The Superdeep Well of the Kola Peninsula

565 Pages·1987·14.29 MB·English

by  Yevgeny A. Kozlovsky (auth.), Yevgeny A. Kozlovsky (eds.)

EXPLORATION
OF THE
DEEP CONTINENTAL
CRUST
Edited by
H.-J. Behr, Gottingen
C. B. Raleigh, Palisades
Advisory Board
R. N. Anderson, Lamont
K. Fuchs, Karlsruhe
W. S. Fyfe, London (Canada)
H. Rischmiiller, Hannover
W. Schreyer,. Bochum
M. Zoback, Stanford
The Superdeep Well
of the
Kola Peninsula
Edited by Ye.A. Kozlovsky
In Collaboration with
N. I. Andrianov M. I. Vorozhbitov D. M. Guberman
V. I. Kazansky E. W. Karns V. S. Lanev E. B. Nalivkina
RA. Sumbatov
With 190 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
YEVGENY A. KOZLOVSKY, Editor·in·Chief
Ministry of Geology of the USSR
4/6 B. Gruzinskaya
Moscow 123812, USSR
Translated from the Russian
by I. P. LAvRUSHKO, G.A. BYLEVSKI, Yu. Va. PRIZOV,
and D.E. STOLYAROV
Title of the original Russian edition:
Kol'skaja sverchglubokaja
© by Nedra Moscow 1984
ISBN-13:978-3-642-71139-8 e-ISBN:978-3..s42-71137-4
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-71137-4
Ubrary of Congress Calaloging-in-Publication Data. The Superdecp weU of the Kola Peninsula.
(oploration of the deep continental crust) Bibliography: p. I. Geology, Stratigraphic- Pre-
Cambrian. 2. Geology- Russian S.F.S.R.- Kola Peninsula. 3. Geochemistry- Russian S.F.S.R.-
Kola Peninsula. 4. Borings- Russian S.F.S. R.- Kola Peninsula. I. Kozlovskir. E. A.
II. Andrianov, N. 1. III. Series. QE6Sl.S87 1986 551.7' 1'094723 86-28015
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Preface
The present book is devoted to the study of the deep Earth's interior
structure, one of the most important problems of Earth sciences today.
The drilling of the Kola superdeep well inaugurated a new stage in the
study of the Precambrian continental crust. The well was sunk in the
northeastern part of the Baltic Shield, in an area where the Precambrian
ore-bearing structures, typical of the ancient platform basements, are in
juxtaposition with each other. To the present the well has been drilled to
a depth of 12 km, has traversed the full thickness of the Proterozoic
complex and a considerable part of the Archean stratum, and is still be-
ing worked on. This book reviews the principal results of investigations
to a depth of 11,600 m; these are described in three sections: geology,
geophysics, and drilling.
The book begins with a general review of the history, the present
state of knowledge, and trends of further investigations in the field of
study of the Earth's interior and superdeep drilling. The first section of
the book considers the geology of the vicinity of the Kola superdeep well
and describes its geological section based on a detailed examination
both of the cores and the near-borehole area. There follows a descrip-
tion of new data on the petrography and geochemistry of the Precam-
brian complex, their zonality and conditions of metamorphism, vertical
ore zonality, tectonic dislocations, gases, organic matter and subsurface
waters, and finally on the evolution of the continental crust over a time
span of about 3 billion years.
The second section is devoted to the geophysical investigations un-
dertaken in the Kola superdeep well, i.e. the study of the vertical zonali-
ty of the rocks' physical properties in the section and the nature of phys-
ical boundaries; it also deals with such questions as control for borehole
technological conditions, descriptions of individual units of well design
and the development of technological means necessary for studying
rocks of the borehole section.
The third section comprises information on the construction of the
well to a depth of 11,600 m. It presents the scientific and methodologi-
cal principles used in designing technological processes and drilling
equipment, a description of ground installations and well-site facilities
and of drilling equipment. Statistical data on drilling conditions and an
interpretation of the technological and economical results of drilling are
also given. The main trends and changes in the drilling process with in-
crease in depth are analyzed, and trends in research development, as
VI Preface
well as ways of perfecting the equipment used for deepening this unique
well, are substantiated.
The book is designed for a broad range of specialists engaged in
solving scientific and practical tasks in the field of investigations of the
Earth's interior.
