THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE AGE TO IRON AGE IN THE AEGEAN: A HETERARCHICAL ...

125 Pages·2012·2.6 MB·English

THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE AGE TO IRON AGE IN THE AEGEAN: A
HETERARCHICAL APPROACH

A Master’s Thesis

By
DENIZ ALEV ENVEROVA

Department of Archaeology
İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University
Ankara
December 2012

To Hazell
THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE AGE TO IRON AGE IN THE AEGEAN: A
HETERARCHICAL APPROACH

Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences
of
İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University

by

DENIZ ALEV ENVEROVA

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF ARTS

In

THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY
İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BILKENT UNIVERSITY
ANKARA

December 2012
ABSTRACT

THE TRANSITION FROM BRONZE AGE TO IRON AGE IN THE AEGEAN: A
HETERARCHICAL APPROACH
Enverova, Deniz
M.A, Department of Archaeology
Supervisor: Jacques Morin

December 2012

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the Bronze Age to Iron Age transition
in the Aegean through a different perspective than has been used up until now, and
see if heterarchy can be applied. This thesis will test to see whether heterarchy is an
appropriate model, offer a view on the end of the Late Bronze Age, and explore the
reasons iron technology replaced bronze technology in the Greek world.

Keywords: heterarchy, hierarchy, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Aegean, Greece, World-
Systems Theory, Cyprus, iron, bronze

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ÖZET

EGE’DE TUNÇ ÇAĞINDAN DEMİR ÇAĞINA GEÇİŞ: HETERARŞİ YAKLAŞIM
Enverova, Deniz
Yüksek Lisans, Arkeoloji Bölümü
Tez Yöneticisi: Jacques Morin

Aralık 2012

Bu tezin amacı,Ege’de ki Tunç Çağından Demir Çağına farklı bir bakış açısı
geçişi incelemek ve heterarşinin uygulanabilir olması. Bu tez heterarşinin uygun bir
model olup olmadığının,geç bronz çağına bir bakış açısı sunar ve Yunan Dünyasında
Demir teknolojisinin,Tunç teknolojisinin yerini alma nedenini araştırmaktadır.

Anahtar sözcükler: heterarşi, hiyerarşi, Tunç Çağı, Demir Çağı, Ege, Yunan, Kıbrıs,
Dünya-Sistem Teorisi, demir, tunç

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Jacques Morin for his
patience, advise and his numerous corrections of this thesis. I would also like to thank
the whole Bilkent Archaeology Department for the intellectual atmosphere they
provided me with for the past three years. Finally, I thank my family for helping me
out with what should have been my responsibilities.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………iii

ÖZET.............................................................................................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................... viii

ABBREVIATIONS......................................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. .. 1
1.1: The Problem ………………………………………………………………… 4

CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW…………………………………………………............. 9
2.1. Regional Review of LBA-EIA Transition………………………………….. 10
2.1.1. Cyprus………………………………………………………………… 10
2.1.2. The Aegean: Greece…………………………………………….…….. 17
2.2. The Start of Iron Technology……………………………………………….. 23
2.3. Heterarchy: Main Hypothesis………………………………………………. 27

CHAPTER 3: SET UP OF CONTROL…………………………………………...... 32

CHAPTER 4: LOOKING AT THE EVIDENCE………………………………….. 36
4.1. The Greek Burials…………………………………………………………... 36
4.1.1. Burial Structures……………………………………………………… 37
4.1.2. Body Treatment and Representation…………………………………. 39
4.1.3. Grave Contents and Wealth………………………………………….. 42
4.1.4. Bronze and Iron Use in Burials………………………………………. 47
4.1.5. Concluding Remarks………………………………………………… 52
4.2. The Mycenaean Palace System and Its Aftermath ……………………........ 53
4.2.1. Metals and the Palace………………………………………………… 57
4.3. International Relations……………………………………………………… 59
4.3.1. Theoretical Approaches………………………………………………. 59
4.3.2. The Place of the Aegean in the Mediterranean World-System…......... 62
4.3.3. Conspicuous Consumption…………………………………………… 67
4.3.4. From Bronze to Iron and the Mediterranean World-System………… 70
4.4. Coming of the Age of Iron…………………………………………………. 72
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4.4.1. The Technological Setting……………………………………………. 73
4.4.2. Evidence of the Adoption of Iron……………………………….…… 74
4.4.3. Motives for Iron Technology…………………………………….…… 78
4.4.4. Conclusions…………………………………………………………… 81

CHAPTER 5: TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS……………………………………... 82
5.1. Testing the Hypothesis……………………………………………………... 82
5.1.1. Evidence of Heterarchy in Burials…………………………………… 82
5.1.2. Evidence of Heterarchy in International Relations…………………… 85
5.1.3. Evidence of Heterarchy in the Mycenaean Palatial System………….. 87
5.1.4. Evidence of Heterarchy at the Transition From Bronze to Iron……… 89
5.2. Concluding Discussion: Putting the Pieces Together………………………. 90
5.2.1. The Processes of Heterarchy in the Aegean………………………….. 91
5.2.2. The Aegean Bronze Age Social Context…………………………….. 91
5.2.3. LBA-EIA Transition: A Heterarchical Model and Process………....... 93

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION……………………………………………………… 98

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………...………………………………………………… 100

FIGURES……………………………………………………….............................. 108

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LIST OF FIGURES

1. Map of the Aegean……………………………………………………………… 108
2. Heterarchical model of relationships…………………………………………… 108
3. Chronology for the Aegean ……...……………………………………………… 109
4. Mycenaean Kione……………………………………………………………….. 110
5. LBA chamber tomb at Pellena…………………………………………………... 110
6. LBA tholos tomb at Mycenae…………………………………………………… 111
7. Shaft Grave Circles at Mycenae………………………………………………….111
8. Cremation urns………………………………………………………………….. 112
9. LBA warrior burial reconstruction……………………………………………… 112
10. EIA fibula and pin fragments………………………………………………….. 113
11. Typical LBA ox-hide copper ingot…………………………………………….. 113
12. LBA WS trade routes…………………………………………………………... 114

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