Table Of ContentThe Thyroid
and Its Diseases
A Comprehensive Guide
for the Clinician
Markus Luster
Leonidas H. Duntas
Leonard Wartofsky
Editors
123
The Thyroid and Its Diseases
Markus Luster
Leonidas H. Duntas • Leonard Wartofsky
Editors
The Thyroid and Its
Diseases
A Comprehensive Guide for the
Clinician
Editors
Markus Luster Leonidas H. Duntas
Department of Nuclear Medicine Unit of Endocrinology Diabetes and
Philipps University Marburg Metabolism
Marburg Evgenidion Hospital, National and
Germany Kapodistrian University of Athens
Athens
Leonard Wartofsky Greece
Georgetown University School of
Medicine
Washington, DC
USA
Thyroid Cancer Research Unit
MedStar Health Research Institute
Washington, DC
USA
ISBN 978-3-319-72100-2 ISBN 978-3-319-72102-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72102-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961719
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
Part I I ntroductory Section
Anatomy and Physiology of the Thyroid Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Nikolaos Stathatos
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Thyroid Axis:
Physiological Regulation and Clinical Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Alina Gavrila and Anthony N. Hollenberg
“Thyroglobulin Storage, Processing and Degradation
for Thyroid Hormone Liberation” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Klaudia Brix, Maria Qatato, Joanna Szumska,
Vaishnavi Venugopalan, and Maren Rehders
Disorders of Thyroid Hormone Transporters and Receptors . . . . . . 49
W. Edward Visser
Deiodination and Peripheral Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone . . . 61
Monica Dentice and Domenico Salvatore
Part II B asis of Thyroid Disease
Epidemiology of Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Mark P. J. Vanderpump
Classification of Thyroid Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Leonidas H. Duntas and Sofia Tseleni-Balafouta
Iodine Deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Michael Bruce Zimmermann
Selenium Deficiency and Thyroid Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Margaret P. Rayman and Leonidas H. Duntas
Part III Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches
Laboratory Testing in Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Stefan K. G. Grebe
Ultrasonography of the Thyroid and Cervical Lymph Nodes . . . . . . 161
Enrico Papini, R. Guglielmi, Irene Misischi, and Andrea Frasoldati
v
vi Contents
The Role of Elastography in the Management
of Thyroid Nodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Hervé Monpeyssen and Jean Tramalloni
Imaging of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer with Iodine-124
and F-18-FDG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
James Nagarajah, Walter Jentzen, Vanessa Stebner, Ina Binse,
Marcel Janssen, and Ravinder K. Grewal
Surgery for Benign Goiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Kerstin Lorenz
Part IV Hypothyroidism
The Thyroid and Its Regulation by the TSHR: Evolution,
Development, and Congenital Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Heiko Krude and Heike Biebermann
Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Cristiane J. Gomes-Lima and Kenneth D. Burman
Central Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Andrea Lania, Claudia Giavoli, Eriselda Profka,
and Paolo Beck-Peccoz
Subclinical Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Bernadette Biondi and Leonidas H. Duntas
Treatment of Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Jacqueline Jonklaas
Myxedema Coma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Leonard Wartofsky and Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
Heart in Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Bernadette Biondi and George J. Kahaly
Part V H yperthyroidism
Graves’ Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Josephine H. Li, Natasha Kasid, and James V. Hennessey
Graves’ Ophthalmopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Luigi Bartalena
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Gabriela Brenta and José Sgarbi
Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxic Crisis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Leonard Wartofsky and Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
Heart in Hyperthyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Bernadette Biondi and George J. Kahaly
Contents vii
Part VI Thyroiditis
Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Andrea Carbone, Mario Rotondi, and Luca Chiovato
Acute Infectious Thyroiditis (Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis) . . . . . 399
Hiroo Masuoka and Akira Miyauchi
Postpartum Thyroiditis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Juan C. Galofré and L. D. Premawardhana
Amiodarone-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Simone De Leo and Lewis E. Braverman
Iodine-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Simone De Leo and Lewis E. Braverman
Part VII Thyroid Neoplasia
Pathology of the Thyroid: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Virginia A. LiVolsi, Kathleen T. Montone, and Zubair W. Baloch
Thyroid Nodule: Current Evaluation and Management . . . . . . . . . . 493
Alan A. Parsa and Hossein Gharib
Nontoxic Multinodular Goiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Gilberto Paz-Filho and Hans Graf
Part VIII Thyroid Cancer
Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Athanasios Bikas and Kenneth D. Burman
Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics of Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . 549
Susan J. Hsiao and Yuri E. Nikiforov
Thyroid Cancer in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Young Ah Lee and Andrew J. Bauer
Thyroid Cancer Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Brian R. Untch, Dipti Kamani, and Gregory W. Randolph
Staging and Prognosis of Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
Radioiodine Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma . . . . . . 611
Jasna Mihailovic and Stanley J. Goldsmith
Dosimetry for Iodine-131 Therapy for Metastatic Differentiated
Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Douglas Van Nostrand
Targeted Molecular Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Arabella Hunt and Kate L. Newbold
viii Contents
Thyroglobulin and Tg Antibodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen and Luca Giovanella
Medullary Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Rossella Elisei and Cristina Romei
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Robert C. Smallridge and Keith C. Bible
Primary Thyroid Lymphoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Stephanie Aleskow Stein
The Role of TSH Suppression in the Management
of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Rami Alrezk and Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
Part IX Miscellaneous Topics
Hyperthyroidism and Pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Jorge H. Mestman
Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Roy E. Weiss and Samuel Refetoff
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Contributors
Rami Alrezk National Institutes of Health—National Institute of Diabetes
and Digestive and Kidney Disease, Bethesda, MD, USA
Zubair W. Baloch Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
Luigi Bartalena Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental
Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Andrew J. Bauer Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, The University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Paolo Beck-Peccoz University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Keith C. Bible Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
MN, USA
Heike Biebermann Institute for Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology,
Charite University-Medicine-Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Athanasios Bikas Department of Internal Medicine, MedStar Georgetown
University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
Ina Binse Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen,
Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
Bernadette Biondi Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University
of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Evgenideion Hospital,
University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Lewis E. Braverman Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition,
Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Gabriela Brenta Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism,
Unidad Asistencial Dr. César Milstein, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Klaudia Brix Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University
Bremen, Bremen, Germany
ix
x Contributors
Kenneth D. Burman Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,
Department of Internal Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center,
Washington, DC, USA
Andrea Carbone Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
Luca Chiovato Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
Monica Dentice Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University
of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
Leonidas H. Duntas Unit of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism,
Evgenidion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,
Athens, Greece
Rossella Elisei Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental
Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Medical Endocrinology and
Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Denmark
Andrea Frasoldati Department of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum
Hospital, Rome, Italy
Department of Endocrinology, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio
Emilia, Italy
Juan C. Galofré Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica
Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigación en la Salud de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
Alina Gavrila Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth
Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
Hossein Gharib Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and
Nutrition, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
Claudia Giavoli Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Fondazione
IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Luca Giovanella Department of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Centre,
Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
Department of Laboratory Medicine EOLAB, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale,
Bellinzona, Switzerland
Stanley J. Goldsmith Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging,
New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Department of Radiology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New
York, NY, USA
Cristiane J. Gomes-Lima MedStar Washington Hospital Center, MedStar
Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA
