THE VALUE OF BUILDING ENERGY AUDIT ACCURACY FOR DEFINING EFFECTIVE ENERGY ...

308 Pages·2011·17.08 MB·English

THE VALUE OF BUILDING ENERGY AUDIT ACCURACY FOR DEFINING
EFFECTIVE ENERGY EFFICIENT MEASURES

By

DUSTIN STEPHANY

A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

2011
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© 2011 Dustin Stephany

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To the future seven generations of this world, may we all take responsibility for our
actions and not be persuaded by artificial happiness. To my brothers from the Oneida
Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin, she kú. To Haudenosaunee and other great nations of
North America, spread enjoyment and hold the power of the Creator in your soul.
·

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This thesis could not have come together without the support from many people.
I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Ravi Srinivasan, Dr. Charles Kibert
and Dr. Robert Ries who worked with me to refine my study so that it is clear and
concise. They were supportive by being available and answering every question that I
had throughout my work.
This research could not have been completed without the assistance of John
Lawson with the University of Florida’s Physical Plant Division. Mr. Lawson spent time
with me answering questions on how Rinker Hall is monitored and maintained while
also sharing his philosophy on American energy consumption. He has been very
patient and eager to help.
The support from Sarah Thompson is very important to me in that she helped with
proof reading my work. In addition, her encouragement made the experience positive
and enjoyable during these summer months. Without her efforts, this report would not
be nearly as good as it is.
Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin Indians Higher Education Department has been the
crutch of my education. Their financial support has allowed me to benefit with high
quality education and advise for developing a superior start to my early career.
I also would like to thank my family and friends for their support in helping me
become to the person that I am today. Their encouragement has allowed me to shoot
high with my dreams and live life to the fullest. Thank you to all!

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 10
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 13
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 17
Problem Statement ................................................................................................. 18
Research Objectives ............................................................................................... 19
Significance ............................................................................................................ 19
Limitations ............................................................................................................... 20
2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 21
History of Energy Auditing ...................................................................................... 21
Building Energy Audit Protocols .............................................................................. 22
ASHRAE 14-2002 ............................................................................................ 22
Benchmark / preliminary audit – level 0 ..................................................... 22
Walkthrough audit – level I ......................................................................... 23
Energy survey and analysis – level II ......................................................... 24
Detailed audit – level III .............................................................................. 24
IPMVP Energy Analysis Techniques ................................................................ 25
Option A – retrofit isolation: key parameter measurement ......................... 26
Option B – retrofit isolation: all parameter measurement ........................... 26
Option C – whole facility ............................................................................ 26
Option D – calibrated simulation ................................................................ 27
FEMP ............................................................................................................... 27
ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits ......................... 27
Preliminary energy use analysis ................................................................ 27
Walk-through data ...................................................................................... 28
Building and systems report ....................................................................... 28
Energy analysis summary and recommendations ...................................... 28
Measurement Devices Used in Energy Audits ........................................................ 28
Energy Analysis Tools For Energy Audits ............................................................... 29
Ratio Based Methods ....................................................................................... 30
Inverse Methods ............................................................................................... 30
Forward Methods ............................................................................................. 31
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Degree day methods .................................................................................. 31
Bin methods ............................................................................................... 31
Simulation software .................................................................................... 32
History of Building Energy Simulation ..................................................................... 32
Types of Building Energy Simulation Algorithms .................................................... 34
DOE-2 .............................................................................................................. 34
Building Loads Analysis and Systems Thermodynamics (BLAST) ................... 35
EnergyPlus™ ................................................................................................... 35
HAP (1.17 or 3.05) ........................................................................................... 36
TRNSYS ........................................................................................................... 36
Model Calibration .................................................................................................... 36
Energy Efficient Measures (EEMs) ......................................................................... 38
Importance of Commissioning ................................................................................ 40
Re-Commissioning ........................................................................................... 40
Retro-Commissioning ....................................................................................... 40
Continuous Commissioning .............................................................................. 41
Energy Management Control Systems ................................................................... 41
3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 46
Data Acquisition ...................................................................................................... 47
Preliminary Analysis................................................................................................ 47
On-Site Building Assessment ................................................................................. 48
Building Energy Model ............................................................................................ 49
Model Calibration .................................................................................................... 50
Benchmark Model ................................................................................................... 50
EEM and Parametric Models .................................................................................. 50
Analysis and Prioritization ....................................................................................... 51
4 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 53
Data Acquisition ...................................................................................................... 53
Preliminary Analysis................................................................................................ 53
On-Site Building Assessment ................................................................................. 57
Building Energy Model ............................................................................................ 59
Model Calibration .................................................................................................... 59
Benchmark Model ................................................................................................... 60
EEM Parametric Runs ............................................................................................ 60
Analysis & Prioritization .......................................................................................... 63
5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 71
APPENDIX
A MODELING LIST OF ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................... 72
B BUILDING CONSUMPTION UTILITIES ................................................................. 74
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C CLASSROOM OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE ............................................................. 76
D EXISTING BUILDING ENERGY BREAKDOWN ..................................................... 81
E CALCULATED ENERGY EFFICIENT MEASURES ............................................... 82
F CONVERSION FORMULAS ................................................................................... 91
G RINKER GENERAL INFORMATION ...................................................................... 92
H CLIMATIC DATA AND ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 94
I COMPARISON OF BUILDING SCHEDULES BY APPROACH .............................. 97
J BUILDING SHELL u-VALUE CALCULATIONS .................................................... 101
K BLCC DETAILED REPORT .................................................................................. 103
L RINKER LIGHTING SCHEDULE .......................................................................... 115
M RINKER WORK ORDERS .................................................................................... 126
N NET BENEFITS / NET SAVINGS EQUATIONS ................................................... 191
O BASELINE ENERGY CATALOG .......................................................................... 192
P ENERGY AUDIT COMPARSIONS ....................................................................... 193
Q ENERGY AUDIT CALIBRATION .......................................................................... 199
R RINKER CONSTRUCTION PLANS ...................................................................... 207
S RINKER RETROFIT PROJECTS ......................................................................... 221
T REFRIGERATOR INFORMATION ....................................................................... 222
U PICTURES OF APPROACH #2 DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT ............................. 224
V RINKER CHILLED WATER ANALYSIS DURING APPROACH #2 ....................... 229
W EQUEST MODEL ................................................................................................. 259
X AUDIT QUESTIONS ............................................................................................. 260
Y PV CALCULATION ............................................................................................... 265
Z POWER POINT PRESENTATION........................................................................ 267
AA ASHRAE PROCEDURES FOR COMMERCIAL ENERGY AUDIT ....................... 278
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LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 305
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 307
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LIST OF TABLES
Table page

