The Stasi at Home and Abroad: Domestic Order and Foreign Intelligence

196 Pages·2014·1.48 MB·English

B
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The Stasi at
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Edited by Uwe Spiekermann
1607 NEW HAMPSHIRE AVE NW WWW.GHI-DC.ORG
WASHINGTON DC 20009 USA [email protected]
Bulletin of the German Historical Institute
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Editor: Richard F. Wetzell
Supplement 9
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© German Historical Institute 2014
All rights reserved
ISSN 1048-9134
Cover: People storming the headquarters of the Ministry for National
Security in Berlin-Lichtenfelde on January 15, 1990, to prevent any further
destruction of the Stasi fi les then in progress. The poster on the wall forms
an acrostic poem of the word Stasi, characterizing the activities of the
organization as Schlagen (hitting), Treten (kicking), Abhören (monitoring),
Spionieren (spying), and Inhaftieren (arresting).
Bulletin of the
German Historical Institute
52 | Supplement 9 2014
The Stasi at Home and Abroad:

Domestic Order and Foreign
Intelligence

3 List of Abbreviations
7 Preface and Acknowledgments
CONTEXTS
11 Introduction: The Stasi and the HV A: Contemporary
Research and Contemporary Resonance
Uwe Spiekermann
33 The Context: America’s Relationship with the GDR
Robert Gerald Livingston
THE STASI AND EAST GERMAN SOCIETY
47 Participatory Repression? Refl ections on Popular
Involvement with the Stasi
Gary Bruce
59 The Stasi and East German Society: Some Remarks
on Current Research
Jens Gieseke
73 Between Myth and Reality: The Stasi Legacy
in German History
Konrad Jarausch
THE STASI AND THE SED STATE
87 The Socialist Unity Party (SED) and the Stasi:
A Complex Relationship
Walter Süß
99 The Stasi and the Party: From Coordination to Alienation
Jefferson Adams
THE HAUPTVERWALTUNG A: INSIGHTS
115 SA-CIA-HV A: Dr. Emil Hoffmann and the
“Jungle of the Secret Services” (1934-1985)
Douglas Selvage
139 Aspects of Crisis and Decline of the
East German Foreign Intelligence in the 1980s
Georg Herbstritt
THE HAUPTVERWALTUNG A AND THE KGB
151 Bruderorgane: The Soviet Origins of East German Intelligence
Benjamin B. Fischer
171 Cooperation between the HV A and the KGB, 1951-1989
Paul Maddrell
2 GHI BULLETIN SUPPLEMENT 9 (2014)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AM Active measures
APN Außenpolitischer Nachrichtendienst (Foreign Political
Intelligence Service, APN)
BB Betriebsberichterstattung/erstatter (worker
correspondence/correspondents)
BBOIS Berichte des Bundesinstitutes für Ostwissenschaft liche
und Internationale Studien
BdiP Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik
(Magazine for German and International Politics)
BfV Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (Federal Offi ce for
the Protection of the Constitution)
BGS Bundesgrenzschutz (Federal Border Security)
BKA Bundeskriminalamt (Federal Criminal Offi ce)
BND Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Intelligence Service)
BRD Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of
Germany)
BStU Bundesbeauft ragter für die Unterlagen des
Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen
Demokratischen Republik (Federal Commissioner for
the Records of the State Security Service of the Former
German Democratic Republic)
BV Bezirksverwaltung (regional administration)
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CIC Counterintelligence Corps
COB Chief of Base
CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union
CSU Christlich-soziale Union (Christian Social Union of
Bavaria)
DDR Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic
Republic, GDR)
DIA Defense Intelligence Agency
EE Eastern Europe
EEC European Economic Community
FCD First Chief Directorate
GHI BULLETIN SUPPLEMENT 9 (2014) 3
FDJ Freie Deutsche Jugend (Free German Youth)
FRG Federal Republic of Germany
FSB Field Station Berlin
GB Gesetzblatt (law gazette)
Gestapo Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police)
GI Geheimer Informator (secret informant)
GMS Gesellschaft licher Mitarbeiter für Sicherheit (Societal
collaborator for security, informer who reported more
generally to Stasi about GDR society)
GRU Glavnoye Razvedivatelnoye Upravleniye (Main
Intelligence Directorate of the Soviet Union)
HA Hauptamt (Main offi ce)
HICOG High Commission for Occupied Germany
HV A Hauptverwaltung A (Main Directorate A, the foreign
intelligence division of the Stasi)
IIP International Institute for Peace
IM Informeller Mitarbeiter (unoffi cial collaborator)
IMA Inoffi zieller Mitarbeiter mit besonderen Aufgaben
(unoffi cial collaborator with special tasks)
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMK Inoffi zieller Mitarbeiter zur Sicherung der Konspiration
und des Verbindungswesens (unoffi cial collaborator for
aiding conpiracy)
INSCOM Intelligence and Security Command
IOJ International Organization for Journalists
IPN Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (Institute of National
Remembrance in Poland)
IPW Internationale Politik und Wirtschaft (International
Politics and Economics)
IRBM Intermediate-range ballistic missiles
IWF Institut für wirtschaft swissenschaft liche Forschung
(Institute for economics research, code name for
the APN)
JFK John Fitzpatrick Kennedy
KGB Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (Committee
for State Security)
4 GHI BULLETIN SUPPLEMENT 9 (2014)
KI Komitet Informatsii (Committee of Information)
KL Kreisleitung (district administration)
KoKo Kommerzielle Koordinierung
KPD Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (German
Communist Party)
LfV Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz (State Offi ce for the
Protection of the Constitution)
MAD Militärischer Abschirmdienst (Military
Counterintelligence)
MFN Most Favored Nation
MfS Ministry for State Security
MGB Ministerstvo Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (Ministry
