places greater emphasis on the post-World War II relationship as T
being the most crucial time in the shaping of the alliance. The White Men’s h
Countries serves to help broaden our understanding of how racial ideol- e
ogy played a powerful role in the transnational relationships formed by the Racial Identity in the United States-Australian Relationship,
W
United States and Australia in the mid-twentieth century and how influen-
1933–1953
tial ideological factors became in international diplomacy. h
i
t
e
Travis J. Hardy received his Ph.D. in twentieth-century American history
from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He currenlty serves as History M
Chair and Provost at Southampton Academy in Courtland, Virginia. His past
e
publications include articles in journals such as Diplomatic History.
n
’
s
C
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
P
E
T
E
R
L
A
Studies in Transnationalism, vol. 3 N
G
9781433169366_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 22-Feb-20 15:04:06
3
The White Men’s Countries explores how a shared ideal of race united the
American and Australian governments during World War II and the early
Cold War periods. This interpretation places cultural and ideological factors H
alongside the traditional emphasis on pragmatic economic and security con- a
r
siderations in explaining why two nations whose objectives in the Pacific d Travis J. Hardy
region were often at odds were able to craft one of the most enduring dip- y
lomatic relationships of the twentieth century. It examines not only official
policies and attitudes but also emphasizes the shared views on race carried The White Men’s Countries
by both American and Australian citizens that helped to ameliorate, and at The White Men’s Countries
times complicate, the bond between Washington D.C. and Canberra. This
work also places greater emphasis on the post-World War II relationship as T
being the most crucial time in the shaping of the alliance. The White Men’s h
Countries serves to help broaden our understanding of how racial ideol- e
ogy played a powerful role in the transnational relationships formed by the Racial Identity in the United States-Australian Relationship,
W
United States and Australia in the mid-twentieth century and how influen-
1933–1953
tial ideological factors became in international diplomacy. h
i
t
e
Travis J. Hardy received his Ph.D. in twentieth-century American history
from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He currenlty serves as History M
Chair and Provost at Southampton Academy in Courtland, Virginia. His past
e
publications include articles in journals such as Diplomatic History.
n
’
s
C
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
P
E
T
E
R
L
A
Studies in Transnationalism, vol. 3 N
G
9781433169366_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 22-Feb-20 15:04:06
STUDIES IN TRANSNATIONALISM
Jatinder Mann
Series Editor
Vol. 3
The Studies in Transnationalism series is part of the
Peter Lang Humanities list.
Every volume is peer reviewed and meets the highest
quality standards for content and production.
PETER LANG
New York • Bern • Berlin
Brussels • Vienna • Oxford • Warsaw
Travis J. Hardy
The White Men’s Countries
Racial Identity in the
United States-Australian Relationship,
1933–1953
PETER LANG
New York • Bern • Berlin
Brussels • Vienna • Oxford • Warsaw
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hardy, Travis J., author.
Title: The white men’s countries: racial identity in the United
States-Australian relationship, 1933–1953 / Travis J. Hardy.
Description: New York: Peter Lang, 2020.
Series: Studies in Transnationalism, vol. 3
ISSN 2578-9317 (print) | ISSN 2578-9325 (online)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019030108 | ISBN 978-1-4331-6936-6 (hardback: alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4331-6937-3 (ebook pdf)
ISBN 978-1-4331-6938-0 (epub) | ISBN 978-1-4331-6939-7 (mobi)
Subjects: LCSH: United States—Relations—Australia. |
Australia—Relations—United States. | Whites—Race identity—United
States. | Whites—Race identity—Australia. | World War,
1939–1945—Social aspects—United States. | World War, 1939–1945—Social
aspects—Australia. | United States—Politics and government—1945–1989.
| Australia—Politics and government—1945– | Racism—Political
aspects—Pacific Area—History—20th century.
Classification: LCC E183.8.A8 H265 2020 | DDC 327.73094—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019030108
DOI 10.3726/b15632
Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek.
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the “Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie”; detailed bibliographic data are available
on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de/.
Cover image from The National Library of Australia
© 2020 Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York
29 Broadway, 18th floor, New York, NY 10006
www.peterlang.com
All rights reserved.
Reprint or reproduction, even partially, in all forms such as microfilm,
xerography, microfiche, microcard, and offset strictly prohibited.
This book is dedicated with great gratitude to my family whose
support has been vital in seeing this work through to completion.
In particular, my deepest appreciation goes to my wife Amy and
my children, Ian and Isabel, whose patience with this project
has been a constant source of inspiration during the long road to
publication.
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Chapter 1. Old Friends and New Strangers 1
Chapter 2. An Acrimonious Time: 1933–1940 13
Chapter 3. A Two-front War: 1941–1945 37
Chapter 4. The Commonality of Race 69
Chapter 5. A Reddened Pacific: 1946–1949 97
Chapter 6. The Pendulum of War: 1950–1953 129
Chapter 7. The Aftermath of War 169
Index 185
