Table Of ContentThe Tocharian Subjunctive
Brill’s Studies in Indo-European
Languages & Linguistics
SeriesEditors
CraigMelchert
UniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles
OlavHackstein
Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMunich
EditorialBoard
José-LuisGarcía-Ramón,UniversityofCologne
AndrewGarrett,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley
StephanieJamison,UniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles
JoshuaT.Katz,PrincetonUniversity
AlexanderLubotsky,LeidenUniversity
AlanJ.Nussbaum,CornellUniversity
Georges-JeanPinault,ÉcolePratiquedesHautesÉtudes,Paris
JeremyRau,HarvardUniversity
ElisabethRieken,Philipps-UniversitätMarburg
StefanSchumacher,ViennaUniversity
VOLUME8
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/bsiel
The Tocharian Subjunctive
A Study in Syntax and Verbal Stem Formation
By
MichaëlPeyrot
LEIDEN•BOSTON
2013
Coverillustration:TheversooffragmentTHT296,ofwhichlines3–5arecitedasB296b3–5on
p.298.Thefragmentispartofthe“DepositumderBerlin-BrandenburgischenAkademieder
WissenschafteninderStaatsbibliothekzuBerlin–PreußischerKulturbesitz–Orientabteilung”.The
imageisreproducedbycourtesyoftheBerlin-BrandenburgAcademyofSciencesandHumanities.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Peyrot,Michaël.
TheTochariansubjunctive:astudyinsyntaxandverbalstemformation/ByMichaelPeyrot.
pagescm.–(Brill'sStudiesinIndo-EuropeanLanguages&Linguistics;8)
Includesindex.
ISBN978-90-04-21832-1(hardback:alk.paper)–ISBN978-90-04-24879-3(e-book)1.Tokharian
language–Subjunctive2.Tokharianlanguage–Syntax.3.Tokharianlanguage–Verb.4.
Indo-Europeanlanguages–Grammar.I.Title.
P925.P492013
491'.9945–dc23
2013000571
Thispublicationhasbeentypesetinthemultilingual“Brill”typeface.Withover5,100
characterscoveringLatin,IPA,Greek,andCyrillic,thistypefaceisespeciallysuitablefor
useinthehumanities.Formoreinformation,pleaseseewww.brill.com/brill-typeface.
ISSN1875-6328
ISBN978-90-04-21832-1(hardback)
ISBN978-90-04-24879-3(e-book)
Copyright2013byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands.
KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,GlobalOriental,HoteiPublishing,
IDCPublishersandMartinusNijhoffPublishers.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedin
aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,
photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.
AuthorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluseisgrantedbyKoninklijkeBrillNV
providedthattheappropriatefeesarepaiddirectlytoTheCopyrightClearanceCenter,
222RosewoodDrive,Suite910,Danvers,MA01923,USA.
Feesaresubjecttochange.
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
CONTENTS
Preface.................................................................. xiii
Abbreviationsandsymbols............................................. xv
1. Introduction........................................................ 1
1.1. Tocharian .................................................... 1
1.2. TheTochariansubjunctive................................... 3
1.3. Indo-Europeansources ...................................... 5
1.4. Aim .......................................................... 7
1.5. Structure ..................................................... 8
2. Morphology ........................................................ 9
2.1. Introduction ................................................. 9
2.1.1. Thetraditionalanalysis............................... 9
2.1.2. Problem .............................................. 12
2.1.3. Method............................................... 13
2.1.4. Preliminariesofnotation............................. 14
2.1.5. Structure ............................................. 15
2.2. Categoriesoftheverb........................................ 16
2.2.1. Personandnumberofthesubject.................... 16
2.2.2. Tense ................................................. 22
2.2.3. Aspect ................................................ 24
2.2.4. Mood ................................................. 25
2.2.5. Voice.................................................. 29
2.2.6. Valency ............................................... 30
2.2.7. Pronounsuffix........................................ 32
2.3. Thestempattern............................................. 33
2.3.1. Primarystems ........................................ 33
2.3.2. Secondarystems...................................... 35
2.3.3. Derivedforms ........................................ 36
2.3.4. Overview ............................................. 38
2.4. Theroot...................................................... 40
2.4.1. x|∅-roots ............................................. 41
2.4.2. x|a-roots.............................................. 41
2.4.3. ə|x-roots .............................................. 42
2.4.4. a|x-roots.............................................. 43
vi contents
2.4.5. VC-rootsandCV-roots................................ 43
2.4.6. WeakconsonantrootsinTocharianA................ 44
