The Thermoeconomics of Energy Conversions

277 Pages·2003·9.433 MB·English

by  Yehia M. El-Sayed

THE THERMOECONOMICS OF
ENERGY CONVERSIONS
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THE THERMOECONOMICS
OF ENERGY
CONVERSIONS
Yehia M. EI-Sayed
Advanced Energy Systems Analysis,
California, USA
2003
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Contents
Preface
Introduction 1
1.1 The Emerging Concerns 1
1.2 The Complexity of the Design Space 2
1.3 The Level of Details of a System Description 3
1.4 The Interaction of Energy and Materials Requirements 3
1.5 The History of Thermoeconomics Development 4
1.6 The Question Posed for Thermoeconomic Analysis 5
1.7 The Importance of an Integrated Database 5
1.8 The Main Pillars of Thermoeconomic Analysis 6
1.9 General References 6
Improved Thermodynamic Analysis 11
2.1 The Exergy Function 12
2.2 The Thermodynamic Analysis of a System
in the Steady State 17
2.3 Tutorial 20
2.4 References 29
Improved Costing Analysis 31
3.1 The Objective Function as a Cost Function 31
3.2 Making and Operating Resources of an
Energy-Conversion Device 31
3.3 The Quantification of the Making and
Operating Resources for a Device 32
3.4 Making and Operating Resources of a System of Devices 34
3.5 The Cost Indices CF, {cZi}a, nd {cai} 35
3.6 Combining Second-Law and Costing Analyses
(Thermoeconomic Analysis) 35
3.7 Tutorial 37
3.8 Selected References 48
Enhanced System Optimization 49
4.1 A Two-Level Decomposition Strategy 49
4.2 Decomposition at the Discipline Level 49
4.3 Decomposition at the Device Level 52
4.4 More on the Objective Function and on Decomposition 58
4.5 Programming Thermoeconomic Analysis 63
4.6 Tutorial 67
4.7 Selected References 80
vi The Thermoeconomics of Energy Conversions
The Manipulation of the Design Models of Devices 83
5.1 Multidisciplinary Problems in General 83
5.2 The Communication Between the Disciplines of
Thermodynamics and Design 83
5.3 A Heat Exchange Device 84
5.4 Tutorial 91
5.5 Selected References 94
Off-Design Performance Due to Load Variation 97
6.1 Managing the Inefficiency of Variable-Load Operation 97
6.2 Predicting the Part-Load Performance of
a System of Devices 99
6.3 Handling the System-Design of Variable-Load Problems 99
6.4 Optimal Operation of a Facility of Systems
of Same Product 105
6.5 Tutorial 107
6.6 Selected References 109
Application Examples 111
7.1 Time-Independent Production 111
7.2 Time-Dependent Production 123
7.3 Closing Remarks 136
7.4 Selected References 137
Software, Analyzed Systems and their Flow Diagrams: 139
8.1 Contents of the Compact Disc 139
8.2 Brief Description of the Six Executable Tools 140
8.3 The Analyzed Systems and Their Flow Diagrams 151
9 Appendices 199
Appendix 9.1 Some Useful Forms of the Flow Exergy 199
Appendix 9.2 Thermodynamic and Design Models 205
Appendix 9.3 Capital and Performance Equations 211
Appendix 9.4 Refreshing Basic Engineering Material 217
Appendix 9.5 Selected General Properties 231
Appendix 9.6 A Selected Compilation of Heat Transfer Film Coefficients
and Friction Factors 235
Appendix 9.7 Glossary 249
Contents vii
Appendix 9.8 Nomenclature 253
Appendix 9.9 Constants and Conversion Factors 257
Subject Index 261
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Preface
Dedicated to future generations of scientists and engineers
willing to develop efficient energy conversion systems
for the benefit of human civilization
and the environment
The increasing demand for power and material products by current energy conversion
technologies using fossil and nuclear fuels on one hand and the adverse impact on the
environment on the other hand, did create an energy conversion crisis that is going to
stay for decades to come. The increasing demand is driven by the increase of world
population and a rising standard of living. The adverse impact is emissions, waste
disposal, and the signs of global warming. The long-lasting energy conversion crisis is
due to the absence of alternative energy resources and conversion technologies that are
both friendly to the environment and economically competitive to the present ones.
Until emerging or new competitive technologies become available, the cost-effective
increase of the conversion efficiencies of current technologies is the only option to
reduce the impact of the crisis. Directions of raising system efficiency are well
established thermodynamically but not the directions of their cost effectiveness.
The book surveys briefly the recently developed methodologies that reveal the cost
effectiveness of sought energy-resource-saving ideas by design. The book then focuses
on one methodology that became known as thermoeconomics. The theory is presented.
Tutorial and application examples are given. The examples deal with both system-
design analysis and the design analysis of energy conversion devices. A number of
executable programs set the stage for the analyses and provide the results. The
programs are described and samples of the source code in "BASIC" are included. All
programs are available on one compact disc. The goal of the book is a set of energy
analysis tools that is useful, concise and easy to understand and apply.
The book is an outcome of more than a 20-year development of thermoeconomics.
The book will be useful to both a system-designer and a device-designer. It will be
particularly useful to students. They will be prepared to reshape the traditional energy
system design during their active career into a more powerful optimal-design methodology.
Thermoeconomics launches an intensive analysis dose on the design concepts of
energy conversion systems for the purpose of revealing opportunities of fuel and cost
savings. The description of system configurations is modular, process-oriented, and is
easy to expand or modify. The approach to the solution of the modeling equations of a
configuration is numerical.
Chapter 1 presents an overview of the building blocks of the design analysis of
systems that use or produce useful forms of energy and the methodologies of handling
them. The chapter ends with a representative sample of current methodologies of
optimal system design and selected references as a guide to further study.
For seeking transparency for higher system efficiency, the thermodynamic analysis
is extended to include the second law of thermodynamics quantitatively. The extension