Table Of ContentSTUOIEN ZUR SPRACHE, GESCHICHTE UNO KULTUR OERTORKVOLKER
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Barbara Kellner-Heinkele /
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Man and Nature in the Altaic World
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. 49th Permanent International Altaistic Conference,
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The Tungusic Plant Names
in Primitiae Florae Amurensis,
Versuch einer Flora des AmurIandes
by Carl Joh, Maximowicz
Uwe BIasing
n"
On November 1827, Carl Johann Maximowicz; one of Imperial Russia's
most outstanding botanists, was born in Tula, a small town and centre of iron
mining and heavy industry, located 165km tothe south ofMoscow, onthe river
Upa.
Carl Maximowicz wasof Germandescent. After hehad attended the German
Parochial school of St. Anna inSt. Petersburg, he was sentfor his higher educa
tion to Dorpat (Tartu) where he studied between 1845 and 1850 successively
Medicine and Botany at the famous Kaiserliche Universitdt zu Dorpat(Impera
torskij Derptskij Universitet). In 1850, havin¥ taken his degree of Candidate,
Maximowicz became Alexander von Bunge's , his teacher in Botany, assistant
tothe university's botanical garden. Together with vonBunge a.o.heundertook
a first short botanical excursion through Livland in 1852. In the same year, he
was finally appointed Keeper of the Herbarium at St. Petersburg's botanical
garden. On behalf of this institution he set out at the young age of 26 on an
expedition to the Far East, into the region ofthe river Amur in the Sino-Russian
borderlands, the suzerainty of which was still an apple of discord between the
courts in St. Petersburg and Beijing.2Before the beginning of his long journey
around the globe, Maximowicz accompanied Franz Joseph Ruprecht' on a
Alexandervon Bunge(*1803,tI890), adisciple ofCarlFriedrich vonLedebour, was
ProfessorofBotany atUniversityofKazan. Afterthedeath ofhisteacher, hesucceeded
himasProfessorofBotany inDorpat. VonBunge wasregarded asaspecialistforChi
nese and Mongolianflora. For moredetailed data concerninghislifeand work,cf.Bret
schneider(1898: 323-342).
2 After thetreatyofNerchinsk(1689), accordingtotheagreementsofwhich theAmur
region fellentirelyunderChinese suzerainty, theRussians claimed and graduallyoccu
pied thePriamur'yeaswellasthePrimorye by"acombinationofencroachment,diplo
macy and luck" (Stephan 1996:49) tofinallyannex these territoriestotheEmpire. The
spirit inthisgame wasNikolai Nikolaevich Muravyev. For awell-detailedintroduction
into thischapterofRussian history, cf.Wong andCole (1966).
3 The AustrianFranz JosephRuprecht(*1814, t1870)worked since 1839inSt.Petersburg,
first asKeeperoftheBotanicalMuseum oftheAcademy, thenasAssistantDirectorof
38 UweBiasing
botanical excursion through Ingermanland in the north-western part of Russia."
On 4th October 1853, however, he embarked in Kronstadt on the frigate Diana.5
The route the Diana took, led via Madeira to Rio de Janeiro, then around Cape
Horn to Valparaiso and further to the SandwichIslands (Hawaii) where the news
of Russia's war with the Western countries arrived.6Thus, the naval frigate
continued on immediatelyto the TatarStrait (Strait ofTartary), the narrow body
of water between the island of Sakhalin and the Asian mainland, where Maxi
mowicz was landed at the De Castries Bay on 11th July 1854.7 His major aim
was now the close investigation and description of the flora of the Amur basin.
Here he undertook several trips," sometimes accompanied by the zoologist and
geographer Leopold von Schrenck." In July 1856, Maximowicz departed by
travelling the Amur upstream to UsC-Strelka.l"Finally, after crossing the vast
lands of Siberia, he reached St. Petersburg in March 1857. The results gathered
during his expedition are thoroughly documented in the excellent monograph,
Primitiae Florae Amurensis, which was published already two years after his
return to St. Petersburg, in 1859. In the same year, Maximowicz traveled via
Irkutsk again to the Amur. This time, he investigated the southern edge of this
river, especially its two most important tributaries, the Sungari and the Ussuri,
coming down out of the heart of Manchuria. In 1860, he traversed the Sichote
Alin mountain range!' with the destination of the St. Olga Bay.12From here he
theBotanicalGarden andfinally hewasappointedDirector oftheBotanicalMuseum; cf.