The Editor
Contents
Introduction. Yeo A. KOZLOVSKY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Geology
1.1 Geology of the North-Eastern Part of the Baltic Shield.
E.B. NALIVKINA, M.S. RUSANOV, and S.N. SUSLOVA ..... . 17
1.1.1 Basic Features of the Geological Structure of the Kola
Peninsula ............................................ . 17
1.1.2 The Deep Structure of the Kola Peninsula ................ . 24
1.1.3 Geology ofthe SG-3 Well Site Area ...................... . 26
1.1.4 Principal Results of Deep Geophysical Investigations in the
Area of the SG-3 Well Site ............................. . 37
1.2 Geological Section of the Well. V.S. LANEV,
E. B. N ALIVKINA, V. V. VA KHRUSHEVA, E. A. GOLENKINA,
M.S. RUSANOV, Y.P. SMIRNOV, S.N. SUSLOVA, G.G. DUK,
T. V. KOLTSOVA, V.A. MASLENNIKOV, B. V. TIMOFEEv, and
V. G. ZASLAVSKY ..................................... . 40
1.2.1 The Pechenga Complex ................................ . 40
1.2.2 The Archean Complex ................................. . 57
1.2.3 The Physical Character of Rock Foliation ................ . 64
1.2.4 The Stratigraphic Subdivision of the Section .............. . 65
1.2.5 The Age of the Pechenga Complex and Kola Series ......... . 67
1.3 Rocks and Rock-Forming Minerals. E. B. NALIVKINA,
V.S. LANEV, N.P. VINOGRADOVA, S.N. SUSLOVA,
M.S. RUSANOV, LN. DAGELAISKAYA, and
A.G. NEKHOROSHEVA ................................ . 74
1.3.1 Metamorphic and Intrusive Rocks of the Pechenga Complex 74
1.3.2 Polymetamorphic Rocks of the Archean Complex ......... . 92
1.3.3 Rock -Forming Minerals in Vertical Deep Section .......... . 110
1.4 Geochemistry and Conditions of Formation of the
Precambrian Complexes. A. A. KREMENETSKY,
L.N. OVCHINNIKOV, I. V. BANSHCHIKOVA, I. V. LAPIDUS,
and M. S. RUSANOV ................................... . 113
VIII Contents
1.4.1 The Pechenga Complex ................................ . 114
1.4.2 The Archean Complex ................................. . 141
1.4.3 Geochemical Section of the Earth's Crust ................. . 159
1.5 Zonality and Age of Metamorphism. A. A. GLAGOLEV,
V.1. KAZANSKY, K. V. PROKHOROV, V.L. RUSINOV,
V.A. MASLENNIKOV, S.N. VORONOVSKY, and
L. N. OVCHINNIKOV ................................... . 166
1.5.1 Vertical Metamorphic Zonality ......................... . 167
1.5.2 Low-Temperature Retrograde Metamorphism ............. . 183
1.5.3 Physico-Chemical Conditions of Metamorphism .......... . 186
1.5.4 Age ofthe Zonal Metamorphism ........................ . 191
1.6 Ore Mineralization. A. D. GENKIN, G.1. GORBUNOV,
V.1. KAZANSKY, V.S. LANEV, A.A. FILIMONOVA, and
Y.N. YAKOVLEV ..................................... . 199
1.6.1 Sulphide Copper-Nickel Mineralization .................. . 201
1.6.2 Iron-Titanium Mineralization in Metabasites .............. . 213
1.6.3 Ferruginous Quartzites ................................ . 215
1.6.4 Hydrothermal Sulphide Mineralization in Zones of the
Retrograde Dislocation Metamorphism .................. . 217
1.7 Shear Zones and Mineralized Fissures. V.1. KAZANSKY, Y. P.
SMIRNOV, and Yu. I. KUZNETSOV ....................... . 223
1.7.1 Shear Zones and Dislocation Metamorphism .............. . 226
1.7.2 Mineralized Fissures and Their Distribution at Different Depth
Levels ............................................... . 234
1.7.3 Fissuring, Physical Properties and Anisotropy of Rocks .... . 240
1.8 Gases and Organic Matter. E. W. KARUS, V.D. NARTIKOYEV,
O. V. BARTASHEVICH, G.M. GIGASHVILI, S. V. I KORSKY,
M.A. PAVLOVA, LA. PETERSILJE, and T.F. PISARNITSKAYA 243
1.8.1 Well Gasometry ...................................... . 243
1.8.2 Gases in Rocks ....................................... . 250
1.8.3 Geochemistry of Organic Matter ........................ . 258
1.9 Hydrogeological Essay. L. V. BOREVSKY, G. S. VARTANYAN,
and T. B. KULIKOV .................................... . 271
1.9.1 Subsurface Waters ofthe Pechenga Subartesian Basin ...... . 272
1.9.2 Chemical Composition of Subsurface Waters ............. . 274
1.9.3 Subsurface Waters and Hydrophysical Zonality ........... . 277
