The Surgical Critical Care Handbook: Guidelines for Care of the Surgical Patient in the ICU

752 Pages·2016·16.164 MB·English

by  Jameel Ali

The Surgical Critical
Care Handbook
Guidelines for
Care of the Surgical Patient in the ICU
Jameel Ali
Editor
I
\\It
World Scientific
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Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The surgical critical care handbook : guidelines for care of the surgical patient in the ICU / [edited]
by Jameel Ali.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-9814663120
I. Ali, Jameel, editor.
[DNLM: 1. Intensive Care--methods--Handbooks. 2. Intensive Care Units--standards--
Handbooks. 3. Monitoring, Physiologic--methods--Handbooks. 4. Surgical Procedures, Operative--
methods--Handbooks. 5. Wounds and Injuries--surgery--Handbooks. WX 39]
RC86.7
616.02'8--dc23
2015009060
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Copyright © 2016 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy
is not required from the publisher.
Desk Editor: Dipasri Sardar
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore
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b1986 The Surgical Critical Care Handbook: A Guide to Care of the Critically III Surgical Patient 9x6
Contents
Foreword ix
About the Editor xi
List of Contributors xv
SECTION 1 General Considerations 1
Chapter 1 Preoperative Assessment of the High-Risk
Surgical Patient 3
Robert Chen and Jameel Ali
Chapter 2 Shock: Cardiovascular Dynamics, Endpoints
of Resuscitation, Monitoring, and Management 29
Jameel Ali
Chapter 3 Gas Exchange 43
Zoheir Bshouty
Chapter 4 Perioperative Respiratory Dysfunction 65
Jameel Ali
Chapter 5 Mechanical Ventilation in the ICU 83
Robert Chen and Jameel Ali
Chapter 6 Nutrition in the Surgical ICU Patient 97
Mohammed Bawazeer and Jameel Ali
v
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b1986 The Surgical Critical Care Handbook: A Guide to Care of the Critically III Surgical Patient 9x6
vi Contents
Chapter 7 Management of the Anticoagulated Injured Patient 115
K. Pavenski
Chapter 8 Pneumonia in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit 125
Mohammed Bawazeer and Jameel Ali
Chapter 9 Hypothermia and Hyperthermia 145
John B. Kortbeek
Chapter 10 Thrombo-Embolism in the ICU patient 159
Daniel Roizblatt, Andrew Beckett and Jameel Ali
Chapter 11 Broad Principles of Antibiotic Usage
and Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis 171
Jameel Ali and Addison K. May
Chapter 12 The Coagulopathic Trauma Patient
and Massive Transfusion Protocol 201
Jameel Ali, Sandro Rizoli and Katerina Pavenski
Chapter 13 Geriatric Issues and the ICU 223
Richard M. Bell and Victor Hurth
Chapter 14 Ethical Issues in the Surgical ICU 251
Marshall Beckman, John Weigelt, Jameel Ali
and Richard M. Bell
SECTION 2 Specific Surgical Disorders 263
(a) TRAUMA 263
Chapter 15 Priorities in Multiple Trauma Management 265
Jameel Ali
Chapter 16 Thoracic Trauma 283
Col. (retd.) Mark W. Bowyer and Jameel Ali
Chapter 17 Abdominal Trauma 309
Jameel Ali
Chapter 18 Head Injury 325
Jameel Ali, Lyne Noël de Tilly and R. Loch Macdonald
Chapter 19 Spine and Spinal Cord Injury 357
Safraz Mohammed, Shelly Wang and Jameel Ali
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Contents vii
Chapter 20 Pelvic Fractures 385
Jameel Ali and Jeremie Larouche
Chapter 21 Extremity Fractures 403
Jeremy Hall and Jeremie Larouche
Chapter 22 Extremity Compartment Syndromes 417
Col. (retd.) Mark W. Bowyer
Chapter 23 Burns, Cold Injury and Electrical Injury 439
Karen M. Cross and Joel S. Fish
Chapter 24 Multiorgan Dysfuntion Syndrome in the Surgical Patient 469
P. Dhar and G. Papia
(b) NonTRAUMA 491
Chapter 25 Intra-abdominal Sepsis 493
Shuyin Liang and Joao B. de Rezende-Neto
Chapter 26 Bowel Obstruction 517
Dave D. Paskar and Neil G. Parry
Chapter 27 Mesenteric Ischemia 531
John B. Kortbeek
Chapter 28 Upper GI Hemorrhage 543
Brad S. Moffat, Sarah Knowles and Neil G. Parry
Chapter 29 Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) Hemorrhage 557
Jonathan Hong and Marcus Burnstein
Chapter 30 Acute Pancreatitis 567
John B. Kortbeek
Chapter 31 Colorectal Disorders 577
Jonathan Hong, D. Kagedan and Marcus Burnstein
Chapter 32 The Bariatric Surgical Patient 597
Andrew Smith, Jameel Ali and Timothy D. Jackson
Chapter 33 The Transplant Patient 619
Andrew S. Barbas and Anand Ghanekar
