Table Of ContentTHE TRANSFORMATION OF VOCATIONALE DUCATION
AND TRAINING (VET) IN THE BALTIC STATES - SURVEY
OF REFORMS AND DEVELOPMENTS
UNESCO-UNEVOC Book Series
Technical and Vocational Education and Training:
Issues, Concerns and Prospects
Volume 4
Series Editors-in-Chief:
Dr. Rupert Maclean, UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and
Training, Bonn, Germany
Professor David N. Wilson, OISE, University of Toronto, Canada
Associate Editors:
Professor Felix Rauner, University of Bremen, Germany
Professor Karen Evans, Institute of Education, University of London, UK
Editorial Advisory Board:
Professor Munther Al-Masri, National Centre for Human Resource Development, Al Jubeiha, Jordan
Dr. David Atchoarena, Institut international de planification de l’edication (IIEP), Paris, France
Dr. András Benedek, Hungarian Ministry of Employment and Labour, Budapest, Hungary
Dr. Paul Benteler, Stahlwerke, Bremen, Germany
Mr. John Budu-Smith, formerly of Ministry of Education, Accra, Ghana
Professor Michel Carton, NORRAG c/o Institut Universitaire d’Etudes du Développement (IUED), Geneva,
Switzerland
Dr. Chris Chinien, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Dr. Claudio De Moura Castro, Faculdade Pitágoras, Horizonte/MG, Brazil
Dr. Lavinia Gasperini, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy
Dr. Peter Grootings, European Training Foundation (ETF), Torino, Italy
Professor Norton Grubb, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Dr. Dennis Herschbach, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Dr. Oriol Homs, Fundació Centre d’Iniciatives i Recerques Europees a la Mediterrània, Barcelona, Spain
Professor Phillip Hughes, ANU Centre for UNESCO, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Professor Moo-sub Kang, Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training (KRIVET), Seoul,
Korea
Dr. Wanjala B. Kerre, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
Dr. Wilfried Kruse, Sozialforschungstelle, Dortmund, Germany
Professor Jon Lauglo, Senior Researcher at NIFU STEP, and NOVA, social research institutes, Oslo, Norway
Dr. Alexander Leibovich, Institute for Vocational Education and Training Development, Moscow, Russia
Professor Robert Lerman, Urban Institute, Washington D.C., USA
Mr Joshua Mallet, Commonwealth of Learning (COL), Vancouver, Canada
Dr. Phillip McKenzie, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER), Camberwell, Victoria, Australia
Ms. Naing Yee M ar,GloCorp, The Netherlands
Dr. John Middleton, Academy for Educational Development, Washington D.C., USA
Dr. Mohan Perera, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris,
France
Dr. Theo Raubsaet, Centre for Work, Training and Social Policy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Mr. Trevor Riordan, International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva, Switzerland
Professor Chris Selby-Smith, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Professor Barry Sheehan, Melbourne University, Parkville, Australia
Dr. Madhu Singh, UNESCO Institute of Education (UIE), Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Manfred Tessaring, European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP),
Thessaloniki, Greece
Dr. Jandhyala Tilak, National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi, India
Dr. Daniel Weinberg, Centro Interamericano de Investigación y Documentatión sobre Formación Profesional
(CINTERFOR), Montevideo, Uruguay
Professor Adrian Ziderman, Bar-llan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
The Transformation of Vocational
Education and Training (VET)
in the Baltic States - Survey
of Reforms and Developments
by
FRANK B ÜN NING
Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-4340-6 (HB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4340-6 (HB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-4342-2 (e-book)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4342-0 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2006 Springer
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed in the Netherlands.
BOOKSERIESSCOPE
ThepurposeofthisBookSeriesistomeettheneedsofthoseinterestedinanin-depth
analysisofcurrentdevelopmentsconcerningvariousaspectsofeducationfortheworld
of work with particular reference to technical and vocational education and training.