Bretschneider(1898: 623 f).
4 Ingermanlandislocated intheBaltic Searegionbetween theRussian-Estonianboarder
andLake Ladoga.
5 The Russiannaval frigate Diana wasonamission toJapan. On23'dDecember 1854this
ship would be wrecked byatsunami whenlaying atanchor intheharbourofSimoda,
close toJeddo inJapan.
6 The CrimeanWar, lasting from March 1853toApril 1856.
7 Acontemporarydescriptionofthisregion canbefound inthearticle Topographische
Skizzeder Gegendzwischen derCastries-Bai unddemAmur, which issupplementedby
thetwo verydetailed maps KartederAmurMundung and KartederGegend zwischen
demAmurundder DeCastries-Bai 1859(Erman 1860a).
8 Averydetailedfold-up map(29cmx40cm)showing theroutes hefollowed, isattached
totheend ofthePrimitiae FloraeAmurensis.
9 LeopoldIvanovichvonSchrenck(*1826, t1894) whoreceived hishighereducationin
Tartu, Berlin,and Konigsbergwassentin 1853bytheImperial AcademyofSciences(St.
Petersburg)toexplorethe Amurland. In 1856hereturned toSt.Petersburgandpublished
theresults ofthisexpeditioninhisworld-famousReisen undForschungen imAmur
Lande indenJahren 1854-1856(1858-92).
10 Ust'-Strelka,then not morethanamilitarypost, issituated attheconfluenceofthe rivers
Shilkaand Argun, which constitutetheAmur.
11 SichoteAlin, "nichtdicht bewaldeterBerg" (Benzing 1953:33).
TungusicPlant NamesinPrimitiae FloraeAmurensis 39
continued his travel by ship along the Manchurian coast to St. Vladimir, Port
Possiet at the Korean border in order to investigate the environments of the
Victoria Bay13 in September 1860.His next destination was Japan, the flora of
which he explored between 1860and 1864.When Maximowicz turned back to
Petersburg, he brought with him very rich plant collections containing many
new-found species. In1869Maximowicz wasappointed Botanicus Primarius at
the Imperial Botanical Garden and Director of the Botanical Museum. On
5lh/16th February 1891, this amiable and industrious man unexpectedly passed
away inSt.Petersburg." "He wasofanoble,high-mindednature, ahighlyculti
vated scholar in almost every branch of learning, and a gentleman in the truest
sense of the word", as Otto Stapf concludes his obituary for Carl Johann Maxi
mowicz inThe Journal ofBotany(1891: 118t).
Besides hisbook, Primitiae Florae Amurensis, Maximowicz lefttothe scien
tific world a long and impressive series of botanical articles, describing hun
dreds of plant species, particularly from the Far East. Most of these writings
appeared in the Melanges biologiques of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in
St. Petersburg (Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St-Petersbourgi, so for
instance the Diagnosesplantarum novarum Japoniae et Mandshuriae in twenty
decades (1866-76) and the Diagnoses plantarum novarum Asiaticarum in eight
fasciculi (1876-1892).15Inhis later works,Maximowicz occupied himself espe
cially with the description of data collected by numerous other botanists and
explorers of his days. He began to consider it a duty - as Bretschneider (1898:
1067) reports - to devote the remaining yearsof his life entirely to the working
up of interesting collections or examination of botanical specimens, which St.
Petersburg's Botanical Garden abundantly received from such renowned
contemporaries as for instance Niko1ai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (*1839,
t1888), Grigori Nikolaevich Potanin (*1835, tl920), Henry Fletcher Hance
12 Witness tothese adventuroustripsandthecircumstanceswhich ascientistfaced inthose
days inRussia'sFar Eastaredescribedinthetwocontributions: Reisedes Botanikers
MaksimowitschandenSungari andReisedesBotanikers Maksimowitschnachdemsud
lichen Mandjurien (Erman 1860band 1862).ForacontemporarymapofSI.OlgaBay,
seeArchivfurdie wissenschaftlicheKundevonRussland, 17,Tafel Ill.
