Table Of ContentTHE TCP/IP GUIDE
A Comprehensive, Illustrated
Internet Protocols Reference
by Charles M. Kozierok
San Francisco
THE TCP/IP GUIDE. Copyright © 2005 by Charles M. Kozierok.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN-10: 1-59327-047-X
ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-047-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kozierok, Charles.
The TCP/IP guide : a comprehensive, illustrated internet protocols reference / Charles Kozierok.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 1-59327-047-X
1. TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) I. Title.
TK5105.585.K69 2005
004.6'2--dc22
2004008863
B R I E F C O N T E N T S
Contents in Detail.........................................................................................................xiii
List of Figures................................................................................................................xlv
List of Tables..................................................................................................................lv
Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................lxv
About the Author.........................................................................................................lxvii
Introduction.................................................................................................................lxix
SECTION I: TCP/IP OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION
PART I-1: NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter1: Networking Introduction, Characteristics, and Types...........................................5
Chapter2: Network Performance Issues and Concepts......................................................31
Chapter3: Network Standards and Standards Organizations............................................45
Chapter4: A Review of Data Representation and the Mathematics of Computing.................61
PART I-2: THE OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI) REFERENCE MODEL
Chapter5: General OSI Reference Model Issues and Concepts..........................................81
Chapter6: OSI Reference Model Layers........................................................................101
Chapter7: OSI Reference Model Summary....................................................................113
PART I-3: TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE AND ARCHITECTURE
Chapter8: TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Architecture..........................................................121
SECTION II: TCP/IP LOWER-LAYER CORE PROTOCOLS
PART II-1: TCP/IP NETWORK INTERFACE LAYER PROTOCOLS
Chapter9: TCP/IP Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Overview and Fundamentals..................................................................................139
Chapter10: PPP Core Protocols: Link Control, Network Control, and Authentication...........155
Chapter11: PPP Feature Protocols.................................................................................167
Chapter12: PPP Protocol Frame Formats........................................................................181
PART II-2: TCP/IP NETWORK INTERFACE/INTERNET LAYER CONNECTION PROTOCOLS
Chapter13: Address Resolution and the TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).............203
Chapter14: Reverse Address Resolution and the TCP/IP Reverse Address Resolution
Protocol (RARP).....................................................................................................227
PART II-3: INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION4 (IP/IPV4)
Chapter15: Internet Protocol Versions, Concepts, and Overview......................................235
Chapter16: IPv4 Addressing Concepts and Issues..........................................................241
Chapter17: Classful (Conventional) Addressing.............................................................255
Chapter18: IP Subnet Addressing (Subnetting) Concepts.................................................273
Chapter19: IP Subnetting: Practical Subnet Design and Address Determination Example.....297
Chapter20: IP Classless Addressing—Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR)/Supernetting..............................................................................................315
Chapter21: Internet Protocol Datagram Encapsulation and Formatting..............................329
Chapter22: IP Datagram Size, Fragmentation, and Reassembly.......................................339
Chapter23: IP Routing and Multicasting........................................................................351
PART II-4: INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION6 (IPV6)
Chapter24: IPv6 Overview, Changes, and Transition.....................................................365
Chapter25: IPv6 Addressing........................................................................................373
Chapter26: IPv6 Datagram Encapsulation and Formatting...............................................401
Chapter27: IPv6 Datagram Size, Fragmentation, Reassembly, and Routing.......................415
PART II-5: IP-RELATED FEATURE PROTOCOLS
Chapter28: IP Network Address Translation (NAT) Protocol.............................................425
Chapter29: IP Security (IPsec) Protocols........................................................................449
Chapter30: Internet Protocol Mobility Support (Mobile IP)...............................................475
PART II-6: IP SUPPORT PROTOCOLS
Chapter31: ICMP Concepts and General Operation......................................................507
Chapter32: ICMPv4 Error Message Types and Formats..................................................521
Chapter33: ICMPv4 Informational Message Types and Formats.......................................535
Chapter34: ICMPv6 Error Message Types and Formats..................................................547
Chapter35: ICMPv6 Informational Message Types and Formats.......................................557
Chapter36: IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) Protocol.......................................................575
PART II-7: TCP/IP ROUTING PROTOCOLS (GATEWAY PROTOCOLS)
Chapter37: Overview of Key Routing Protocol Concepts.................................................591
Chapter38: Routing Information Protocol (RIP, RIP-2, and RIPng).......................................597
Chapter39: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)..................................................................625
Chapter40: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP/BGP-4).......................................................647
Chapter41: Other Routing Protocols.............................................................................677
PART II-8: TCP/IP TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS
Chapter42: Overview and Comparison of TCP and UDP................................................689
Chapter43: TCP and UDP Addressing: Ports and Sockets................................................695
Chapter44: TCP/IP User Datagram Protocol (UDP).........................................................711
Chapter45: TCP Overview, Functions, and Characteristics..............................................719
Chapter46: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Fundamentals and General Operation......727
Chapter47: TCP Basic Operation: Connection Establishment, Management, and
Termination..........................................................................................................745
Chapter48: TCP Message Formatting and Data Transfer.................................................769
Chapter49: TCP Reliability and Flow Control Features....................................................793
SECTION III: TCP/IP APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS
PART III-1: NAME SYSTEMS AND TCP/IP NAME REGISTRATION AND NAME RESOLUTION
Chapter50: Name System Issues, Concepts, and Techniques...........................................825