TheSeriesexaminesareasthatareatthe‘cuttingedge’ofthefieldandareinnovative
in nature. It will present best and innovative practices, explores controversial topics
andusescasestudiesasexamples.
TheaudiencefortheBookSerieswillincludepolicymakers,practitioners,administra-
tors,planners,researchers,teachers,teachereducators,studentsandcolleaguesinother
fieldsinterestedinlearningaboutTVET,inbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountries,
countriesintransitionandcountriesinapost-conflictsituation.
TheSeriescomplimentstheInternationalHandbookofTechnicalandVocational
Education and Training, with the elaboration of specific topics, themes and case
studiesingreaterbreadthanddepththanispossibleintheHandbook.TheBookSeries
alsoaugmentsthevariousotherpublicationsintheInternationalLibraryofTechnical
andVocationalEducation,detailsaboutwhichappearintheintroductorysectionof
thisvolume.
Topics to be covered in the series include: training for the informal economy in de-
veloping countries; education of adolescents and youth for academic and vocational
work; financing education for work; lifelong learning in the workplace; women and
girlsintechnicalandvocationaleducationandtraining;effectivelyharnessingICT’sin
supportofTVET;planningofeducationsystemstopromoteeducationfortheworldof
work;recognition,evaluationandassessment;educationandtrainingofdemobilized
soldiersinpost-conflictsituations;TVETresearch;and,schooltoworktransition.
TheBookSeriesTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining:Issues,Con-
cernsandProspects,andotherpublicationsintheInternationalLibraryofTechnical
andVocationalEducationandTraining;arepublicationsoftheUNESCOUNEVOC
InternationalCentreforTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(UNESCO-
UNEVOC)inBonn,Germany.
Those interested in obtaining more information about the Book Series, or who wish
to explore the possibility of contributing a manuscript, should (in the first instance)
contactthepublishers.
Bookspublishedtodateintheseries:
1. VocationalisationofSecondaryEducationRevisited
EditedbyJonLaugloandRupertMaclean
2. MeetingBasicLearningNeedsintheInformalSector:
IntergratingEducationandTrainingforDecentWork,EmpowermentandCitizenship
Editor:MadhuSingh
3. TrainingforWorkintheInformalMicro-EnterpriseSector:
FreshEvidencefromSub-SaharaAfrica
HansChristiaanHaan
INTRODUCTION BY THE SERIES EDITORS
TheenlargementoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)hasbroughtwithitmanydiverse
challenges including those relating to education and training for the world of
workandskillsdevelopmentforemployabilityandcitizenship.
Whenitcomestovocationaleducationandtraining(VET),importantmat-
terswhichareattractingincreasingattentioninclude:identifyingwaysofbest
facilitating and monitoring what has become the greater ease of mobility of
skilled workers across national boarders, with particular reference to accom-
modating a quality assurance dimension; the importance of developing im-
plementable, even-handed qualifications and training frameworks to facilitate
accurate and fair-minded comparability of occupational categories and voca-
tionaltrainingqualificationsbetweencountriesinEurope;andcopingwiththe
formidablechallengesassociatedwithdevelopingaworkableEuropeanUnion
VETpolicy.
Asaresultoftheso-calledBolognaProcess(andtheBolognaDeclaration
ofJune1999),countriesinEuropehavesoughttolayasoundandsustainable
foundationforanaccurateandfair-mindedcomparisonofeducationalsystems
inEurope(andtherestoftheworld)inordertofacilitate,amongstotherthings,
the mobility and equitable treatment of students and research staff moving
betweencountries.AcornerstoneoftheBolognaDeclarationistheadoptionof
asystemofeasilycomprehensibleandcomparabledegreesinordertopromote
theemployabilityofEuropeancitizens.
