The Student's Companion to the Theologians

569 Pages·2009·4.07 MB·English

The Student’s Companion to the Theologians
The Wiley-Blackwell Companions to Religion
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The Student’s Companion
to the Theologians
Edited by
Ian S. Markham
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This paperback edition first published 2013
© 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
First published in hardback as The Blackwell Companion to the Theologians (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2009)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The student’s companion to the theologians / edited by Ian S. Markham.
p. cm. — (Blackwell companions to religion)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-3507-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-47258-3 (pbk.) 1. Theology–History.
2. Theologians–History. I. Markham, Ian S. II. Title: Companion to the theologians.
BR118.B48 2009
230.092′2—dc22
2008054911
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image: Barbara Chase/Corbis
Cover design by Nicki Averill Design
Set in 10/12pt Bembo by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
1 2013
Contents
Notes on Contributors viii
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Timeline xvi
Early Centuries 1
The Apocalypse of John 3
Arius (c.256–336) 6
Athanasius (c.295–373) 16
Augustine of Hippo (c.354–430) 26
Boethius (c.475–c.524) 31
The Cappadocians (c.329–c.524) 43
Cyril of Alexandria (c.378–444) and Nestorius of Constantinople (c.381–c.451) 48
Ephrem the Syrian (c.306–73) 60
Ignatius of Antioch (c.35–c.110) 71
Irenaeus of Lyons (2nd century) 74
John the Evangelist 79
Marcion (c.85–c.160) 89
Maximos the Confessor (580–662) 93
Origen (c.185–254) 103
The Apostle Paul 113
The Synoptic Evangelists: Mark, Matthew, and Luke 119
Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus) (c.155–c.225) 128
Middle Ages 137
Peter Abelard (1079–1142) 139
St Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109) 142
Thomas Aquinas, OP (c.1224–74) 153
Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153) 159
Bonaventure (c.1217–74) 162
Duns Scotus (c.1266–1308) 171
vi contents
Julian of Norwich (1342–c.1416) 181
William Ockham (c.1280–c.1349) 187
Reformation Period 197
John Calvin (1509–64) 199
Richard Hooker (1554–1600) 204
Martin Luther (1483–1546) 208
Philip Melanchthon (1497–1560) 216
The Reformation 219
Teresa of Ávila (1515–82) 227
Enlightenment and Modern Period 237
Donald Baillie (1887–1954) 239
John Baillie (1886–1960) 245
Karl Barth (1886–1968) 250
Emil Brunner (1889–1966) 256
John Nelson Darby (1800–1882) 262
Georges Vasilievich Florovsky (1893–1979) 265
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) 276
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) 287
Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55) 290
C. S. (Clive Staples) Lewis (1898–1963) 295
John Henry Newman (1801–90) 299
Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971) 310
Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768–1834) 320
Gottfried Thomasius (1802–75) 326
Paul Tillich (1886–1965) 338
B. B. Warfield (1851–1921) 350
Twentieth Century to Present 353
Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905–88) 355
Serge Laugier de Beaurecueil (1917–2005) 367
Black Theology 371
Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–45) 378
James Cone (1938– ) 390
Austin Farrer (1904–68) 393
Hans Frei (1922–88) 397
Colin Gunton (1941–2003) 400
Gustavo Gutiérrez (1928– ) 402
Stanley Hauerwas (1940– ) 406
John Hick (1922–2012) 416
Elizabeth A. Johnson, CSJ (1941– ) 427
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–68) 431
Liberal Theology 438
George Lindbeck (1923– ) 451
contents vii
Donald MacKinnon (1913–94) 454
John Milbank (1952– ) 458
Jürgen Moltmann (1926– ) 461
Richard John Neuhaus (1936–2009) 472
James Packer (1926– ) 475
Wolfhart Pannenberg (1928– ) 478
Charles Philip Price (1920–99) 486
Process Theology 491
Karl Rahner (1904–84) 502
Rosemary Radford Ruether (1936– ) 512
Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza (1938– ) 515
Dorothee Sölle (1929–2003) 518
Richard Swinburne (1934– ) 522
Vatican II 527
Keith Ward (1938– ) 541
Glossary 546
Index 550
Notes on Contributors
Travis E. Ables is Visiting Assistant Professor of of Love: Divine and Human Love at the Center of Christian
Historical Theology at Eden Theological Seminary, Theology (2007).
St. Louis, Missouri. His upcoming book studies the
David Cheetham is Senior Lecturer in Theology
pneumatologies of Augustine and Karl Barth.
and Religion at the University of Birmingham, UK.
Efrain Agosto, PhD, is Professor of New Testament He specializes in the philosophy and theology of reli-
Studies at New York Theological Seminary. His book, gions. He is the author of John Hick (2003) and
Servant Leadership: Jesus and Paul (2005) studies leader- numerous articles in journals including The Heythrop
ship and status in the Jesus movement and Pauline Journal, Sophia, New lackfriars, and Theology.
