The Sun as a Variable Star: Solar and Stellar Irradiance Variations: Proceedings of the 143rd Colloquium of the International Astronomical Union held in the Clarion Harvest House, Boulder, Colorado, June 20–25, 1993

320 Pages·1994·16.675 MB·English

by  J. E. Martin, N. P. Fox (auth.), Judit M. Pap, Claus Fröhlich, Hugh S. Hudson, W. Kent Tobiska (eds.)

THE SUN AS A VARIABLE STAR:
SOLAR AND STELLAR IRRADIANCE VARIATIONS
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THE SUN AS A VA RIABLE STAR:
SOLAR AND STELLAR
IRRADIANCE VA RIATIONS
Proceedings of the 143rd Colloquium
of the International Astronomical Un ion
held in the Clarion Harvest House, Boulder,
Colorado, June 20-25,1993
Edited by
JUDITM.PAP
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, MS 171-400,
4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena,
CA 91109-8099, U.S.A.
CLAUS FROHLICH
Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos,
World Radiation Center, Davos Dor/, Switzerland
HUGH S. HUDSON
1nstitute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
and
W. KENT TOBISKA
TELOSIJPL, MS 264-765,
4800 Oak Grove Drive,
Pasadena, CA 91109, U.S.A.
Reprinted from Solar Physics, Volume 152, No. 1, 1994
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-94-010-4410-3 ISBN 978-94-011-0950-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0950-5
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
OriginalIy published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1994
No part ofthe material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permis sion from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(The Sun as a Variable Star: Solar and Stellar [rradiance Variations)
Preface ix
1. E. MARTIN and N. P. FOX / Cryogenic Solar Absolute Radiometer - CSAR
H. L. KYLE, D. V. HOYT, and J. R. HICKEY / A Review of the Nimbus-7 ERB Solar
Dataset 9
JUDIT M. PAP, RICHARD C. WILLSON, CLAUS FROHLICH, RICHARD F. DON-
NELLY, and LARRY PUGA / Long-Term Variations in Total Solar Irradiance 13
1. ROMERO, C. WEHRLI, and C. FROHLICH / Solar Total Irradiance Variability from
SOY A 2 on Board EURECA 23
YU. S. ROMANOV and N. S. ZGONY AIKO / The Periodicity of Solar Activity Cycles 31
C. 1. BUTLER / Maximum and Minimum Temperatures at Armagh Observatory,
1844-1992, and the Length of the Sunspot Cycle 35
E. A. GURTOVENKO, I. G. KESEL'MAN, R. I. KOSTYK, S. N. OSIPOV, N. I.
LEBEDEV, I. M. KOPAYEV, V. N. ORAJEVSKY, and YU. D. ZHUGZHDA /
Photometer "DIFOS" for the Study of Solar Brightness Variations 43
E. A. MAKAROV A, E. M. ROSHCHINA, and A. P. SARYCHEV / The Brightness of the
Solar Disk in the Continuum in the Region 1.0-2.4 11m 47
MARKUS J. ASCHWANDEN / Irradiance Observations of the 1-8 A Solar Soft X-Ray
Flux from GOES 53
M. T. DeLAND and R. P. CEBULA / Comparisons of the Mg II Index Products from the
NOAA-9 and NOAA-II SBUV 12 Instruments 61
R. F. DONNELLY, O. R. WHITE, and W. C. LIVINGSTON / The Solar Ca II K Index and
the Mg II Core-to-Wing Ratio 69
T. V. KAZACHEVSKAYA, A. I. LOMOVSKY, and A. A. NUSINOV / Solar EUV Flux
Variations near Activity Maxima 77
B. C. MONSIGNORI FOSSI and M. LANDINI/The X-Ray-EUV Spectrum of Optically
Thin Plasmas 81
E. I. TEREZ / List of Stars Recommended as Spectrophotometric Standards 87
L. EYER, M. GRENON, 1.-L. FALIN, M. FROESCHLE, and F. MIGNARD / Variable
Stars with the Hipparcos Satellite 91
ALAN D. FIALA, DAVID W. DUNHAM, and SABATINO SOFIA / Variation of the Solar
Diameterfrom Solar Eclipse Observations, 1715-1991 97
v
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
RONALD 1. KROLL / Latitudinal Variation of the Solar Limb-Darkening Function 105
CLAUS FROHLICH, JUDIT M. PAP, and HUGH S. HUDSON / Improvement of the
Photometric Sunspot Index and Changes of the Disk-Integrated Sunspot Contrast with
Time 111
P. N. BRANDT, M. STIX, and H. WEINHARDT / Modelling Solar Irradiance Variations
