THE STUDY OF THE CLASTICsAND SHELLS IN SELECTED AREAS AT NW OF ARABIAN GULF

329 Pages·2014·21.08 MB·English

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION
AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

s
THE STUDY OF THE CLASTIC AND SHELLS IN
SELECTED AREAS AT NW OF ARABIAN GULF –
SOUTH IRAQ

A

THESIS

SUBMITTED TO COLLEGE OF SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF
SCIENCE
In G EOLOGY

By
MOHANAD HAMID AL-JABERI
M.Sc. 2006
Supervised by
Prof. Dr. Moutaz A. Al-Dabbas

December 2013

Supervisor Certification
I certify this dissertation was prepared under my supervision at the
University of Baghdad as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology (Rock and Minerals).

Advisor
Signature:
Name: Dr. Muataz Al-Dabbas
Title: Professor
Adress: College of Science- Department of earth science-
University of Baghdad
Date: / /2013

In view of the available recommendation, I forward this thesis for debate
by the Examining committee.
Signature:
Name: Ahmed Shehab Al-Banna
Title: Professor
Address: Head of Geology Department- College of Science
University of Baghdad
Date: / / 2013

List of content

Paragraph Title Page
No.
Chapter One – Introduction

1-1 Introduction 1

1-2 Study area 1

1-3 Previous study 3

1-4 Aim of study 5

1-5 Description of study area 6

1-6 Sedimentary structures 9

1-7 Climate 12

1-8 Hydrology setting 13

1-9 Geological setting 14

1-10 Tidal flat in the Iraqi shorelines
15

1-11 Stratigraphic description 16
Chapter Tow- Field and Laboratory work
2-1 Introduction 18
2-2 The Field work 18
2-3 Laboratory work 18
2-3-1 Grain size analysis 18
2-3-2 Mineral identification 19
2-3-3 Prepare the samples for Scanning Electron 19
Microscope
2-3-4 Clay minerals 20
2-3-4-1 Primary parameters 20
I
2-3-4-2 Preparation of clay slides 20
2-3-5 Heavy and light minerals 20
2-3-6 Mulluscs shells mineralogy 20
2-3-7 Geochemical of major, trace, and rare earth 21
elements in the clastic and organic sediments
2-3-8 Hydrochemical analysis 21
Chapter Three- Sedimentology and Mineralogy
study
3-1 Introduction 24
3-2 Grain size analysis 24
3-3 Statistical parameters of grain size 30
3-4 Mineralogy study 36
3-4-1 Quartz mineral 36
3-4-2 Carbonate mineral 37
3-4-3 Feldspar mineral 37
3-4-4 Evaporate mineral 37
3-4-5 Rock fragments 38
3-5 Heavy minerals 49
3-5-1 Classification and diagnosis of heavy minerals 49
3-5-1-1 Mica group minerals 50
3-5-1-1-1 Chlorite mineral 50
3-5-1-1-2 Biotite mineral 50
3-5-1-2 Un-Stable group minerals 50
3-5-1-2-1 Pyroxene group minerals 50
3-5-1-2-2 Amphibole group minerals 51
3-5-1-2-3 Opaque group minerals 51
3-5-1-3 Meta-stable group minerals 51
3-5-1-3-1 Garnet minerals 51
3-5-1-3-2 Epidote mineral 51
3-5-1-3-3 Staurrolite mineral 52
3-5-1-3-4 Kyanite mineral 52
3-5-1-4 Ultra-Stable minerals 52
3-5-1-5 Sphene mineral 52
3-6 Study of microtexture on the quartz grain 65
surface
3-6-1 Mechanical features 66
3-6-2 Mechanical and or chemical features 66
3-6-3 Chemical features 67
II
3-6-4 Depositional environments 68
3-7 Clay minerals 69
3-7-1 Distinction and diagnosis of clay minerals 69
3-7-1-1 Kaolinite mineral 69
3-7-1-2 Palygorskite mineral 70
3-7-1-3 Montmorillonite mineral 71
3-7-1-4 Chlorite mineral 71
3-7-1-5 Illite mineral 72

