Table Of ContentPage i
The TeacherCurriculum Encounter
Page ii
SUNY Series in Curriculum Issues and Inquiries
Edmund C. Short,
EDITOR
Page iii
The TeacherCurriculum Encounter
Freeing Teachers from the Tyranny of Texts
Miriam BenPeretz
with foreword by
Lee S. Shulman
State University of New York Press
Page iv
Published by
State University of New York Press, Albany
© 1990 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
by Princeton University Press
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical
articles and reviews.
For information, address the State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, NY 12246
Library of Congress CataloguinginPublication Data
BenPeretz, Miriam.
The teachercurriculum encounter : freeing teachers
from the tyranny of texts / by Miriam BenPeretz : with
foreword by Lee Shulman.
p. cm.—(SUNY series in curriculum issues and
inquiries)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0791403750.—ISBN 0791403769 (pbk.)
1. Curriculum planning. 2. Teachers—Training of.
I. Title. II. Series.
LB2806.15.B46 1990 8928867
375´.001—dc20 CIP
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
Page v
Contents
Foreword by Lee Shulman vii
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction xiii
1: Patterns of Teachers' Involvement in the Curriculum Endeavor 1
2: Coping with Curriculum 23
3: Teachers' Concerns about Curriculum Issues 35
4: The Concept of Curriculum Potential 45
5: The Process of Curriculum Interpretation 65
6: Instruments and Procedures of Curriculum Interpretation 87
7: Implications for Teacher Education and Staff Development 109
Notes 121
References 127
Curriculum Materials 139
Appendix 141
Page vii
Foreword
Lee S. Shulman, Stanford University
Curriculum and teaching have long been treated as opposites, akin to hot and cold, war and peace, or sadness and joy. Curriculum dealt with the carefully planned
organization of the subject matter in the form of written materials, units of instruction and other stable products of deliberation, design, writing and editing. Teaching, on
the other hand, was interactive, swift, episodic and spontaneous. Though often planned, it was typically adaptive and reactive. While curriculum might be the backdrop
for teaching, the two were not to be confused.
True, there were theorists who recognized that the manifest curriculum was not always as it appeared. Some pointed out that curriculum could be hidden, exerting its
impact on students insidiously. Others explained that curriculum was not that which was proposed, but what was taught; only once actually implemented could we
know the effective curriculum. Thus, the real curriculum is that experienced in classrooms, not the published texts and teachers' manuals.
Miriam BenPeretz has introduced a strikingly new and important perspective into these discussions, especially for those of us concerned with the preparation and
professional development of teachers. About fifteen years ago she began to write of "curriculum potential," a view that attacks the opposition of curriculum and
teaching and points up the ways in which the two ideas are mutually supportive and reinforcing.
BenPeretz argues that curriculum must be understood as both far too much and far too little, as providing more than any teacher could possibly use, and yet less than
any teacher really requires. The essential value of curriculum is how it permits teachers to adapt, invent and transform as they confront the realities of classroom life.
Teaching is neither opposed to curriculum, nor does teaching alone define curriculum. Indeed, even curriculum that is
Page viii
designed by teachers (another topic with which BenPeretz is concerned in this volume) must be understood in terms of its potential for teaching.
The theoretical work of this book is squarely in the traditions of the late Joseph Schwab. His writings about practical deliberation in curriculum development
emphasized the complexities of curriculum, the need for deliberations about curriculum to be eclectic in disciplinary terms and pluralistic in the multiple perspectives
that must be brought to bear on its creation. Schwab said little, however, about the preparation of teachers to work with a curriculum so conceived, much less the
preparation of such teachers. Here the work of BenPeretz builds on that of Schwab, extending and enriching that earlier thinking.
The orientation of this book makes it particularly germane to those concerned with the reform of teacher education and the growing movements toward teacher
professionalization. Teachers must be prepared to serve as acute critics, analysts and adaptors of curriculum. They must learn to understand curriculum as providing
the raw material from which they can craft and shape the instruction of their pupils. In principle, no curriculum is adequate because it cannot anticipate the infinite
variations of students, teachers and contexts. Yet teachers cannot be expected to produce curriculum by themselves as they encounter these situations. Thus, a
partnership is needed, in which teachers draw from the potential of curriculum and transform its ideas and materials into activities and representations that connect with
learners appropriately. The challenge to teacher educators is profound. Preparing teachers who can work individually and collectively in this way is no mean
achievement.
The conception of a teaching profession implicit in this work is also timely. There is no room for the image of a passive teacher obligated to implement the curriculum,
be it locally or nationally mandated. The teacher's professional mandate is to treat the curriculum with respect and care. It represents the best work of other educators
who have drawn from their own knowledge of subject matter and of children to present for the teacher's consideration a body of materials and ideas of vast potential.
Now the teacher's work begins, as this potential is realized only through the most intelligent and considered pedagogical work by a welltrained and seriously
committed professional.
Page ix
I have learned a great deal from Miriam BenPeretz during the past fifteen years. We have become colleaguesatadistance and good friends as well as scholars who
work adjoining fields. It is a privilege and pleasure to write this foreword to a book I am confident will inform the work of a generation of curriculum developers,
teachers and teacher educators.
Page xi
Acknowledgments
This book has grown over years of involvement in curriculum development with teachers. I am most grateful to the teachers with whom I have been fortunate to work
in development teams, in schools, and in graduate courses, for the insights they provided on the teachercurriculum encounter.
Several scholars have given me encouragement and guidance. I am particularly grateful to Professor Edmund C. Short, editor of this series for his support and help.
I owe much to Professor Michael F. Connelly, the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, with whom I shared many hours of discussion on curricular themes, and I
am pleased for this opportunity to thank him. For their constructive and perceptive comments I thank Professor Sharon FeimanNemser, Michigan State University;
Professor Jean D. Clandinin, Calgary University; Dr. Moshe Silberstein, TelAviv University, and Margot Lifmann, University of Haifa.
I am deeply indebted to Professor Seymour Fox, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, who has introduced me to curriculum studies. I wish to express my profound and
sincere gratefulness to Professor Lee S. Shulman, Stanford University, for his insightful and encouraging remarks, for suggesting this book's title, and for writing the
foreword.
Special thanks are due to Lois G. Patton, EditorinChief, and to Christine M. Lynch, Production Editor, of the State University of New York Press, for their
constructive advice and comments.
For their dedicated assistance in the difficult task of editing, typing and proofreading, I express my gratitude and appreciation to Anat Zajdman, Sabina Szaikowski
and Miriam Dembo.
Finally, I wish to express my deep gratitude to my husband, Moshe BenPeretz, for his constant support through all stages of this work.