2.4.7. Overviewofroottypesymbols ....................... 45
2.5. Typesofmorphologicaldistinctions ......................... 45
2.5.1. Affixation............................................. 45
2.5.2. Gradation............................................. 58
2.5.3. Affection ............................................. 68
2.5.4. Palatalisation......................................... 69
2.5.5. Suppletion............................................ 88
2.5.6. Reduplication ........................................ 91
2.5.7. Accent................................................ 97
2.5.8. Gemination........................................... 103
2.6. StemderivationinTocharianA .............................. 107
2.6.1. Overview ............................................. 108
2.6.2. Preteriteswithidenticalsubjunctives ................ 109
2.6.3. Preteriteswithderivedsubjunctives.................. 114
2.6.4. Derivedpreterite-subjunctives ....................... 120
2.6.5. Subjunctiveswithderivedpreterites ................. 125
2.6.6. Subjunctivesderivedfromtheroot................... 129
2.6.7. Present-subjunctives ................................. 130
2.6.8. Derivedpresents ..................................... 131
2.6.9. Themostfrequentstempatterns..................... 138
2.7. StemderivationinTocharianB .............................. 141
2.7.1. Overview ............................................. 141
2.7.2. Preteriteswithidenticalsubjunctives ................ 142
2.7.3. Preteriteswithderivedsubjunctives.................. 146
2.7.4. Preteritesderivedfromtheroot ...................... 148
2.7.5. Subjunctiveswithderivedpreterites ................. 150
2.7.6. Subjunctivesderivedfromtheroot................... 152
2.7.7. Present-subjunctives ................................. 154
2.7.8. Derivedpresents ..................................... 157
2.7.9. Themostfrequentstempatterns..................... 164
2.8. Theimperative............................................... 169
2.8.1. TocharianA .......................................... 170
2.8.2. TocharianB........................................... 175
2.9. Thepreteriteparticiple....................................... 181
2.9.1. TocharianA .......................................... 182
2.9.2. TocharianB........................................... 186
2.10. Summaryandconclusions ................................... 190
contents vii
3. Syntaxandmeaning................................................ 201
3.1. Introduction ................................................. 201
3.1.1. Formerdescriptions.................................. 202
3.1.2. Aim................................................... 205
3.1.3. Thematerial.......................................... 206
3.1.4. Calquesyntax ........................................ 208
3.1.5. Useandmeaning..................................... 209
3.1.6. Thesubjunctiveinmainclauses...................... 210
3.1.7. Thesubjunctiveinsubclauses........................ 213
3.1.8. Presentationofexamples............................. 214
3.1.9. Structure ............................................. 216
3.2. TheTocharianAsubjunctiveinmainclauses................ 217
3.2.1. Bilinguals............................................. 217
3.2.2. Subject ............................................... 218
3.2.3. Firstperson........................................... 219
3.2.4. Speaker............................................... 222
3.2.5. Hearer ................................................ 225
3.2.6. Neutralprediction.................................... 226
3.2.7. Questions............................................. 229
3.2.8. Comparedtothepresent............................. 232
3.2.9. Comparedtotheoptative ............................ 237
3.2.10.Comparedtotheimperative ......................... 242
3.3. TheTocharianAsubjunctiveinsubclauses .................. 244
3.3.1. Conditionalswithsubjunctiveapodosis.............. 245
3.3.2. Conditionalswithpresentapodosis.................. 248
3.3.3. Conditionalswithimperativeapodosis .............. 252
3.3.4. Eventual.............................................. 255
3.3.5. Iterative .............................................. 257
3.3.6. Indefinite............................................. 258
3.3.7. kosne‘as’.............................................. 259
3.3.8. Concessive............................................ 261
3.3.9. Comparison .......................................... 262
3.3.10.Final.................................................. 263
3.3.11.Comparedtothepresent............................. 266
3.3.12.Comparedtonominalclauses........................ 268
3.3.13.Comparedtotheoptative ............................ 269
3.4. OtherusesoftheTocharianAsubjunctive................... 271
3.4.1. Subjunctivegerundwithimperfectcopula........... 272
3.4.2. Subjunctivegerundwithpresentcopula ............. 274
3.4.3. Subjunctivegerundwithsubjunctivecopula......... 275
viii contents
3.4.4. Preteriteparticiplewithsubjunctivecopula.......... 277