Inaddition,sincetheLisbonCouncilof2000,thedevelopmentandmonitor-
ingofVEThasbeenplacedhighonEuropeanPolicyAgendas;andtheCopen-
hagenDeclarationof2002hassoughttoincreaseEuropeanco-operationinthe
areaofTVET.Significantly,thenewestcountriestojointheEU,includingthe
Balticstates,areamongstthemostenthusiasticproponentsoftheCopenhagen
Process.
Thisimportantbookofreadingsprovidesinformationandusefulinsightsre-
gardingthereformanddevelopmentofvocationaleducationandtraininginthe
Balticstates,intherelevantlightofthedevelopmentsreferredtoabove.Afteran
introductorysectionwhichexaminesthestandingofVETinEurope,thebook
vii
viii IntroductionbytheSeriesEditors
goes on to survey VET and VET teacher training in Estonia, Latvia and
Lithuania. The concluding section of the book examines international coop-
eration in VET degree programmes, including the development of a Masters
DegreeforVETwhichisrecognisedbothregionallywithinEurope,andinter-
nationally.Infact,theUNESCO-UNEVOCInternationalCentreforTechnical
and Vocational Education and Training in Bonn Germany, is itself playing
a leadership role in developing such a Masters programme, in collaboration
withtheUnitedTVETNetworkonInnovationandProfessionalDevelopment
(UNIP),havingtodateco-sponsoredplanningmeetingsinbothTianjin,China
(withINWENTandUNIP,in2005),andOslo,Sweden(withUNIPin2006).
AlthoughthisbookfocusesspecificallyonthesituationintheBalticstates,
the lessons learnt provide insights which are likely to be valuable to other
countries.ThisisnotjustforcountriesinEuropebutalsothoseinotherparts
oftheworld,astheyseektomodernize,strengthenandupgradetheirsystems
ofTVETtocopewiththedemandingchallengesofthe21stCentury,creating
a most effective bridge between education and the world of work in a world
wherethereisincreasingmobilitybetweencountries.
RupertMaclean
DirectoroftheUNESCO-UNEVOCInternationalCentre
Bonn,Germany
and
DavidN.Wilson
ProfessorEmeritusatOISE
UniversityofToronto,Canada
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IntroductionbytheSeriesEditors................................. vii
Preface........................................................ xi
PartI: TheEuropeanDimensionofVET
1. HigherEducationinEuropeontheThresholdofthe21stCentury . 3
NoraButter
2. Lisbon,Bruges,Copenhagen:MilestonesTowardsaEuropean
VocationalEducationandTrainingSector—ACriticalSurvey
oftheCurrentSituation...................................... 13
SolveigBuderandFrankBu¨nning
PartII: VETintheBalticStates
3. VocationalEducationandTraininginEstonia:ReformProcesses
andTendencies............................................. 25
TiinaAnnus,KatrinJogiandLaraTilmanis
4. VocationalEducationandTraininginLatvia:TheProblems
andSolutions .............................................. 47
AnitaLankaandElma¯rsMu¯rnieks
5. VocationalEducationandTraininginLithuania:ReformProcesses
andTendencies............................................. 69
RimantasLauzˇackasandEugenijusDanilevicˇius
PartIII: VETTeacherTrainingintheBalticStates
6. TheStateofVocationalTeacherTraininginEstonia ............. 95
ReeliLiivik
ix
x TableofContents
7. ReformofVETTeacherTraininginLatvia..................... 109
MairaApsite
8. DevelopmentofaVocationalTeacherEducationStrategyinLithuania:
Challenges,RealityandSolutions............................. 113
KestutisPukelisandRimantasLauzackas
PartIV: InternationalCo-operationinVETDegreeProgrammes
9. InternationalisationandCo-operationinHigherEducation:A
Multi-NationalMastersDegreeProgrammeinVocationalEducationand
Training................................................... 141
GordonBellamyandFrankBu¨nning
10. DevelopingGlobally-CompetentUniversityTeachers............ 149
GrahamBadley
SubjectIndex.................................................. 167