of State Security)
MI6 Military Intelligence Section 6 (British foreign
intelligence agency)
MRMB Medium-range ballistic missiles
MVD Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del (Ministry of the Interior
of the Russian Federation)
NARA National Archives and Records Administration
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NKVD Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del (People’s
Commissariat for Internal Aff airs)
NPD Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (National
Democratic Party of Germany)
NSA National Security Agency
NVA Nationale Volksarmee (National People’s Army)
NWIO New World Information Order
OibE Offi zier im besonderem Einsatz (Offi cer with special
tasks)
OSS Offi ce of Strategic Services
OV Operative-Vorgänge (Operational Procedures)
PID Political-Ideological Diversion
PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
PRC People’s Republic of China
Rabkor Rabochii korrespondent (worker correspondent)
GHI BULLETIN SUPPLEMENT 9 (2014) 5
RFE Radio Free Europe
RG Record Group
RGW Rat für gegenseitige Wirtschaft shilfe (Council for
Mutual Economic Assistance)
RIAS Radio in the American Sector
RL Radio Liberty
RoHo Rosenholz fi les
RYaN Raketno-Yadernoe Napadenie (Russian acronym for
Nuclear Missile Attack)
S&TI Scientifi c and technological intelligence
SA Sturmabteilung (Assault Division)
SD Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service)
SdM Sekretariat des Ministers (Secretariat of the Minister)
SED Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist
Unity Party)
SG Sicherungsgruppe (Security group)
SIRA System zur Informationsrecherche der HV A (Strategic
Information Research Analysis database of the HV A)
SS Schutzstaff el (Protection Squadron)
Stasi Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (Ministry for State
Security)
SvZ Studien von Zeitfragen (Studies of Contemporary
Questions)
SWT Sektor Wissenschaft und Technik (Sector for Science
and Technology)
Tb Tonband (audiotape)
VA Volksarmee (People’s Army)
VEB Volkseigener Betrieb (Publicly owned operation, the
principle form of industrial enterprise in the GDR)
UfG Untersuchungsausschuss freiheitlicher Juristen
(Independent Jurists’ Investigative Committee)
ZAIG Zentrale Auswertungs- und Informationsgruppe
(Central Evaluation and Information Group)
ZK Zentralkomitee (Central Committee of the SED)
6 GHI BULLETIN SUPPLEMENT 9 (2014)
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This volume is the fi nal outcome of a cooperative eff ort between the
Woodrow Wilson Center’s Cold War International History Project
and the German Historical Institute, Washington, DC, which led
to a workshop in April 2010. The main credit for this common
endeavor goes to Robert Gerald Livingston. He suggested an event
on the history of the GDR’s foreign intelligence service. Due to the
oft en quite sensational nature of debates about espionage both
among the public and in some scholarship, we decided aft er some
internal discussion to integrate this topic into both the history of the
Stasi and the history of the GDR. The workshop’s program resulted
from engaged discussions among the four conveners, Robert Gerald
Livingston, Christian Ostermann, Mircea Munteanu (both from the
Woodrow Wilson Center’s Cold War International History Project),
and the editor, as well as Benjamin B. Fischer. I am very grateful to
the Woodrow Wilson Center, namely, to Christian Ostermann, for
its co-sponsorship and generous hospitality and to my colleagues
for their substantial contributions to making this event and this
publication fl owing from it a success.
Most of the contributions to this volume derived from the workshop
itself, but several participants were not able to include their revised
papers, and new articles had to be acquired to form this collection.
This took some time, and I am very thankful for the patience of the
contributors, whose commitment to this publication remained fi rm
over such a long time period. I would like to express my gratitude
to Hartmut Berghoff , the director of the GHI, who likewise backed
this project from the beginning and supported its inclusion as a
supplement of the Bulletin of the GHI. Without the GHI’s fi nancial
support, this publication would not have been possible.
Thanks are also due to my highly esteemed colleagues at the GHI.
Their professionalism was crucial to completing this project. Bryan
Hart produced the cover, and David Lazar helped with his admired
language skills. Above all, I owe a debt of gratitude to Patricia
Sutcliff e, the editor of this supplement series. She not only improved
all the articles and worked with the contributors, but she also reso-
lutely and sensibly pushed the editor to do his work. Without this,
this volume would not have been published. I would also like to
again thank Gerry Livingston, who fi rst interested me in the topic
PREFACE 7
and whose lengthy career and publication record testify to his pas-
sion and dedicated interest in German-American relations. It was
and is a pleasure and a privilege to work with such colleagues in
this distinguished academic environment.
Finally, I would like to acknowledge the more than fi ft y partici-
pants of a seminar on the history of the Stasi that I facilitated at
the University of Münster in 2012/13. They taught me that the
history of the Stasi is an important tool that helps Westerners not
only understand the world of the former communist East but also
perceive current threats in our (Western) world. The Stasi combated
open society and liberal democracy — yet a small and idealistic oppo-
sition group was able to overcome this large organization and its
criminal activities. It is my hope that this volume will help us all
do our duty to defend the core of open and liberal society in Western
democracies as well.
Uwe Spiekermann, editor July 2014
8 GHI BULLETIN SUPPLEMENT 9 (2014)