Christianity. He has also published a Spanish-language
Kelton Cobb is a faculty member at the Oregon
lay commentary on Paul’s letters to the Corinthians,
Extension of Eastern University. He has written on
Corintios (2008).
theology and popular culture in his book, The
Lewis Ayres is Bede Chair in Catholic Theology at Blackwell Guide to Theology and Popular Culture (2005),
Durham University. He is currently the Henry Luce which draws from the work of Paul Tillich in the area
III Fellow in Theology. He has a DPhil from Oxford of theology of culture. He is a member of the North
University and a Master’s from St Andrews University. American Paul Tillich Society.
His research interests focus on Augustine and on
Mary E. Coleman was a specialist in Church History,
Greek and Latin Trinitarian theology, christology, and
a regular contributor to Reviews in Religion and
pneumatology in the fourth and fifth centuries.
Theology and adjunct Professor of Church History at
Matthew Berke was for many years the managing Hartford Seminary.
editor of the journal First Things. He has a PhD from
Joseph Constant currently serves as the Director of
Yale, a master’s from Columbia, and a bachelor’s
Ethnic Ministries and Student Life at Virginia
degree from the University of Michigan. He writes
Theological Seminary. In this role, he is primarily
on issues of politics, religion, and culture.
responsible for co-ordinating the Seminary’s Racial
Augustine Casiday (PhD, University of Durham) is and Ethnic Ministries, including recruitment and out-
Senior Lecturer in Historical Theology and directs the reach efforts and the development of cross-cultural
MA program in Monastic Studies in the University of campus activities.
Wales, Lampeter. His research interests include patris-
Richard Cross is John A. O’Brien Professor of
tics and Orthodox Christianity.
Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana,
Gary Chartier is a faculty member at La Sierra having previously been Professor of Medieval
University, California. His books include The Analogy Theology in the University of Oxford and a Fellow of
notes on contributors ix
Oriel College, Oxford. His most recent books are The Brian Hebblethwaite, DD, Life Fellow of Queens’
Metaphysics of the Incarnation (2002), and Duns Scotus on College, Cambridge, formerly Lecturer in the
God (2005). Philosophy of Religion in the Faculty of Divinity,
University of Cambridge.
Minlib Dallh, OP, completed his doctoral studies
at Hartford Seminary in Islamic Studies and is a Leslie Houlden has taught in the University of
Dominican friar of the Southern Province of the Oxford, where he was Fellow Chaplain of Trinity
USA. College, and at King’s College, London, where he was
finally Professor of Theology. He is author of some
Ivor J. Davidson is Dean of Divinity and Professor
20 books.
of Systematic and Historical Theology at the
University of St. Andrews. He has published widely in Thomas L. Humphries is Assistant Professor of
historical and systematic theology, and has a particular Theology at Saint Leo University, Florida.
interest in patristics, in which his publications include
a major critical edition of the De officiis of Ambrose of Molly F. James holds a BA from Tufts University, an
Milan (2 vols, 2002). MDiv from Yale Divinity School and Berkeley at Yale,
and a PhD from the University of Exeter. She is
R. John Elford is the Visiting Professor of Ethics at Adjunct Professor of Theology and Ethics at Hartford
Leeds Metropolitan University and author of The Seminary, Connecticut.
Pastoral Nature of Theology and The Ethics of Uncertainty.
Nancy C. James is priest associate at St John’s
Siobhán Garrigan is a Senior Lecturer on contem-
Lafayette Square in Washington, DC and a professor at
porary approaches to theology at the University of
American University in Washington, DC. She received
Exeter. She is also Director of the new Exeter Centre
her MDiv from Virginia Theological Seminary and
for Ecumenical and Practical Theology.
her PhD from the University of Virginia.
Katharina Greschat is Doctor of Theology
J’annine Jobling, PhD, is Associate Professor at
(University of Münster) and Privatdozentin for
Liverpool Hope University. Her interests focus on
Church History (University of Mainz). She holds the
feminist theology, postmodernism, and hermeneutics.
Professorship for Patristic Studies/Ancient Church
Her research is primarily centered upon feminist bib-
History at Humboldt University of Berlin in proxy of
lical hermeneutics in postmodern context; and this
the President of Humboldt University.
was the subject of her doctoral thesis. Jan Jobling is a
John W. de Gruchy is Emeritus Professor of graduate of Cambridge University and the University
Christian Studies at the University of Cape Town, of Kent, and formerly worked as a lecturer at
South Africa. Editor of the ‘Making of Modern Canterbury Christ Church University. Dr Jobling is
Theology’ series (Fortress Press), he is also author of the author of Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Theological
Christianity and Democracy (1995) and Christianity, Art Context: Restless Readings (2002), co-editor, with Ian
and Transformation (2001), among other works, and Markham, of Theological Liberalism. Creative and Critical
editor of the Cambridge Companion to Dietrich (2000), and co-editor, with Robert Hannaford, of
Bonhoeffer. He has translated, edited, and served on the Theology and the Body: Gender, Text and Ideology (1999).