1.10 Evolution of the Continental Crust in the Precambrian.
V.1. KAZANSKY, A.A. KREMENETSKY, V.S. LANEV,
E. B. NALIVKINA, and L. N. OVCHINNIKOV ............... . 288
1.10.1 Volumetric Geological Model ofthe Pechenga Region ....... 288
1.10.2 History of Tectonic Development ofthe Pechenga Region.. . . 293
Contents IX
1.10.3 Evolution and Vertical Zonality of Mineralization .......... 304
1.10.4 Evolution ofthe Earth's Crust in Precambrian Time ........ 306
2. Geophysics
2.1 Geological and Technical Conditions for Logging the Well.
P.A. BRODSKY, V. Yu. ZAICHENKO, E. W. KARUS,
O.L. KUZNETSOV, andE.F. KUTYREV ................... . 315
2.2 Combinations of Well Logs. P.A. BRODSKY,
V. Y. ZAICHENKO, E. W. KARUS, O.L. KUZNETSOV, and
E. F. KUTYREV ....................................... . 317
2.3 Apparatus, Cable, and Equipment for Logging the Kola Well.
D.G. BAIKOV, P.A. BRODKSY, andR.S. TCHELOKYAN ..... . 320
2.4 WL Operation Procedure. V.1. BOGATIKOV, P.A. BRODSKY,
E.F. KUTYREV, andA.F. LOZOVOI ...................... . 324
2.5 Further Investigations and Improvements in Apparatus and
Technology of Superdeep Well Logging. P.A. BRODSKY,
V. Yu. ZAICHENKO, E. W. KARUS, andE.F. KUTYREV ...... . 330
2.6 Rock Density, Porosity, and Permeability. E.1. BAYUK,
B.P. BELIKOV, L.1. VERNIK, M.P. VOLAROVITCH,
Yu.1. KUZNETSOV, G.E. KUZMENKOVA, andN.N. PAVLOVA. 332
2.7 Acoustic Properties of the Rocks. L. I. VERNIK, N. E. GALDIN,
E. W. KARUS, O. L. KUZNETSOV, Yu. I. KUZNETSOV,
L. V. KUZNETSOVA, Yu.P. SMIRNOV, A.P. OSADTCHYI, and
E. A. VINOGRADOV ................................... . 339
2.7.1 Acoustic Properties from Core Measurements ............. . 339
2.7.2 Results of Acoustic Properties Determination from the Wide
Frequency Band Acoustic Log (ALw). Comparison with Data
Obtained from Core Samples ........................... . 345
2.8 Seismic Investigations in the Borehole. E. W. KARUS,
O. L. KUZNETSOV, Yu. I. KUZNETSOV, G. E. RUDENKO,
M. D. LIZINSKY, I. V. LITVINENKO, and L. L. KUDZINSKY ... . 351
2.8.1 Velocity Characteristics of the Section ................... . 351
2.8.2 Wave Patterns ....................................... . 355
2.8.3 Elastic Wave Absorption ............................... . 358
2.9 Rock Electrical Properties. A. T. BONDARENKO,
A.A. ZHIMALETDINOV, Y.1. KUZNETSOV, and
E. I. P ARKHOMENKO .................................. . 362
x Contents
2.10 Magnetic Properties of Rocks. A.1. BAKHV ALOV,
S.Yu. BRODSKAYA, L.1. VERNIK, Y.1. KUZNETSOV,
D.M. PECHERSKY, V.N. PONOMAREV, Z.V. SHARONOVA,
and L. E. SHOLPO ..................................... . 368
2.10.1 Magnetic Susceptibility ................................ . 369
2.10.2 Natural Residual Magnetization ......................... . 371
2.10.3 Koenigsberger Ratio (Q-Factor) ......................... . 373
2.11 Rock Radioactivity. E. W. KARUS, O.L. KUZNETSOV,
Yu.L. KUZNETSOV, B.E. METSGER, V.D. NARTIKOEV,
V.1. PYATAKHIN, Y. S. SHIMELEVITCH, and I. Ya. SHIROKOVA 378
2.11.1 Natural Radioactivity ................................. . 378
2.11.2 Nuclear-Physical Parameters ........................... . 379
2.12 Rock Thermal Properties. N.E. GALDIN, E.A. LUBIMOVA,
V.D. NARTIKOEV, Y.A. PoPov, S.A. SEMASHKO,
V.M. SKORNYAKOV, andE. V. SMIRNOVA ................ . 383
2.13 Geothermic Investigations. N.1. ARSHAVSKA VA,
N. E. GALDIN, E. W. KARUS, O. L. KUZNETSOV,
E. A. LUBIMOVA, S. Y. MILANOVSKY, V. D. NARTIKOEV,
S. A. SEMASHKO, and E. V. SMIRNOVA ................... . 387
2.13.1 Thermal Field and Its Characteristics .................... . 387
2.13.2 Radioactive Heat in the Thermal Balance of the Earth's Crust
and Upper Mantle .................................... . 389
2.13.3 Heat Generation ...................................... . 390
2.13.4 Heat Generation Models ............................... . 391
2.14 Physico-Mechanical Properties. L.1. VERNIK,
Y.1. KUZNETSOV, R. V. MEDVEDEV, and LA. TURTCHANINOV 394
2.15 Vertical Zonation in Rock Physical Properties and of the
Crustal Structure from the Results of the Present Study.