13 VictoriaBayisthename ofthewaters surroundingVladivostok, which wasfounded
around 1860/61.
14 ConcerningMaximowicz'slife,cf.Bretschneider(1898: 1066f),Palibin (1901); Venge
rov(1917: 114f)and lastbutnotleastAudrey LeLievre'sexcellentcontributionCarl
Johann Maximowicz explorerandplant collector which provides uswithinterestingdata
sheddinglight onMaximowicz'spersonality.
15 Foracompletelist ofhispublicationsseethechapterMaximowic:'sBotanicalWritings in
Bretschneider1898: 1070f)andthereference workTaxonomic Literature(TaxLit3:
382-385).
40 UweBIasing
(*1827, t1886) and Philip Franz von Siebold (*1796, t1866), whose Herbarium
ofJapanese Plants wasbought bytheRussian Governmentfrom his widow.
The Primitiae FloraeAmurensis is- astobe understood from the title, First
fruits ofthe AmurFlora - the first work dealing in extenso with the flora of the
Amur region. Besides verydetailed botanical descriptions one finds appended to
the end of that book a quite long list (Register der einheimischen Pflanren
namen) of 370 indigenous plant names from 11 languages or dialects of the
region such as Chinese (Chinesisch), Gilyak (Giljakisch), Goldi (Goldisch),
Gorin-Tungusic tGorin-tungusischs." Manchu (Mandshurisch), Manegir (Mon
jagir),17Olcha (Oltscha), Oroch (Orotsch), Russian (Russisch) and the Ussuri
and Sungari dialect of Goldi tUssuri- oder Sungari-Dialekt der Golde). This
circumstance makes this botanical reference book also extraordinarily important
for the linguistic history of the region because for most of the tongues men
tioned, it contains the first, and in some cases, the only reference we possess.
However, one ought to know that parts of Primitiae Florae Amurensis were
available in a kind of pre-publication. The background of this pre-publication is
that Maximowicz first sent sketches and specimens of his materials to St. Peters
burg where hisfriend, Franz Joseph Ruprecht, edited them and made them avail
able to the scientific world in 1857 in the Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathe
matique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St-Petersbourg (15: 120-144,
209-211).18 Due to the importance and topicality of the information these
contributions were re-published - unaltered and under the same title - in
Melanges Biologiques, tires du Bulletin physico-mathematique de l'Academie
Imperiale des Sciences de St-Petersbourg (2: 407-422, 472-474) and in the
legendaryArchivfur die wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland, better known as
ErmansArchiv (17: 104-144, 145-147).
From Maximowicz's comprehensive material- inits hand-written form ital
ready was used by Grube for compiling his Goldisch-Deutsches Worterverzeich
nis (1900) - in this frame I can elucidate just a very small number of items.
These are the terms designating maple trees (Acer L., germ. Ahorn, rus. klen).
The reason for this selection is that three of these names - having a Tungusic
background- were introducedby Maximowicz intothe BotanicalNomenclature
for sorts of maples seeming to benew species andthusdeserving aname of their
own. Two of these names are stillin use,the third one howeverbecame obsolete
very quickly. The indigenous names for the maple trees - according to the
16 Spoken attheriverGorin; alsocalledSamaghirorSamar,s.Lopatin (1958:430) and
especiallySchmidt(19282:219).
17 ThedesignationMonjagirisnotentirelyclear.Probablyit represents thenameManegir
(orKumar), adialect whichisrelated toSolon (seeDoerfer 1978:23).
18 Dieersten botanischenNachrichten uberdasAmurland, ErsteAbteilung: Beobachtungen
von C.Maximowicz, redigiert vomAkademikerRuprecht(Lule7novembre 1856).