3-7-1-6 Chlorite-Montmorillonite regular mixed layers 72

3-7-1-7 Illite-Montmorillonite regular mixed layers 73

3-8 Discussion 78

Chapter four- Geochemical study
4-1 Introduction 85
4-2 Geochemical of major oxides 86
4-2-1 Silica 86
4-2-2 Alumina 89
4-2-3 Iron 90
4-2-4 Calcium 91
4-2-5 Magnesium 91
4-2-6 Sodium 92
4-2-7 Potassium 93
4-2-8 Chromium 94
4-2-9 Titania 94
4-2-10 Manganese 95
4-2-11 Phosphor 96
4-2-12 Strontium 97
4-2-13 Loss on Ignition 98
4-3 Trace elements 98
4-3-1 Occurrences 98
4-3-2 Geochemistry of trace elements 99
4-3-2-1 Zinc 99
4-3-2-2 Copper 99
4-3-2-3 Cobalt 103
4-3-2-4 Nickel 103
III
4-3-2-5 Lead 104
4-3-2-6 Vanadium 104
4-3-2-7 Cesium 105
4-3-2-8 Zirconium 105
4-3-2-9 Barium 105
4-3-2-10 Gallium 105
4-3-2-11 Hafnium 106
4-3-2-12 Niobium 106
4-3-2-13 Rubidium 106
4-3-2-14 Tantalum 107
4-3-2-15 Thorium 107
4-3-2-16 Yttrium 107
4-3-2-17 Uranium 108
4-4 Rare earth elements 108
4-5 Discussion 112
Chapter Five- Hydrology Study
5-1 Introduction 115
5-2 Physical parameters 119
5-2-1 Salinity 119
5-2-2 Electrical conductivity 119
5-2-3 Total dissolved solids 121
5-2-4 Hydrogen number 122
5-3 Surface water quality and elements 122
5-4 Chemical parameter 123
5-4-1 Major cations 123
5-4-1-1 Calcium ion 123
5-4-1-2 Magnesium ion 124
5-4-1-3 Sodium ion 126
5-4-1-4 Potassium ion 126
5-4-2 Major anions 127
5-4-2-1 Chloride ion 127
5-4-2-2 Sulfate ion 128
5-4-2-3 Bicarbonate and Carbonate ions 129
5-5 Heavy metals 129
5-5-1 Cobalt 129
5-5-2 Nickel 130
5-5-3 Lead 131
5-5-4 Iron 131
IV
5-6 Water quality 134
5-6-1 Hydrochemical formula 134
5-6-2 Stiff diagram 138
5-7 Discussion 142

Chapter Six- Mineralogical and geochemical of
Bivalve shells
6-1 Introduction 148
6-2 Classification of carbonate shells 149
6-2-1 Shells Classification in Khor Abdullah 149

6-2-2 Shells classification in Khor Shytianah 152

6-2-3 Shells classification in Rass AlBishah 157

6-2-4 Shells classification in Hacham Island 158

6-2-5 Shells classification in Fadakia area 161

6-2-6 Shells classification in Khor AlZubair coastal 161
6-2-7 Shells classification in Shatt AlBasrah area 162
6-3 The distribution of Shells in the study area 163

6-4 Distribution and mineralogy of Chione 165
Californiensis shells
6-5 Trace elements 167
6-6 Chemistry of aragonite and calcite layer 172

6-7 Distribution and geochemical of
Crassosreacucullata shels 187
6-8 Discussion 196
6-8-1 Mineralogical and geochemical of Chione 196
Californiensis shells
6-8-2 Mineralogical and geochemical of 198
Crassostreacucullata Shells
Chapter Seven- Conclusions and
Recommendations
7-1 Conclusion 215
7-2 Recommendation 217
References 218
V
List of figures
Figures Title Page No.

(1-1) Map of study area 2

(1-2) Tidal flate with plant cover in the Khor AlZubair 7
area
(1-3) Sunken ships in the Arabian Gulf during wars of 7
1990-2003
(1-4) Tidal flat in Hacham Island 8
(1-5) Natural ridge in the Khor Shytianah tidal flat 8

(1-6) Tidal flat in Khor Abdullah area 8
(1-7) Plant cover in the Rass AlBishah site 9
(1-8) Shatt Al-Arab river in the Fadakia 9
(1-9 Channels in the sediments of Hacham Island and 10
A and B) Khor Shytianah areas
(1-10) Scource structures in Khor Abdullah area 10

(1-11) Mud cracks in Khor Abdullah area 11

(1-12) Salt structure in Khor Abdullah area 11

(1-13 A, The borrows of mud Skippers in the study area 11
B)
(1-14) The Crabs in the study area 12
(2-1) A and B - XRD diffraction Instrument. C- Scanning 22
electron microscope- EDAX instruments. D-
Specimen stub.
E and F -Coated graphite instruments and
sample. G-Fixed the shells coated samples on the
cycle samples to put it in the SEM instrument. H-
Silica samples for XED diffraction
(3-1) Location of the surface clastic sediments 28
samples in the study area

(3-2) Sediments Classification according to Folk(1974) 29

VI