K.E. VESELOV, N.E. GALDIN, E.W. KARUS,
O. L. KUZNETSOV, Y.1. KUZNETSOV, I. V. LITVINENKO,
V.D. NARTIKOEV, andP.N. NIKOLAEV .................. . 405
2.15.1 Elastic-Density Model ................................. . 405
2.15.2 Seismic-Acoustic Model ............................... . 407
2.15.3 Tectonic-Physical Model ............................... . 413
3. Drilling
3.1 Technical and Technological Problems of Drilling. The
Scientific Basis for Choice of Drilling Equipment and Tools .. 423
3.1.1 Drilling Parameters. M.1. VOROZHBITOV, D. M. GUBERMAN . 423
3.1.2 Choice of Well Design. M.1. VOROZHBITOV .............. . 426
Contents XI
3.1.3 Stability of the Borehole Wall Rock Mass. N.1. ANDRIANOV,
M.1. VOROZHBITOV, R.B. VUGIN ....................... . 427
3.1.4 Admissible Parameters of a Spatial Trajectory of the Borehole.
M.1. VOROZHBITOV ................................... . 433
3.1.5 Drilling Method and Practices. Prediction of Drilling Indices.
O. Yu. BERGSTEIN, R. B. VUGIN ........................ . 436
3.1.6 Drilling Tools. M.1. VOROZHBITOV ...................... . 441
3.1.7 Drilling Fluid. R. B. VUGIN, M. A. VELIKOSELSKY ......... . 444
3.1.8 Coring. O. Y. BERGSTEIN, M.1. VOROZHBITOV ............ . 446
3.1.9 Control of Drilling Parameters. V. S. BASOVICH ........... . 451
3.1.10 Drill Rig. M.1. VOROZHBITOV, D. M. GUBERMAN ......... . 454
3.2 Surface Drilling Equipment and Facilities ................. . 458
3.2.1 Drilling Equipment and Electric Drives. N.1. ANDRIANOV,
M. V. LITVIN, V. V. LEVITSKY .......................... . 458
3.2.2 Drilling Process Instrumentation. V.1. BASOVICH .......... . 466
3.2.3 Auxiliary Facilities at the Drilling Site. D. M. GUBERMAN, and
V.P. CHISTYAKOV .................................... . 466
3.3 Drilling Tools and Aids ................................ . 473
3.3.1 Drill Bits. N.1. ANDRIANOV, andO. Yu. BERGSTEIN ....... . 473
3.3.2 Coring Tools. O. Yu. BERGSTEIN ........................ . 483
3.3.3 Downhole Motors. Yu. V. VA DETSKY, and B. V. KUZIN ..... . 487
3.3.4 High-Strength Drill Pipes. M.1. VOROZHBITOV,
R.A. UTESHEV, andG.M. FAIN ........................ . 494
3.3.5 Drilling Fluids. R. B. VUGIN, and V. V. SLEDKOV .......... . 499
3.3.6 Telemetering System of Downhole Motor rpm Indication.
V. S. BASOVICH ...................................... . 502
3.3.7 Wellhead Equipment. Yu.A. FETKO ..................... . 504
3.3.8 Bottomhole Assemblies. I. V. VA SILCHENKO,
M.A. VELIKOSELSKY, and V.S. KOCHERGIN .............. . 506
3.3.9 Trouble and Failure Prevention and Control Aids.
M.1. VOROZHBITOV, I. V. VASILCHENKO, and
M. A. VELIKOSELSKY .................................. . 509
3.4 An Integrated Interpretation of Technical and Economic
Drilling Results ....................................... . 514
3.4.1 Technical and Economic EValution of the Drilling Process.
D. M. GUBERMAN .................................... . 514
3.4.2 Major Trends in Variation of Drilling Indices with Depth. V. S.
BASOVICH, O. Yu. BERGSTEIN, R. B. VUGIN, B. V. KUZIN,
V.S. KOCHERGIN, and Yu.A. FETKO .................... . 521
Conclusion. Yeo A. KOZLOVSKY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553