with an Area Dependent Photometric Sunspot Index 119
JUN NISHIKAWA / On the Cause of Total Irradiance Variations Observed by the CCD
Solar Surface Photometer 125
R. MULLER and TH. ROUDIER / Latitude and Cycle Variations of the Photospheric
Network 131
R. KARIY APPA and K. R. SIV ARAMAN / Variability of the Solar Chromospheric
Network over the Solar Cycle 139
L. VAN DRIEL-GESZTELYI, H. S. HUDSON, B. ANWAR, and E. HIEI/ A Yohkoh
Search for "Black-Light Flares" 145
M. RYBANSKY, V. RUSIN, M. MINAROVJECH, and P. GASPAR / Coronal Index of
Solar Activity: Years 1939-1963 153
J. RYBAK / Rotational Characteristics of the Green Solar Corona: 1964-1989 161
E. J. SCHMAHL and M. R. KUNDU / Solar Cycle Variation of the Microwave Spectrum
and Total Irradiance 167
V. G. NAGNIBEDA and V. V. PIOTROVITCH / Solar Brightness Distribution and Its
Variability at 3 Millimeter Wavelength 175
M. GUHATHAKURTA and R. R. FISHER / Latitudinal Variability of Large-Scale Coronal
Temperature and Its Association with the Density and the Global Magnetic Field 181
T. P. HARTSELL and P. L. BORNMANN / Active Region Evolution and Solar Flux
Variations 189
E. A. MAKAROVA, T. V. KAZACHEVSKAYA, and A. V. KHARITONOV / On the
Variability of Some Characteristics of Solar Radiative Flux 195
A, A. NUSINOV and V. V. KATYUSHINA / Lyman-Alpha Line Intensity as a Solar
Activity Index in the Far Ultraviolet Range 201
W. KENT TOBISKA / Modeled Soft X-Ray Solar Irradiances 207
M. MINAROVJECH, V. RUSIN, and M. RYBANSKY / Cosmic Rays as an Indicator of
Solar Activity 217
G. LUSTIG and H. WOHL / Meridional Motions of Sunspot Groups during Eleven Activity
Cycles 221
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
1. STAUDE, N. S. DZHALILOV, and Y. D. ZHUGZHDA / Radiation-Hydrodynamic
Waves and Global Solar Oscillations 227
B. N. ANDERSEN / Excitation of Solar Gravity Waves 241
B. N. ANDERSEN, T. LEIFSEN, and T. TOUT AIN / Solar Noise Simulations in Irradiance 247
A. JIMENEZ, P. L. PALLE, C. REGULO, and T. ROC A CORTES / Secular Variations in
the Spectrum of Solar P-Modes 253
REKHA JAIN and B. ROBERTS / Solar Cycle Variations in P-Modes and Chromospheric
Magnetism 261
A. VIGOUROUX and PH. DELACHE / Sunspot Numbers Uncertainties and Parametric
Representations of Solar Activity Variations 267
D. E. MKRTICHIAN / "Star as a Sun" Observations in Seismology of Distant Stars 275
KWING L. CHAN and HANS G. MA YR / Rotating Convection and the Solar Differential
Rotation 283
V. P. BOBOVA and N. N. STEPANIAN / Variations of the Magnetic Fields of the Sun and
the Earth within 7-50 Day Periods 291
T. BARANYI and A. LUDMANY / Distinction between the Climatic Effects of the Solar
Corpuscular and Electromagnetic Radiation 297
L. PATERNO and S. SOFIA / EUDOSSO: A Space Project for Solar Oscillations and Long
Term Variability Relevant to Climatic Changes 303
G. CINI CASTAGNOLI, G. BONINO, and C. TARICCO / Solar Magnetic and Bolometric
Cycles Recorded in Sea Sediments 309
A. RUZMAIKIN, 1. FEYNMAN, and P. ROBINSON / Long-Term Persistence of Solar
Activity (Abstract) 313
K. G. STRASSMEIER / Stellar Irradiance Variations Due to Surface Temperature In-
homogeneities (Abstract) 314
G. DE TOMA, R. J. VERVACK, B. R. SANDEL, and R. STALIO / Voyager EUV Solar
Spectra during 1981-1993 (Abstract) 315
N. AUDARD and J. PROVOST / On P-Mode Oscillations in Stars from 1M8 to 2M8
(Abstract) 316
M. STEINEGGER, H. HAUPT, P. N. BRANDT, and W. SCHMIDT / Facular Excess
Radiation and the Energy Balance of Solar Active Regions (Abstract) 317
A. OZGOc; and T. ATAc; / The 73-Day Periodicity of the Flare Index during the Current
Solar Cycle 22 (Abstract) 318
A. JIMENEZ / Phase Differences between Irradiance and Velocity Low Degree Solar
Acoustic Modes Revisited (Abstract) 319
Preface
The IAU Colloquium No. 143 "The Sun as a Variable Star: Solar and Stellar