Tungusic PlantNamesinPrimitiaeFloraeAmurensis 41
register part of Primitiae Florae Amurensis (Maximowicz 1859: 497-500) - are
inparticular:
bultucha tGoldisch, Ssungari)- Acertataricum
dedjgula, deditla(Oltscha, Goldisch, Orotsch) - Acerspicatum
ginnala (Oltscha, Goldisch)- Acertataricum
moktscheld, m6ktschola (Goldisch) - moktschohong tGoldisch, Ssungari) - Acer
tegmentosum
mono (Goldisch, Oltscha)- AcerMono
pachtigrsch (Giljakisch)- AcerMono"
tebbrhe (Giljakisch)- Acerspicatum
We will start with those names making part of the International Botanical
Nomenclature. The first one is mono, which, according to Maximowicz, is
attested in Goldi and Olcha (Goldisch, Oltscha). This maple species can be
briefly described as a rounded, deciduous tree with five to seven lobed bright
green, almost heart-shaped, leaves that turn yellow in autumn. Yellow flowers
onerect umbels appear withthe leaves,but attimes without the leaves. Itistypi
cal for East Asia, where its habitat isin China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and the
eastern parts ofRussia (seeBackyard Gardener).
The first scientific name ofthistree,presumably given byMaximowiczhim
self, was "acerMono", where theTungusic word isthe epitheton specificum, i.e.
the species designation. It was first mentioned in the Bulletin de la Classe Phy
sico-Mathematiquede l'AcademieImperiale des Sciences de St-Petersbourg, 15
(1856/7): 126. In Grube's Goldi dictionary, one meets this term only in the
Deutsch-goldischerIndex asmono, a 'kind of maple, Acer Mono' (1900: 123b),
whereas itismissing inthe mainpartofthework.
Surveying more recent sources - especially Cincius' Comparative Diction
ary (Sravnitel'nyj slovar' tunguso-man'ciurskix jazykov, I: 545a) we see that
this maple name has a relatively dense distribution among the Southern Tun
gusic languages. In all,wefind thefollowing ensemble offorms: Nanai (Najxin)
mono, (Bikin, Kur-Urmi) mono - (Bikin) munu, Oltcha mono(n) (Petrova 1936:
138a; Sunik 1985: 213b; Razgovornik 1993: 21), Oroch mono (according to
Leontovich 1895; seeSchmidt 19281: 46b), Udighe (Xor, Samarga) mono (Snej
der 1936: 52a; Kormusin 261b), Negidal (Upper Amur) monon, Evenki (Urmi)
monon;20 see alsoDmitrieva(1972: 192).As modem literary standard Onenko et
19 Though outside thescopeofthiscontribution,1wouldliketoshedsomelightvery
superficiallyonthetwoGiIyak,i.e.Nivkhterms.Thefirstone,pachtigrsch (Giljakisch)
"Acer Mono", literally means"stone-wood". Thetwolexicalcomponents formingthis
compoundareNivkhpax 'stone' andtivs'tree, wood' (NivR 1970:255b,353b).The
secondnameistebbrhe(Giljakisch)"Acerspicatum", obviously reflecting insomeway
Nivkh tevyay 'maple' (NivR 1970:346b).
20 TheManchu molomoo 'maple tree' andmolo-rimoo'kiparis',byCincius (I: 153a)in
cluded intothischain ofTungusic forms,isphonetically,however,notcompatible with
42 UweBIasing
at. (1980: 268a) 21 cite Nanai monon /mon6/ 'maple tree', which clearly
represents the Naixin dialectal form. Here one must add Oroch miinotn) "cernyj
klen,,22 (Avrorin and Lebedeva 1978: 205a), Nanai (Bikin-Ussuri) (mono -)
mosu"klen melkolistnyj'r'" (Sem 1976: 172b)and (Monjagir) monon.The latter,
given by Maximowicz (1859: 499a), semantically differs slightly from the
others by designating not a species of Acer but "Ulmus campestris". The two
attestations from Negidal and Evenki, however, can hardly serve as prooffor the
term's existence in Northern Tungusic too, since the relevant dialects (Upper
Amur and Urmi) are interwoven into the sphere of Southern Tungusic"Inother
words, they are the subject of internal interaction. From the areal point of view,
the spread of terms is- unlike itsrichdocumentation- quite limited.
