The Triazine Herbicides: 50 years Revolutionizing Agriculture (Chemicals in Agriculture Series)

605 Pages·2006·4.32 MB·English

by  Janis Mc Farland

The Triazine Herbicides
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The Triazine Herbicides
50 years Revolutionizing Agriculture
Edited by
Homer M. LeBaron, Janis E. McFarland
and Orvin C. Burnside
AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON (cid:129) NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD
PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO (cid:129) SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO
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First edition 2008
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Contents
Foreword ix
List of Contributors xi
Chapter 1
The Triazine Herbicides: A Milestone in the Development of Weed Control Technology 1
Homer M. LeBaron, Janis E. McFarland, and Orvin C. Burnside
Chapter 2
History of the Discovery and Development of Triazine Herbicides 13
Gustav Müller
Chapter 3
Production, Development, and Registration of Triazine Herbicides 31
Walter Heri, Frank Pfi ster, Beth Carroll, Thomas Parshley, and James B. Nabors
Chapter 4
Weed Control Trends and Practices in North America 45
David R. Pike, Ellery L. Knake, and Marshal D. McGlamery
Chapter 5
Farming Trends and Practices in Northern Europe 57
James H. Orson
Chapter 6
Biology and Ecology of Weeds and the Impact of Triazine Herbicides 63
Homer M. LeBaron and Gustav Müller
Chapter 7
Plant Uptake and Metabolism of Triazine Herbicides 73
Bruce J. Simoneaux and Thomas J. Gould
Chapter 8
The Mode of Action of Triazine Herbicides in Plants 101
Achim Trebst
Chapter 9
Basis of Crop Selectivity and Weed Resistance to Triazine Herbicides 111
Amit Shukla and Malcolm D. Devine
Chapter 10
Distribution and Management of Triazine-Resistant Weeds 119
Homer M. LeBaron
Chapter 11
Weeds Resistant to Nontriazine Classes of Herbicides 133
Homer M. LeBaron and Eugene R. Hill
Chapter 12
The Use of Economic Benefi t Models in Estimating the Value of Triazine Herbicides 153
Gerald A. Carlson
vi Contents
Chapter 13
Benefi ts of Triazine Herbicides in Corn and Sorghum Production 163
David C. Bridges
Chapter 14
Benefi ts of Triazine Herbicides in Ecofallow 175
David L. Regehr and Charles A. Norwood
Chapter 15
Weed Control in Sugarcane and the Role of Triazine Herbicides 185
Dudley T. Smith, Edward P. Richard Jr., and Lance T. Santo
Chapter 16
Benefi ts of Triazine Herbicides and Other Weed Control Technology in Citrus Management 199
Megh Singh and Shiv D. Sharma
Chapter 17
Triazine Herbicides for Weed Control in Fruit and Nut Crops 211
Clyde L. Elmore and Arthur H. Lange
Chapter 18
Benefi ts of Triazine Herbicides in the Production of Ornamentals and Conifer Trees 225
John F. Ahrens and Michael Newton
Chapter 19
Benefi ts of Triazine Herbicides in Turf 235
G. Euel Coats, James M. Taylor, and Steven T. Kelly
Chapter 20
Methods of Analysis for Triazine Herbicides and Their Metabolites 243
Richard A. McLaughlin, V. Michael Barringer, James F. Brady, and Robert A. Yokley
Chapter 21
Triazine Soil Interactions 275
David A. Laird and William C. Koskinen
Chapter 22
Microbial Degradation of s-Triazine Herbicides 301
Raphi T. Mandelbaum, Michael J. Sadowsky, and Lawrence P. Wackett
Chapter 23
Nonbiological Degradation of Triazine Herbicides: Photolysis and Hydrolysis 329
Allan J. Cessna
Chapter 24
Soil Movement and Persistence of Triazine Herbicides 355
William C. Koskinen and Philip A. Banks
Chapter 25
Hazard Assessment for Selected Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Triazine Herbicides 387
Charles B. Breckenridge, Christoph Werner, James T. Stevens, and Darrell D. Sumner
Chapter 26
Mode of Action of Atrazine for Mammary Tumor Formation in the Female Sprague-Dawley Rats 399
J. Charles Eldridge and Lawrence T. Wetzel
Contents vii
Chapter 27
Dietary Exposure Assessment of the Triazine Herbicides 413
Leslie D. Bray, Arpad Z. Szarka, Nina E. Heard, Dennis S. Hackett, and Robert A. Kahrs
Chapter 28
Probabilistic Assessment of Laboratory-Derived Acute Toxicity Data for the Triazine
Herbicides to Aquatic Organisms 425
Keith R. Solomon and Dennis Cooper
Chapter 29
Atrazine and Simazine Monitoring Data in Community Water Systems in the United States during
1993 to 2000 439
Dennis P. Tierney, B. R. Christensen, Cheryl Dando, and Kendra M. Marut
Chapter 30
A Decade of Measuring, Monitoring, and Studying the Fate and Transport of Triazine Herbicides
and their Degradation Products in Groundwater, Surface Water, Reservoirs, and Precipitation by
the US Geological Survey 451
E. Michael Thurman and Elisabeth A. Scribner
Chapter 31
Probabilistic Risk Assessment Using Atrazine and Simazine as a Model 477
Robert L. Sielken Jr., Robert S. Bretzlaff, and Ciriaco Valdez-Flores
Chapter 32
Progress in Best Management Practices 501
John F. Hebblethwaite and Carol N. Somody
Chapter 33
Environmental Benefi ts of Triazine Use in Conservation Tillage 519
Richard S. Fawcett
Chapter 34
Role of Triazine Herbicides in Sustainable Agriculture: Potential of Nonchemical Weed
Control Methods as Substitutes for Herbicides in United States Corn Production 527
Leonard P. Gianessi
Chapter 35
Environmental Stewardship: The Roots of a Family Farm 541
Jere White
Appendix 549
Index 575
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Foreword
By Dennis T. Avery, Center for Global Food Issues, Hudson Institute
‘Growing more crops and trees per acre leaves more land for Nature. We cannot choose between feeding
malnourished children and saving endangered wild species. Without higher yields, peasant farmers will destroy
the wildlands and species to keep their children from starving. Sustainably higher yields of crops and trees are the
only visible way to save both.’
Dr. Norman Bourlaug
1970 Nobel Peace Prize laureate and father of the Green Revolution, in ‘Growing
More per Acre Leaves More Land for Nature,’ Center for Global Food Issues,
www.highyieldconservation.org
April 30, 2002
This is an important book containing a great deal of solid information about the triazine herbicides, one of the most
important families of chemicals that support human society and protect our wildlife.
Just as chemistry protects children from disease, farmers are using chemistry to feed twice as many people as
they did 50 years ago – without using more land. They have tripled the yields on the planet’s best cropland using
high-powered seeds, chemical fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides. Without higher yields, people would already have
cleared all of the world’s 16 million square miles of forest to get today’s food supply. Virtually every forest tree and
creature alive on the planet today owes its existence to high-yield farmers and their chemicals. If we ban the pesti-
cides, we almost literally ban forests and wildlife.
Pesticides have played a key role in the world’s rising crop yields. As the authors in this book note, the Green
Revolution’s plant breeding miracles and fertilizers might have failed to prevent massive human starvation and wild-
lands destruction if the higher yield potential of our crop fi elds had simply nourished more bugs and weeds.
Even though birth rates are dropping all over the world, thanks to increases in food security, affl uence, and urbani-
zation, the world’s population will probably exceed 8 billion (up from today’s 6.5 billion) by 2030 and might reach
9 billion by 2050.1 Rising incomes indicate that we’ll provide high-quality diets (resource-costly meat, milk, and fruit)
for perhaps 8 billion people in 2050, instead of for the one billion who can afford them today. There will even be a
pet food challenge, with perhaps 500 million companion cats and dogs in an affl uent, one-child China alone.
Overall, we will need to harvest nearly three times as much farm output in 2050 as we harvest today – and we’re
already farming half the global land area not under deserts or glaciers. Pest control will remain vital to both people
and wildlife.
Interestingly, if we chart the pesticide usage in various countries for the past 70 years alongside life expectancy,
they rise in parallel. At the same time, age-adjusted cancer risks for nonsmokers have been declining. The use of
chemistry in medicines and public health interventions has had more direct human health impact, but pesticides help
reduce the real cost of fruits and vegetables. That’s vital, because the 25% of people who eat the most produce have
only half the total cancer risks of the 25% who eat the least!
Dr. Bruce Ames, who received the National Science Medal from President Clinton, documented that we get
100 000 times as much cancer risk from the natural chemicals in the foods we eat as from the tiny traces of pesticide
on our foods and in our drinking water.
The Soil and Water Conservation Society of America has declared that modern high-yield farming is the most sus-
tainable in history. This is in substantial part because of pesticides, and particularly because of conservation tillage
made possible by herbicides.
You will read a great deal in this book about herbicides and soil conservation because the triazine herbicides have
helped create a soil conservation miracle. Soil erosion for thousands of years was the greatest risk to the sustainability
1 United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision, Population
Database. http://esa.un.org/unpp.