Irradiance Variations" was held on June 20 - 25, 1993 at the Clarion Harvest
House, Boulder, Colorado, USA. The main objective of this Colloquium was
to review the most recent results on the observations, theoretical interpreta
tions, and empirical and physical models of the variations observed in solar
and stellar irradiances. A special emphasis of the Colloquium was to discuss
the results gained on the climatic impact of solar irradiance variability.
The study of changes in solar and stellar irradiances has been of high
interest for a long time. Determining the absolute value of the luminosity of
stars with different ages is a crucial question for the theory of stellar evolu
tion and energy production of stellar interiors. Observations of the temporal
changes of solar and stellar irradiances - in the entire spectral band and at
different wavelengths - provide an additional tool for studying the physical
processes below the photosphere and in the solar-stellar atmospheres. Since
the Sun's radiative output is the main driver of the physical processes with
in the Earth's atmosphere, the study of irradiance changes is an extremely
important issue for climatic studies as well. Climatic models show that small,
but persistent changes in solar irradiance may influence the Earth's climate.
Furthermore, to understand the human effect on global climatic change,
the role of irradiance variations (as a significant source of natural climate
changes) in terrestrial and climatic processes must be revealed.
The Colloquium was a historical meeting since this was the first time
when a conference sponsored by the International Astronomical Union was
entirely devoted to irradiance variations and their climatic impact. 200 scien
tists from 30 countries participated in this Colloquium. The Colloquium was
divided into six sessions as defined by their key topics: (1) General Reviews
on Observations of Solar and Stellar Irradiance Variability; (2) Observa
tional Programs for Solar and Stellar Irradiance Variability; (3) Variabili
ty of Solar and Stellar Irradiance Related to the Network, Active Regions
(Sunspots and Plages), and Large-Scale Magnetic Structures; (4) Empiri
cal Models of Solar Total and Spectral Irradiance Variability; (5) Solar and
Stellar Oscillations, Irradiance Variations and their Interpretation; and (6)
The Response of the Earth's Atmosphere to Solar Irradiance Variations and
Sun-Climate Connections. A special I-day session of the" Solar Electromag
netic Radiation Study for Solar Cycle 21!' (SOLERS22) was held on June
25, 1993, where the five working groups discussed their progress and future
plans on measuring the absolute value of total solar and spectral irradiances
and studying their temporal variations.
There were 36 invited talks and 110 contributed poster papers presented
at the Colloquium. These papers have demonstrated that the solar ener
gy output changes on different time scales: the short-term (from minutes
Solar Physics 152: ix-xii, 1994.
© 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
x PREFACE
to months) variations are related to surface modulations mainly caused by
the evolution of active regions; the solar-cycle-related long-term variations
are directly linked with the evolution of magnetic fields over the activity
cycle; while the secular variations over centuries are associated with long
term internal modulations. It is now established that the terrestrial climate,
radiative environment, and upper atmospheric chemistry are strongly influ
enced by the varying luminosity of the Sun. The human consequences are
such that quantitative study over the solar magnetic cycle is imperative for
societal planning. The solar variability together with the accumulation of
anthropogenic pollutants determine the human milieu of the future.
Although considerable information exists on solar-stellar irradiance vari
ations, their physical origin is not well-understood. The lack of adequate
physical models of irradiance variations for predicting the solar- induced cli
matic changes led to extensive discussions of the consequences of the planned
delay or even a possible termination of irradiance observations performed
in space. Based on these discussions, the Scientific Organizing Committee
released a resolution that addressed this issue to the leaders of the Space
Agencies concerned. The resolution was also forwarded to the General Sec
retary of the International Astronomical Union by the President of IAU
Commission 10. The following recommendations were implemented in the
resolution:
- NASA
(1) High precision observations of solar total ar;.d spectral irradiance
from UARS and ATLAS are required for one full solar ll-year cycle
to achieve progress in understanding key issues of climate change and
ozone variation.
(2) Future flight opportunities on EOS for continuos monitoring of the
solar radiative outputs urgently need to be maintained, to study the
longer-term trends of potential importance to global change. Fail
ure to achive overlapping continuous measurement sets from succes
sive satellites will reduce the usefulness of the excellent data already
obtained (since 1980) addressing these issues.
ESA
Considering the results obtained from measurements of solar total and
spectral irradiance of the Sun from the ultraviolet to the infrared, a
second flight of EURECA would provide a unique opportunity to extend
the measurements carried out by UARS and EURECA-1, to fill the
gaps before and after the launch of SOHO. This proposal is in line with
the general objectives of the European Community with respect to the
global change program.
- ISAS and NASDA
The contribution of Yohkoh to studies of solar global properties are rec-
PREFACE xi
ognized, and the participants of IAU Colloquium No. 143 recommend
and encourage continued analysis of Yohkoh data, and of the develop
ment of future Japanese solar and applications satellites that can extend
our research knowledge in these important directions.
The proceedings of the Colloquium have been printed in two volumes.
This volume contains the contributed papers accepted for publication in
Solar Physics. The invited papers have been published separately by Cam
bridge University Press.
Many people and many organizations helped in organizing the Collo
quium and making the proceedings ready for publication. We are sincerely
thankful to Dr. Jacqueline Bergeron, IAU General Secretary, and Dr. Immo
Appenzeller, lAU Assistant General Secretary, for their help and assistance
throughout the planning process of the meeting. We would like to take this
opportunity to express our gratitude to Dr. Richard C. Willson (JPL, Solar
Irradiance Monitoring Group) and Dr. Ernest Hildner (NOAA Space Envi
ronment Laboratory) for their continuing support. TELOS System Group
provided support services which were greatly appreciated.
We also would like to express our appreciation and thanks to the mem
bers of the Scientific Organizing Committee for their support. The Scientif
ic Organizing Committee consisted of Sallie Baliunas, Richard F. Donnel
ly, Peter Foukal, Claus Frohlich (Co-Chair), Vic Gaizauskas, Ernest Gur
tovenko, Tadashi Hirayama, Hugh S. Hudson (Co-Chair), Julius London,
Judit M. Pap (Chair), Paul Simon, Henk Spruit, Bela Szeidl, Jean-Claude
Vial, and Oran R. White. Here we are very sorry to report that Dr. Ernest
Gurtovenko died on January 20, 1994. Dr. Gurtovenko headed the Solar
Physics Department of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the Ukrainian
Academy of Sciences for years and served on many national and internation
al committees. His work gave a significant contribution to the models of solar
radiation, and he built the space telescope DIFOS to be launched on CORO
NAS in 1994 for studying global oscillations of solar brightness. His work as
a member of the Scientific Organizing Committee provided significant help
to scientists from the former Soviet Union to attend the Colloquium.
We also would like to express our gratitude to the members of the Local
Organizing Committee: Pat Bornmann, Peter Fox, Howard Garcia (Chair),
Patrick McIntosh, Larry Puga, Gary Rottman, Andy Skumanich, Kent Tob
iska (Co-Chair), and Tom Woods for their help and assistance. We are espe
cially thankful to Pat McLane, Helga Mycroft, Liana The, Mary Eberle,
Pam Bergstedt, Judy McGarvey, Gwen Dickenson, and Gregory Dickenson
for all their time and hard work in handling the numerous details necessary
for the planning and smooth running of the meeting. The staff of the Clarion
Harvest House provided a pleasant environment for the meeting.
Financial support provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Ad
ministration, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Tech-