Concerning the deeperetymology of Southern Tungusic *monon, no reliable
data is available so far. Thus it is not possible to determine whether the under
lying etymon indeed is of genuine Tungusic origin or rather aloan from another,
possibly an older unknown (substrate?) language, since living neighbouring
tongues as for instanceChinese, Mongolian, orNivkh do not provide any usable
link. Ransacking the Tungusic language family itself, one could be inclined to
connectthis name with the word for 'tree',Tungusic *mo(c.f. EDAL2003: 956;
Cincius I: 540f), what however due to the different vowel length seems very
unlikely, unless we assume that the length once was shortened except in the two
dialectal forms from Oroch and Nanai (see above). But in this case, the question
arises concerningthe interpretation ofthe remaining segment -notn).
The attempt to relate mono to Japanese moniji [sic!] (see Genaust 1983:
393a) must be rejected because the given form is simply wrong. The correct
name for the maple in Japanese is Modern-Japanese (Tokyo) momiji, (Kyoto)
momiji, (Kagoshima) momiji, Middle-Japanese momidi (cf. EDAL 2003: 1004)
which cannotetymologicallybe related with Southern Tungusic *monon.
The second maple name regarding the botanical nomenclature is gfnnala,
attested by Maximowiczin the index (1859: 498a), likewise for Goldi and Olcha
(Goldisch, Oltscha). In the descriptive main part of his work, however, he gives
evidence only from Goldi ("Goldis: ginnala"); see also Grube 1900: 35a. In
Maximowitsch and Ruprecht (1858: 113) the maple is botanically specified as
Acer ginnala (Maxim.) but in the Primitiae florae as Acer tataricum L. Back
ground of this change are Regel's annotations (1858: 157) showing that
them. According toSchmidt (1933:370b)Manchumalo (moo) isaborrowing, reflecting
Chinese Tml.1it*pu luomu 'Name einesBaumes'.
21 SeealsoPetrova(1960:83a).
22 Lit. 'blackmaple';cemyjWin istheRussianequivalentofAcernigrum (cf.Macura 1982:
228).
23 Lit. 'small-leavedmaple' =Acermono(cf. Macura 1982:228).
24 FromtheNorthtungusicweknowEwenkiacakta 'klen','rjabina'.Negidalacakta 'klen'
(Boldyrev 1994: 158b.Dmitrieva 1972:192).
TungusicPlantNamesinPrimitiae FloraeAmurensis 43
A. ginnala isonly avariety ("nur eineSpielart") ofA. tataricum, aspecies which
long since was known inbotany andfrom which specimens could befound even
in the botanical garden in St. Petersburg. According to recent classifications, we
find the term ginnala today in the role of an infraspecific epithet, i.e., as the
designation of the subspecies in Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm.
(see Zander 2000: 152)?5
The Amur maple isamulti-stemmed, deciduous smalltree or shrub that typi
cally grows 15'to 20' (3to 6m)tall.Multiple trunks arecommon. Smallclusters
of yellowish white flowers in spring are followed by red, two-winged samaras
which often persist into late autumn or winter. Unlike most other maples, the
flowers of the Amur maple are fragrant (see Missouri Botanical Garden). Its
habitat comprises Eastern Siberia, Manchuria, China, as well as Korea, Japan,
and Mongolia.
As for the spread and distribution of the term within Tungusic, it is solely
attested from Nanai. Cincius (I: 153a) lists the form ginelii 'maple' recorded
from the Naixin dialect. Onenko (1980: 106a), however, gives as written stan
dard ginelsn /ginala 'maple', a form slightly differing with respect to vowel
quantity in the last syllable. Due to the complete absence of evidence in the
other Tungusic languages, one could suspect that this term is an alien element.
Zander (1993: 632) already pointed atthe Tungusic origin of ginnala as a bota
nical term. Genaust's (1983: 266b)attemptto linkthisterm toJapanesegin 'sil
ver' +ndra 'oak-tree' islinguistically speakingmorethandoubtful.