Chapter51: TCP/IP Name Systems Overview and the Host Table Name System................841
Chapter52: Domain Name System (DNS) Overview, Functions, and Characteristics...........847
Chapter53: DNS Name Space, Architecture, and Terminology........................................857
Chapter54: DNS Name Registration, Public Administration, Zones, and Authorities...........867
Chapter55: DNS Name Server Concepts and Operation................................................887
Chapter56: DNS Resolution Concepts and Resolver Operations.......................................909
Chapter57: DNS Messaging and Message, Resource Record, and Master File Formats......927
PART III-2: NETWORK FILE AND RESOURCE SHARING PROTOCOLS
Chapter58: Network File and Resource Sharing and the TCP/IP
Network File System (NFS).....................................................................................953
PART III-3: HOST CONFIGURATION AND TCP/IP HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOLS
Chapter59: Host Configuration Concepts, Issues, and Motivation....................................973
Chapter60: TCP/IP Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP).............................................................977
Chapter61: DHCP Overview and Address Allocation Concepts.......................................997
Chapter62: DHCP Configuration and Operation..........................................................1013
Chapter63: DHCP Messaging, Message Types, and Formats........................................1035
Chapter64: DHCP Client/Server Implementation, Features, and IPv6 Support..................1053
PART III-4: TCP/IP NETWORK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND PROTOCOLS
Chapter65: TCP/IP Internet Standard Management Framework Overview.......................1069
Chapter66: TCP/IP Structure of Management Information (SMI) and
Management Information Bases (MIBs)..................................................................1083
Chapter67: TCP/IP Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
Concepts and Operation.....................................................................................1099
Chapter68: SNMP Protocol Messaging and Message Formats.......................................1113
Chapter69: TCP/IP Remote Network Monitoring (RMON).............................................1133
PART III-5: TCP/IP APPLICATION LAYER ADDRESSING AND APPLICATION CATEGORIES
Chapter70: TCP/IP Application Layer Addressing: Uniform Resource Identifiers,
Locators, and Names (URIs, URLs, and URNs)........................................................1139
Chapter71: File and Message Transfer Overview and Application Categories.................1163
PART III-6: TCP/IP GENERAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOLS
Chapter72: File Transfer Protocol (FTP).......................................................................1169
Chapter73: Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP).............................................................1199
PART III-7: TCP/IP ELECTRONIC MAIL SYSTEM: CONCEPTS AND PROTOCOLS
Chapter74: TCP/IP Electronic Mail System Overview and Concepts...............................1217
Chapter75: TCP/IP Electronic Mail Addresses and Addressing......................................1225
Chapter76: TCP/IP Electronic Mail Message Formats and Message Processing:
RFC 822 and MIME............................................................................................1233
Chapter77: TCP/IP Electronic Mail Delivery Protocol: The Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP)..................................................................................................1263
Chapter78: TCP/IP Electronic Mail Access and Retrieval Protocols and Methods..............1285
PART III-8: TCP/IP WORLD WIDE WEB AND THE HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP)
Chapter79: World Wide Web and Hypertext Overview and Concepts..........................1317
Chapter80: HTTP General Operation and Connections.................................................1329
Chapter81: HTTP Messages, Methods, and Status Codes..............................................1341
Chapter82: HTTP Message Headers...........................................................................1357
Chapter83: HTTP Entities, Transfers, Coding Methods, and Content Management............1369
Chapter84: HTTP Features, Capabilities, and Issues.....................................................1381
PART III-9: OTHER FILE AND MESSAGE TRANSFER APPLICATIONS
Chapter85: Usenet (Network News) and the TCP/IP Network News Transfer
Protocol (NNTP).................................................................................................1397
Chapter86: Gopher Protocol (Gopher).......................................................................1431
PART III-10: INTERACTIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE UTILITIES AND PROTOCOLS
Chapter87: TCP/IP Interactive and Remote Application Protocols...................................1437
Chapter88: TCP/IP Administration and Troubleshooting Utilities and Protocols................1461
INDEX.....................................................................................................................1491
RFCs BY NUMBER...................................................................................................1537
C O N T E N T S I N D E T A I L
LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................xlv
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................lv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...........................................................................................................lxv
ABOUT THE AUTHOR............................................................................................................lxvii
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................lxix
Goals of The TCP/IP Guide..............................................................................................lxix
Scope of The TCP/IP Guide .............................................................................................lxxi
The TCP/IP Guide Features .............................................................................................lxxii
The TCP/IP Guide Online! .............................................................................................lxxiii
Your Feedback and Suggestions .....................................................................................lxxiii
SECTION I
TCP/IP OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION
PART I-1 NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS 3
1 Networking Introduction, Characteristics, and Types 5
Introduction to Networking .........................................................................................................6
What Is Networking? .........................................................................................................6
The Advantages and Benefits of Networking .........................................................................7
The Disadvantages and Costs of Networking ........................................................................8
Fundamental Network Characteristics ........................................................................................10
Networking Layers, Models, and Architectures ....................................................................10
Protocols: What Are They, Anyway? ..................................................................................11
Circuit-Switching and Packet-Switching Networks.................................................................13
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols ..............................................................15
Messages: Packets, Frames, Datagrams, and Cells......................................................................17
Message Formatting: Headers, Payloads, and Footers..........................................................19