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b1986 The Surgical Critical Care Handbook: A Guide to Care of the Critically III Surgical Patient 9x6
viii Contents
Chapter 34 Soft Tissue Infection in Critical Care 639
Sami Alissa, Nawaf Al-Otaibi and James Mahoney
Chapter 35 The Pediatric Surgical ICU Patient 653
Arthur Cooper, Pamela Feuer, Logeswary Rajagopalan,
Ranjith Kamity and Mary Joan Marron-Corwin
Index 703
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b1986 The Surgical Critical Care Handbook: A Guide to Care of the Critically III Surgical Patient 9x6
Foreword
As care givers we are frequently required to manage patients with life threat-
ening disorders. This is more likely in the ICU environment where surgical
patients are treated. These patients not only require management of their
surgical disorders but also correction of abnormalities characteristic of the
critically ill. The surgical intensivist must therefore be well informed in many
disciplines other than the surgical disorders in order to care for these patients
appropriately. This frequently requires a team approach which includes input
from anesthesiologists, internists, respirologists, nurses, respiratory thera-
pists, social workers, ethicists and frequently members of the clergy.
To address all these issues, this handbook has benefited from input from
many sources. The authors and coauthors are experts in their disciplines or
have had recent personal exposure to management of the critically ill surgical
patient during extensive postgraduate training. The first section of the text
discusses pathophysiologic processes common to the critically ill patient and
sets the stage for applying these general principles in managing specific surgi-
cal disorders, dividing these into two subsections — trauma and no trauma.
The geriatric population continues to increase with our improvements in
technology and medical/surgical care in general leading to larger numbers of
these patients requiring intensive care. Our chapter on the geriatric critically ill
patient focuses on problems unique to this population as well general ICU
management issues. Likewise there is great emphasis on the care of the critically
ill pediatric patient where special skills are required in dealing with the psycho-
logical component as well as unique pathophysiologic response to illness.
ix
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b1986 The Surgical Critical Care Handbook: A Guide to Care of the Critically III Surgical Patient 9x6
x Foreword
Family dynamics, life and death issues, futility of treatment, consent for
treatment and cessation of treatment are all very important issues in the ICU
requiring sensitivity, empathy and honest open discussion with not only the
patient but also with their family members and stakeholders. The chapter on
application of biomedical ethical principles is aimed at preparing the inten-
sive care team to deal with these issues.
As physicians we are very privileged to be afforded the precious gift of
knowledge and skills to make a difference in the lives of our patients and with
this privilege comes a deep sense of responsibility and gratitude for having
been the recipients of these special gifts. This gratitude is best expressed by
applying our skills to the ultimate benefit of our patients and expressing
thanks for these gifts to our teachers and the Giver of all knowledge. We are
also very privileged not only as physicians but also as teachers giving to our
students and patients the benefits of our knowledge in such a way that when
our students touch their patients it should be as if our own hands are touch-
ing those patients. This brings a level of solemnity and spirituality to our
day-to-day care of our patients and their families.
It is my hope that this handbook will enhance the readers’ ability to care
for the critically ill patient, not only in a very knowledgeable fashion but also
with kindness, sensitivity, and humility.
I am deeply indebted to my coauthors who toiled unceasingly in their
efforts to make this handbook a special part of the educational armamen-
tarium of our students at all levels.
This handbook is dedicated to my family, my teachers, my students and
especially my patients from whom I continue to learn so much, to whom I
am forever grateful and through whom I am able to practice this treasured
art with (as mentioned by one of my dear colleagues) heart, humility and
humanity.
— Jameel Ali, MD, MMedEd
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