The remaining maple names inabird's-eye view.
dedjgula - dediila ('Oltschis et Goldis'), dedyld ('Orotchis'i6is the name
whose botanical use became obsolete veryquickly. More precisely speaking, we
find it taxonomically only in the material pre-published as Epitheton specificum
in Acer Dedyle (Maxim.), where obviously the Oroch form is recruited (Maxi
mowitsch and Ruprecht 1858: 111 f). Later in the Primitiae florae Amurensis
the tree is named Acer spicatum Lam. This goes back to Regel, who had
examined specimen sent by Maximowicz and came to the conclusion that Acer
Dedyle tallies with the plant in North America, i.e., Acer spicatum Lam., 'so
that we cannot find a distinction giving reason for the postulation of even a
single variety' (RegeI1858: 156).
=
25 Inanglophonemouth thiswordsounds/jinnala/, i.e.,gi- lji-!andaccent shifttothe
second syllable.
26 SeeMaximowicz 1859:66.Intheregisterpartofthisworkwefinddedjgula - dedula
tOltscha. Goldisch, Orotschisch).
44 UweBIasing
Alongside Maximowicz's attestation (see also Grube 1900: 84a), the only
evidence we have so far is Oroch jiejvla (Cincius I: 254b; Dmitrieva 1972:
192)- jeejula 'belyjkten,27 (Avrorin- Lebedeva 1978: 183a).
moktschelii - moktschola (Goldisch), moktschohong (Goldisch, Ssungari
Dialekt) "Acer tegrnentosum"." More specific information Maximowicz gives
in connection with the description of the tree (1859: 66), where he communi
cates that moktschohon (sic!) is common under the Goldi population at the
mouth of Sungari ("Bei den Goldi an der Ssungari-Mundung") and moktscheld,
moktschola at the Amur downstream the junction with the Ussuri ("unterhalb
der Ussuri-Mundungvj.f" Looking around for a link within Tungusic, one
encounters very similar forms like Nanai mokcoxali "vid drevovidnogo rastenija
s tonkoj pestroj koroj", 'baumartiges Gewachs mit einer dunnen, scheckigen
Rinde' (Onenko 1980: 266a) and Udighe mogdoxoli 'a kind of maple' (Schmidt
19281: 46b; Cincius I:542a; Dmitrieva 1972: 192).One ofthe main characteris
tics ofthis maple tree isthe whitish orsilveryfurrows inthe trunk andbranches.
Maybe its so-called "snake-like bark" is the background of the name in Goldi.
Under this assumption it seems possible to interpret the Nanai forms as deriva
tivesfrom Nanai mokco, mokco 'bent, curved, twisted; sinuous, tortuous' (Grube
1900: 118b; Onenko 1980: 266a), thus "snake-like"?OBut how about Udighe?
Regarding its sound pattern (-gd-) this form does not regularly tally with Nanai
mokco;
btdtucha (Goldisch, Ssungari-Dialekii "Acer tataricum" is according to
Maximowicz (1859: 67) used in Goldi, especially among the tribes living at the
mouth of the Sungari ("ad Ssungari ostium"). From the same region Richard
Maack however communicates the slightly differing form bulduchd (cf. Maack
and Ruprecht 1858: 203). Apart from these attestations, the only evidence for
this term, known to me, is Nanai bultuxs. "klen man'czurskij":" attested by
Zaksor (2001: 17) who interprets this name as a metaphor based on the
comparison with Nanai bulte. 1. 'cartilage, gristle' 2. 'a plant, not yet grown
strong' 3. 'unpractical person'. From the semantical point of view this attempt
seems not very trustworthy.
27 Lit. 'whitemaple'; accordingtoMacura(1982: 227)belyjWin isused inthe Russian
taxonomical nomenclaturefor Acer pseudoplatanus.
28 Not tobe found inGrube's Worterverzeichnis (l900)!
29 InMaack and Ruprecht(1858: 201)weadditionallyencountermokzafdla("Bei denGoldi
ander Usuri-Mundung") which wasobviouslyrecordedbyRichardMaackhimself(see
also belowsubbUltucha).
30 Shouldmokcoxalibe acompoundconsistingofNanai mokco +xala 'thecollarpartofa
dog'sharness,horseharness' (Onenko 1980:446 b)?
31 This isthe Manchurianmaple, Acer mandshuricum(Macura1982:228).