Message Addressing and Transmission Methods: Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast ................20
Network Structural Models and Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer Networking .....................................23
Types and Sizes of Networks....................................................................................................25
Segments, Networks, Subnetworks, and Internetworks .................................................................27
The Internet, Intranets, and Extranets..........................................................................................29
2 Network Performance Issues and Concepts 31
Putting Network Performance in Perspective ...............................................................................32
Balancing Network Performance with Key Nonperformance Characteristics ...................................33
Performance Measurements: Speed, Bandwidth, Throughput, and Latency .....................................34
Speed ............................................................................................................................34
Bandwidth ......................................................................................................................35
Throughput .....................................................................................................................35
Latency...........................................................................................................................35
Summary of Performance Measurements.............................................................................36
Understanding Performance Measurement Units..........................................................................37
Bits and Bytes..................................................................................................................37
Baud ..............................................................................................................................38
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Theoretical and Real-World Throughput, and Factors Affecting Network Performance......................39
Normal Network Overhead ..............................................................................................39
External Performance Limiters ............................................................................................40
Network Configuration Problems .......................................................................................40
Asymmetry ......................................................................................................................41
Simplex, Full-Duplex, and Half-Duplex Operation ........................................................................41
Simplex Operation...........................................................................................................42
Half-Duplex Operation .....................................................................................................42
Full-Duplex Operation ......................................................................................................42
Quality of Service (QoS) ..........................................................................................................43
3 Network Standards and Standards Organizations 45
Proprietary, Open, and De Facto Standards ...............................................................................46
Proprietary Standards.......................................................................................................46
Open Standards ..............................................................................................................47
De Facto Standards .........................................................................................................48
Networking Standards.............................................................................................................48
International Networking Standards Organizations .....................................................................49
Networking Industry Groups.....................................................................................................51
Internet Standards Organizations (ISOC, IAB, IESG, IETF, IRSG, and IRTF).....................................52
Internet Registration Authorities and Registries (IANA, ICANN, APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC, and
RIPE NCC)...............................................................................................................55
Internet Centralized Registration Authorities ........................................................................55
Modern Hierarchy of Registration Authorities ......................................................................56
Internet Standards and the Request for Comment (RFC) Process.....................................................57
RFC Categories ...............................................................................................................58
The Internet Standardization Process ..................................................................................58
4 A Review of Data Representation and the Mathematics of Computing 61
Binary Information and Representation: Bits, Bytes, Nibbles, Octets, and Characters .......................62
Binary Information ...........................................................................................................62
Binary Information Representation and Groups ....................................................................63
Byte Versus Octet.............................................................................................................64
Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Numbers ...................................................................65
Binary Numbers and Their Decimal Equivalents ...................................................................65
Making Binary Numbers Easier to Use by Grouping Bits ......................................................66
Octal Numbers................................................................................................................66
Hexadecimal Numbers .....................................................................................................67
Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Number Conversion ....................................................68
Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Conversions .....................................................................68
Conversion from Binary, Octal, or Hexadecimal to Decimal ..................................................69
Conversion from Decimal to Binary, Octal, or Hexadecimal ..................................................70
Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Arithmetic................................................................................71
Binary Arithmetic .............................................................................................................72
Octal and Hexadecimal Arithmetic ....................................................................................72
Boolean Logic and Logical Functions .........................................................................................73
Boolean Logical Functions .................................................................................................73
Combining Boolean Expressions ........................................................................................75
Bit Masking (Setting, Clearing, and Inverting) Using Boolean Logical Functions...............................75
Setting Groups of Bits with OR ..........................................................................................76
Clearing Bits with AND ....................................................................................................76
Inverting Bits with XOR .....................................................................................................77
xiv Contents in Detail