3.4.5. Adverbsandparticles ................................ 278
3.4.6. Thepresent-subjunctive.............................. 286
3.5. TheTocharianBsubjunctiveinmainclauses ................ 288
3.5.1. Bilinguals............................................. 288
3.5.2. Notionoffuture ...................................... 291
3.5.3. Subject ............................................... 293
3.5.4. Firstperson........................................... 293
3.5.5. Speaker............................................... 296
3.5.6. Hearer ................................................ 297
3.5.7. Neutralprediction.................................... 300
3.5.8. Questions............................................. 301
3.5.9. 1stpluraladdress ..................................... 303
3.5.10.Comparedtothepresent............................. 304
3.5.11.Comparedtotheoptative ............................ 306
3.5.12.Comparedtotheimperative ......................... 307
3.6. TheTocharianBsubjunctiveinsubclauses .................. 309
3.6.1. Conditionalswithsubjunctiveapodosis.............. 309
3.6.2. Conditionalswithpresentapodosis.................. 312
3.6.3. Conditionalwithimperativeapodosis ............... 318
3.6.4. Otherconditionals ................................... 319
3.6.5. Eventual.............................................. 320
3.6.6. Iterative .............................................. 321
3.6.7. Indefinite............................................. 322
3.6.8. Concessive............................................ 323
3.6.9. Final.................................................. 324
3.6.10.Comparedtothepresent............................. 325
3.6.11.Comparedtonominalclauses........................ 326
3.6.12.Comparedtotheoptative ............................ 328
3.6.13.Conditionalsinvinayatexts .......................... 332
3.7. OtherusesoftheTocharianBsubjunctive ................... 337
3.7.1. Subjunctivegerundwithimperfectcopula........... 337
3.7.2. Subjunctivegerundwithpresentcopula ............. 341
3.7.3. Subjunctivegerundwithsubjunctivecopula......... 343
3.7.4. Preteriteparticiplewithsubjunctivecopula.......... 344
3.7.5. Adverbsandparticles ................................ 349
3.7.6. Present-subjunctive .................................. 381
3.8. Meaning...................................................... 386
3.8.1. TheTochariansubjunctiveinmainclauses .......... 386
3.8.2. TheTochariansubjunctiveinsubclauses............. 388
contents ix
3.8.3. Towardsaunifiedmeaning........................... 389
3.8.4. TheTochariansubjunctiveandaspect ............... 390
4. Origin .............................................................. 395
4.1. Introduction ................................................. 395
4.1.1. Subjunctive........................................... 396
4.1.2. Optative .............................................. 398
4.1.3. Present ............................................... 399
4.1.4. “Present-subjunctive”................................. 401
4.1.5. Perfect................................................ 401
4.1.6. molō-type............................................. 405
4.1.7. Perfectivepresent .................................... 406
4.1.8. Aoristinjunctive...................................... 407
4.1.9. Method............................................... 408
4.1.10.Structure ............................................. 409
4.2. Endings ...................................................... 409
4.2.1. Presentactive......................................... 410
4.2.2. Preteriteactive ....................................... 417
4.2.3. Presentmiddle ....................................... 419
4.2.4. Preteritemiddle ...................................... 420
4.2.5. Conclusion ........................................... 421
4.3. Someirregularverbs ......................................... 422
4.3.1. TAkwäm-‘come’,TBkəm-‘id.’......................... 422
4.3.2. TAtäs-‘put’,TBtəs-‘id.’............................... 430
4.3.3. TAknā-‘know’,TBnana-‘recognise’.................. 440
4.3.4. TAy-‘go’,TBy-‘id.’.................................... 442
4.3.5. TAlät-‘goout’,TBlət-‘id.’............................. 444
4.3.6. TAyok-‘drink’,TByok-‘id.’ ............................ 448
4.3.7. TAyom-‘get’,TByənm-‘id.’andTAyām-‘do’,TB
yam-‘id.’ .............................................. 450
4.3.8. Conclusion ........................................... 455
4.4. Thepresent-subjunctive ..................................... 456
4.4.1. ’ə/ -present-subjunctives[class2]..................... 458
e
4.4.2. x|∅-rootpresent-subjunctives[class1]............... 473
4.4.3. x|a-rootpresent-subjunctives[class5] ............... 477
4.4.4. *ńńə/ -denominatives[class2] ....................... 482
e
4.4.5. Thelyāka-type[prs.andsbj.class5].................. 483
4.4.6. Causatives[prs.andsbj.classes2and9] ............. 487
4.4.7. Conclusion ........................................... 492
4.5. Theə|∅-rootsubjunctive[class1]............................ 493