2-1 Tolerance ranges for various common guidelines used. .................................... 42
4-1 2010 Rinker Hall breakdown of energy sources ................................................. 70
4-2 Life cycle cost calculations ................................................................................. 70
C-1 Rinker room occupancy 2010. ............................................................................ 76
D-1 Rinker total energy consumption. ....................................................................... 81
E-1 EEM energy breakdown. .................................................................................... 82
H-1 Heating degree days. ......................................................................................... 94
H-2 Cooling degree days. .......................................................................................... 95
O-1 Approach #1 energy consumption. ................................................................... 192
O-2 Approach #2 energy consumption. ................................................................... 192

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure page

2-1 IPMVP primary approaches for measure and verification during energy audit
(FEMP, 2008). .................................................................................................... 42
2-2 IMVP energy option breakdown (NREL, 2002). .................................................. 43
2-3 Calibration flowchart (Krarti, 2011). .................................................................... 44
3-1 Thesis methodology flowchart. ........................................................................... 52
4-1 2007-2010 Heating Degree Days from weather station KFLGAINE10. .............. 64
4-2 2007-2010 Cooling Degree Days from weather station KFLGAINE10. .............. 64
4-3 2007-2010 Rinker Hall electrical consumption values. ....................................... 65
4-4 2007-2010 Rinker Hall chilled water consumption values. ................................. 65
4-5 Rinker Hall MEP equipment as defined in the construction documents .............. 66
4-6 Scheduling values generated from California ACM Manual, 2005. ..................... 66
4-7 Rinker chilled water flow rate identified with UF’s BAS during interview with
energy coordinator .............................................................................................. 67
4-8 Approach #1 electrical error during building calibration. ..................................... 67
4-9 Approach #1 chilled water error during building calibration. ............................... 68
4-10 Approach #2 electrical error during building calibration. ..................................... 68
4-11 Approach #2 chilled water error during building calibration. ............................... 69
4-12 Rinker energy consumption comparison with both approaches.......................... 69
B-1 Rinker electrical consumption. ............................................................................ 75
B-2 Rinker chilled water consumption. ...................................................................... 75
D-1 Rinker energy consumption breakdown. ............................................................ 81
D-2 Rinker energy costs. ........................................................................................... 81
H-1 Heating degree-days graph. ............................................................................... 96
H-2 Cooling degree-days graph. ............................................................................... 96
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