Board for the English-language edition of Dietrich
Daniel A. Keating is Associate Professor of Theology
Bonhoeffer’s Works.
at Sacred Heart Major Seminary in Detroit, Michigan,
Nathan J. Hallanger received his PhD in theology where he teaches on Scripture, Theology, and the
from the Graduate Theological Union. He is co- Church Fathers. His doctoral dissertation on Cyril of
editor (with Ted Peters) of God’s Action in Nature’s Alexandria’s theology of sanctification and diviniza-
World: Essays in Honour of Robert John Russell (2006). tion was published as The Appropriation of Divine Life
He is Special Assistant to the Vice President of in Cyril of Alexandria (2004). Dr Keating is co-editor
Academic Affairs at Augsburg College, Minnesota. and contributor to The Theology of St. Cyril of
x notes on contributors
Alexandria: A Critical Appreciation (2003); Aquinas on Yale, and Cambridge where he recently completed
Doctrine: A Critical Introduction (2004); and Aquinas on his doctorate at Peterhouse on Christological config-
Scripture: An Introduction to His Biblical Commentaries urations of theological paradox in mystical theologies.
(2005). He is the editor of St. Thomas Aquinas, He teaches theology in Cambridge and Oxford. He
Commentary on Colossians (2006), and his most recent was the editor of What Is It That the Scripture Says?
work is Deification and Grace (2007). (2006) and is co-editor (with Denys Turner) of The
Cambridge Companion to the Summa Theologiæ of Thomas
David R. Law is the Reader in Christian Thought at
Aquinas (forthcoming 2009). He is the founding
the University of Manchester. With a doctorate from
editor of the “Foreign Language Books” section of
the University of Oxford, he has worked at the
Reviews in Religion and Theology.
University of Manchester since 1994. He is the author
of numerous books and articles, including Inspiration F. J. Michael McDermott is a Jesuit priest and pro-
(2001). fessor of theology at Sacred Heart Major Seminary in
Detroit, Michigan.
Shannon C. Ledbetter is Community Canon at
Blackburn Cathedral. She is a Process Theologian Mark McIntosh is a priest of the Episcopal Diocese
engaging in practical ministry. With degrees from of Chicago and did his undergraduate work at Yale
the  University of Louisville, Virginia Theological University. After pursuing a second BA at the
Seminary and a PhD from the University of Liverpool, University of Oxford and completing his Master of
she has contributed to Encountering Religion (edited by Divinity degree at the General Theological Seminary
Ian Markham and Tinu Ruparell) and Theological of the Episcopal Church in Manhattan, he earned his
Liberalism (edited by Ian Markham) and has done PhD in Theology from the Divinity School of the
countless reviews for Conversations in Religion and University of Chicago. His work there on the chris-
Theology. She is also involved in developing resources tology of the Swiss theologian Hans Urs von Balthasar
for inter-faith dialogue and religion and the arts. developed into a book, which has since been pub-
lished under the title, Christology from Within.
Alastair H. B. Logan is retired as Senior Lecturer in
Christian Doctrine at Exeter University. He studied at Bernadette McNary-Zak is an Associate Professor
Edinburgh, Harvard, and St Andrews. His main in the Department of Religious Studies at Rhodes
research interests are in Gnosticism, early Christian College. She holds a BA from University of Rochester,
heresy, including Arius and Marcellus of Ancyra, and an MA from Catholic University of America, and a
early Christian art and architecture. PhD from University of Toronto.
Christy Lohr is the Associate Dean for Religious Kevin Magill is part-time lecturer in Theology and
Life at Duke University Chapel, North Carolina. She Religious Studies, University of Bristol, and Head of
served as the co-ordinator for the World Council of Religious Studies at Reading Blue Coat School. He
Churches’ “Interfaith Education Project” and was a completed his doctoral work at University of Bristol
member of the North American Interfaith Network’s on Julian of Norwich’s Showings.
Board of Directors.
Ian S. Markham is the Dean and President of
Andrew Louth is a professor in the Department of Virginia Theological Seminary. He is an Associate
Theology and Religion at Durham University, UK. Priest at St Paul’s Episcopal Church, Alexandria,
His interests are in Patristic and Byzantine studies. His Virginia. He is the author of Theology of Engagement
books include Greek East and Latin West: The Church (2003) and Understanding Christian Doctrine (2007).
AD 681–1071 (2007) and St John Damascene: Tradition Awards include the Teape Lectures of 2004 in India
and Originality in Byzantine Theology (2002). and the Robertson Fellow in Glasgow 2006.
Philip McCosker is Deputy Master and Research Clive Marsh, BA, MEd, DPhil, is Senior Lecturer and
Fellow in Theology at St Benet’s Hall in Oxford. He Director of Learning and Teaching at the Institute of
has pursued theological studies in Oxford, Harvard, Lifelong Learning in the University of Leicester, UK.