The Theory and Practice of Institutional Transplantation: Experiences with the Transfer of Policy Institutions

314 Pages·2002·8.69 MB·English

by  Virginie Mamadouh

The Theory and Practice of Institutional Transplantation
The GeoJournal Library
Volume 74
Managing Editor: Max Barlow, Concordia University,
Montreal, Canada
Founding Series Editor:
Wolf Tietze, Helmstedt, Germany
Editorial Board: Paul Claval, France
Yehuda Gradus, Israel
Risto Laulajainen, Sweden
Sam Ock Park, South Korea
Herman van der Wusten, The Netherlands
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
The Theory and
Practice of In stitutional
Transplantation
Experiences with the Transfer of
Policy Institutions
editedby
MARTIN DE JONG
Faeulty of Technology, Poliey and Management,
Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
KONSTANTINOS LALENIS
Department of Planning and Regional Development,
University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
and
VIRGINIE MAMADOUH
AME, Department of Geography and Planning,
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
...
"
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-1-4020-1108-5 ISBN 978-94-011-0001-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0001-4
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2002
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise,
without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied
specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive
use by the purchaser of the work.
CONTENTS
Preface by Andreas Faludi ix
Acknowledgements xi
Chapter 1
Virginie Mamadouh, Martin De Jong & Konstantinos Lalenis
An introduction to institutional transplantation
PART I: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES
Chapter 2
Martin De Jong & Virginie Mamadouh
Two contrasting perspectives on institutional transplantation 19
Chapter 3
Konstantinos Lalenis, Martin De Jong & Virginie Mamadouh
Families of nations and institutional transplantation 33
PART II: TRANSPLANTS FROM CONTINENTAL EUROPE
Chapter 4
Martin De Jong
Rijkswaterstaat: A 1798 French transplant in the Netherlands,
two centuries later 55
Chapter 5
Konstantinos Lalenis
The evolution oflocal administration in Greece: How using transplants
from France became an historical tradition. 71
Chapter 6
Luis Arribas
Importing the French retail planning model to Spain 87
Chapter 7
Virginie Mamadouh & Oberon Nauta
Bringing democracy to 'The West': Democratic institutions and
good governance in the Netherlands Antilles 103
Chapter 8
Frank Den Hertog & Martin De Jong
West German school systems for the new Lander: The reform of the
educational system in the former GDR after the German reunification 119
v
vi
PART III: TRANSPLANTS FROM THE ANGLO-SAXON WORLD
Chapter 9
Georg Menz
More Thatcher than the real thing: Policy transfer and economic reforms
in New Zealand 137
Chapter 10
David Parker
Inertia in the implementation of a privatisation programme: The case
of policy transfer in Taiwan 153
Chapter 11
Thanos Pagonis & Andy Thornley
The Western urban development model meets Moscow politics 169
Chapter 12
Hugo Verheul
Higher education reform in Indonesia: Integrating New
Public Management and national values 185
Chapter 13
Martin De long & Nadav Haran
An American in London: Why a London Underground replay 199
of the New York subway refurbishment was unsuccessful
PART IV TRANSPLANTS WITH MULTIPLE DONORS
Chapter 14
Martin De long
Surpassing the Swedish model of road management liberalisation?
Finland's use of patience and selectivity in adopting foreign models 215
Chapter 15
Martin De long & Jochem De Vries
The merits of keeping cool while hearing the siren calls: An account of
the preparation and establishment of the Flemish spatial planning system 231
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 16
Virginie Mamadouh
Representing the people of the European Union: Transplanting
democratic institutions to the supranational level 247
Chapter 17
Ellen Van Bueren, Frederic Bougrain & Thomas Knorr-Siedow
Sustainable neighbourhood rehabilitation in Europe: From simple
toolbox to multilateral learning 263
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 18
Martin De Jong, Virginie Mamadouh & Konstantinos Lalenis
Drawing lessons about lesson drawing: What the case reports tell us
about institutional transplantation 283
About the authors 301
Index 303
PREFACE
Inevitably, at a panel discussion not too long ago comparing planning cultures the
discussion turned on the issue of globalisation. As a member of the panel, this author
asked those in the audience who lived and/or worked in a country different from
their country of origin to raise their hands. About half of the audience of well over
one hundred academic teachers and researchers from all comers of the world, the
present author included did so. Next he asked who had a spouse or partner from a
country different from their country of origin to also raise their hands. About half of
the audience, the present author included, raised their hands. This is the soft side of
globalisation.
The soft side of globalisation is important. Exchanges, personal mobility,
international romances, multi-culturalism and multi-lingualism (inevitably meaning
non-native speakers struggling to keep up with native English speakers) are part of
the academic scene, so much so that we can hardly imagine it to be otherwise. These
are not entirely new phenomena, but they have become ever more prominent,
relying on an ever more elaborate institutional infrastructure of exchange
programmes, international journals, associations and the global conference industry.
It was at the AESOP (Association of European Schools of Planning) congress at
Bmo in the Czech Republic in July 2000 that the plan for this book was hatched.
Martin De Jong gave a paper there and introduced the concept of 'institutional
transplantation'. It struck a familiar chord with participants of the transnational
