Table Of ContentThe War Inside
TheWarInsideisagroundbreakinghistoryofthecontributionofBritish
psychoanalysis to the making of social democracy, childhood, and the
family during World War II and the postwar reconstruction.
Psychoanalysts informed understandings not only of individuals, but
also of broader political questions. By asserting a link between a real
“war outside” and an emotional “war inside,” psychoanalysts contrib-
utedtoanincreasedstateresponsibilityforcitizens’mentalhealth.They
madeunderstandingchildrenandthemother–childrelationshipkeyto
the successful creation of a democratic citizenry. Using rich archival
sources, the book revises the common view of psychoanalysis as an
elite discipline by taking it out of the clinic and into the war nursery,
thejuvenilecourt,thestatewelfarecommittee,andthechildren’shos-
pital.Ittracestheworkofthesecondgenerationofpsychoanalystsafter
Freudinresponsetototalwarandexploresitsbroadpostwareffectson
Britishsociety.
michal shapira isAssistantProfessorofHistoryandGenderStudies
at Tel Aviv University. Her research deals with the domestic, socio-
cultural,crossnationalandimperiallegaciesofWorldWarIIinBritain
andbeyond.
StudiesintheSocialandCulturalHistoryofModernWarfare
GeneralEditor
JayWinter,YaleUniversity
AdvisoryEditors
DavidBlight,YaleUniversity
RichardBosworth,UniversityofWesternAustralia
PeterFritzsche,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign
CarolGluck,ColumbiaUniversity
BenedictKiernan,YaleUniversity
AntoineProst,UniversitédeParis-Sorbonne
RobertWohl,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles
Inrecentyearsthefieldofmodernhistoryhasbeenenrichedbytheexplorationof
twoparallelhistories.Thesearethesocialandculturalhistoryofarmedconflict,and
theimpactofmilitaryeventsonsocialandculturalhistory.
StudiesintheSocialandCulturalHistoryofModernWarfarepresentsthefruitsofthis
growing area of research, reflecting both the colonization of military history by
culturalhistoriansandthereciprocalinterestofmilitaryhistorians insocialand
culturalhistory,tothebenefitofboth.Theseriesoffersthelatestscholarshipin
Europeanandnon-Europeaneventsfromthe1850stothepresentday.
Afulllistoftitlesintheseriescanbefoundat:
www.cambridge.org/modernwarfare
The War Inside
Psychoanalysis, Total War, and the Making
of the Democratic Self in Postwar Britain
Michal Shapira
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107035133
©MichalShapira2013
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2013
PrintingintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata
Shapira,Michal,1975–
Thewarinside:psychoanalysis,totalwar,andthemakingofthedemocratic
selfinpostwarBritain/MichalShapira.
pages cm.–(Studiesinthesocialandculturalhistoryofmodernwarfare)
ISBN978-1-107-03513-3(hardback)
1. Psychology–History–GreatBritain. 2. Psychoanalysis–
History. 3. GreatBritain–History–20thcentury. 4. Civiliansinwar–Trauma–
GreatBritain. 5. Warvictims–Mentalhealth–GreatBritain. 6. WorldWar,
1939–1945–Children–GreatBritain. 7. WorldWar,1914–1918–Social
andCulturalAspects–GreatBritain. 8. WorldWar,1939–1945–Social
andCulturalAspects–GreatBritain. 9. PopularCulture–Great
Britain–History–20thcentury. 10. Childhood–History–GreatBritain.
I. Title.
RC552.P67S424 2013
616.850212–dc23
2013000172
ISBN978-1-107-03513-3Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtoInthispublication,
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
In memory of my relatives who were murdered
by the Nazis in 1941–1942 in the area of Eastern
Europe where the family had lived for centuries:
my great-grandparents, Zelda Fenster (Sussman)
(b. 1890, homemaker and farmer), Mayer Yacob
Sussman (b. 1877 or 1880, merchant and farmer),
and Faiga-Tzipora Just (b. 1871, homemaker); and
my great-aunts, Toba (b. 1908, tailor), Eta (b. 1916
[or 1922], tailor), and Rachel Fenster (Sussman)
(b. 1923), and Temma Tanenbaum (and her family)
(b. 1896, homemaker).
Contents
Listofillustrations pageviii
Acknowledgments x
Introduction:thewarinside 1
1 Thepsychologicalstudyofanxiety:fromWorldWarI
toWorldWarII 24
2 Underfire:childrenandpsychoanalystsintotalwar 48
3 TheHitlerinside:Kleinandherpatients 87
4 Psychoanalystsontheradioinwarandpeace:from
collectivetodomesticcitizenship 112
5 Psychoanalyzingcrime:theISTD,1931–1945 138
6 Towardthetherapeuticstate:theISTDduringthe
postwaryears,c.1945–1960 170
7 Hospitalizedchildren,separationanxiety,and
motherlylove:psychoanalysisinpostwarBritain 198
Bibliography 239
Index 268
vii
Illustrations
Betweenpages148and149
1 London’sEastEndchildrenmadehomelessby
Germanairraids,September1940(source:
NationalArchives,photoNA306-NT-3163V).
2–4 Childrenshelteringfromairraids,eatingtogether,
andtryingoutgasmasksatAnnaFreudandDorothy
Burlingham’sHampsteadWarNurseriesinLondon
(source:FreudMuseum,London;photographer
WillyHoffer).
5 Childconcentration-campsurvivors,includingthe
JewishorphansfromtheBulldogsBankproject,
arrivebyplaneinBritain(source:WienerLibrary,London).
6 MelanieKleinwithherdaughterMelitta
Schmideberg-Klein(andoneofMelanieKlein’ssons)(source:
MelanieKleinTrustandWellcomeLibrary,London).
7 ArareimageofMelanieKleinandAnnaFreud
togetherwithErnestJones(source:MelanieKleinTrust
andWellcomeLibrary,London).
8 DonaldWinnicott’stalkswerebroadcastatatime
whenBBCRadiohopedtoappealtomothersandchildren
(source:BBCWrittenArchivesCentre;photographerWolf
Suschitzky).
9 DonaldWinnicottinanalysiswithachild(source:
MarshAgency,theArchivesoftheBPAS,
andtheWellcomeLibrary,London).
10–11 Analyticmethodsinfluencedworkwithjuvenile
delinquentsattheQCamps(source:thePlanned
EnvironmentTherapyTrustArchiveandStudyCentre;
JenniferSummerton).
viii