planning track, familiar as they were with the problems of learning to know other
countries, their planning systems and the context in which planning operates.
Indeed, the problem of transplantation is universal in attempts to compare, evaluate
and on that basis to intervene in administrative systems and policies.
In the same transnational track at Brno, Konstantinos Lalenis spoke of the
successive waves of foreign institutional implants in Greece, where local
government reform took a leaf out of the book of the French and, to a lesser extent,
of the Germans. This was all to the best. A regular feature of AESOP conferences,
the transnational planning track, co-chaired with enthusiasm by the present author,
seeks to promote understanding of the issues involved. Obviously, what organisers
of such a track hope for is that this goes beyond interesting intellectual exchanges
and culminates in joint research. This is what has happened, with Martin and Kostas
finding out that they not only could see eye to eye, but could also fmd the energy to
embark on a joint project in this area of mutual interest of theirs. Virginie
Mamadouh, a French political geographer working in Amsterdam, joined them later
when the project expanded beyond the field of spatial planning.
Whoever is involved in transnational policy-making, or indeed in any kind of
international collaboration, immediately comes up against the divergence between
cultures. On a trivial level, as participants of international meetings are only too
aware, styles of presentation, the length of time that speakers are expecting to be
allowed to speak, the authority assumed by chairs, the modalities of discussion,
contacts during coffee breaks, they all vary from culture to culture. For participants
ix
x
of meetings, these may be fleeting impressions. For people working abroad and
more generally for those in the business of institutional transplantation, be it as
consultants or as researchers, sensitivity to differences of culture become of the
essence of their effectiveness.
The literature in political science and planning has been greatly stimulated by
reflection on the importance of administrative culture and by the constraints that it
puts on any transfer of experiences or, as the authors of this volume have it,
institutional transplantation. This has been the experience of Western experts going
out on missions to the developing world. Their analyses were not always couched in
terms of culture, but rather in terms of the decision, or the 'environment' and its
impact on policy-making, and on how sensitivity to the context formed a
precondition of applying their skills. Such experiences were an important stimulant
for developing planning theory, which is largely about how the conduct of planning
is influenced by its object and, importantly, by its context.
These days, with European integration an increasingly dominant aspect of our
daily life and work experience, Europe provides an increasingly fertile ground for
comparisons, with cultural variables once again amongst the factors that draw
attention. As European integration progresses, transnational planning becomes a
boom industry. The interaction of planners from various countries provides
incentives for more comparative research and/or arenas for institutional
transplantation. This is even more so where the formulation for common
frameworks and policies in the European arena is concerned. Decision-making on
the Council of Ministers and in the many committees operating in the backrooms of
European integration involves representatives of EU member states entering into
protracted negotiations. Their efforts to minimize the costs of integration and
maximize the benefits that accrue to each lead to 'regulative competition'. However,
in due course, as ideas and practices rub off on each other, creative syntheses
emerge. Although only few of the case studies directly applied the concept of
institutional transplantation to European integration, the concept is relevant to
increasing our understanding, not only of bilateral, but of multi-lateral transfers as
well. This makes this book all the more important.
Andreas Faludi
University ofNijmegen
August 2002
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Most academic books seem to be produced in lonely and exotic places, without
students, without management tasks and with palm trees waving at the back. The
lion's part of this book was produced at the regular workplace, during summer
months, but inside university buildings. Students shuffled around, patiently.
Management tasks were almost neglected and local trees provided the fresh air. In
fact, two of the co-editors not only worked in separate places; they have not even
met, ever. It is a mystery how a book can have the pretension of being so
international when the authors spent most of them writing it at home.
We would like to express our gratitude to the people who made this book possible.
First of all, to the invited authors, who emiched and substantiated our theoretical
argument. Second, to our colleagues at the Section of Public Management, Delft
University of Technology; the Department of Planning and Regional Development,
University of Thessaly; and the Department of Geography and Planning, University
of Amsterdam. Third, to Andreas Faludi, for writing the preface of our book. Fourth,
to Max Barlow, series editor of GeoJournal Library Series, for his support, and to
the editorial team at Kluwer. Fifth, to the people supporting us in any logistical
sense: Nathan Bowden, Miranda Aldham-Breary and Robyn Kane (for correcting
our English texts), Annet Schepman and Ria van der Helm (for checking
consistency in the text and references) and Kyrasia Printzos (for designing the front
cover).
Finally, we thank our families for their patience.
Claudia, Gabrielle,
Tina, Nelly, Eda,
Joop, Anton and Saskia,
we neglected you, and we are very sorry.
The editors
September 2002
XI