The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current Systems

722 Pages·2004·1.89 MB·English

by  R. Schlitzer

The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
G. Wefer. S. Mulitza. V. Ratmeyer (Eds.)
The
South Atlantic
in the Late
Quaternary
Reconstruction of Material Budgets
and Current Systems
With 315 Figures and 57 Tables
i
Springer
Editors:
PROFESSOR DR. GEROLD WEFER
DR. STEFAN MULITZA
DR. VOLKER RATMEYER
DFG Research Center Ocean Margins
University of Bremen
Klagenfurter StraBe
28359 Bremen
Germany
ISBN 978-3-642-62354-7 ISBN 978-3-642-18917-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-18917-3
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Preface
The SouthAtlanticplays acritical role inthe couplingofoceanicprocessesbetweentheAntarcticand
the lower latitudes. The Antarctic Ocean, along with the adjacent southern seas, is ofsubstantial
importanceforglobal climateandforthedistributionofwater masses becauseitprovideslargeregions
oftheworldocean with intermediateandbottomwaters. IncontrasttotheNorth Atlantic, the Southern
Ocean actsmore asan "informationdistributor",as opposedto an amplifier. Just asthe North Atlantic
isinfluencedbytheSouthAtlantic throughthecontributionofwarmsurface water,theincomingsupply
ofNADW - in the area ofthe Southern Ocean as Circumantarctic Deep Water - influences the
oceanography oftheAntarctic.
The competing influences from the northern and southern oceans on the current and mass budget
systems can be best studied in the South Atlantic.Not only do changes in the current systems in the
eastern Atlantic high-production regions affect the energy budget, they also influence the nutrient
inventories, and therefore impactthe entire productivity ofthe ocean. In addition, the broad region of
the polar front isa critical area with respectto productivity-relatedcirculationsince itisthe source of
AntarcticIntermediate Water.Although theAntarctic IntermediateWatertoday liesdeeperthanthewater
thatrises intheupwellingregions, itisthe long-termsource ofnutrientsthat areultimatelyresponsible
for the supply oforganic matterto the sea floor and to sediments. Becauseparticle flux inthe source
region, the polar front, greatly influences the mineral nutrient content ofthe intermediate water, the
efficiency oflow-latitude upwelling with respect to the removal ofCO from the atmosphere is
2
determinedintheAntarcticIntermediateWater.The SouthAtlanticthereforeplays asignificantrole as
alinkbetweentheAntarcticOcean andtheNorthAtlantic,both intermsoftheheatbudgetoftheNorth
Atlantic and the circulation ofthe entire ocean.
The heat and mass exchange between the Antarctic Ocean and the South Atlantic during the Late
Quaternary have been investigated over the past ten years, including their impact on world climate.
Thishasrequiredthestudyofpresent-dayearlydiagenetic processesinthewatercolumn andsediments,
as well as sedimentproperties that have a close relationshipto environmentalparameters ("proxies"),
which can be used to decipherpast conditions (temperature, salinity,productivity, etc.).
The interdisciplinaryresearchproject "The South Atlantic inthe Late Quaternary-Reconstruction
ofmaterial budgetsandcurrent systems" wasalong-termscientificprogram,funded from 1989to2001
by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft as Sonderforschungsbereich 261 (SFB 261) at Bremen
University. This program benefited from the sample material gained on several expeditions with the
research vessels Meteor andPolarstern.This bookpresents thesummarizedresults ofthevarious topics
ofstudy in30 articles arranged inseven sections.
Thepapershave benefitedfrom detailedreviews by D.Archer,M.Arhan,S.Banerjee,R.Barman,
W.H.Berger,J.Bijima, M.Dekkers,G.Delaygue,A.deVernal,G.R.Dickens,T.Dokken,J.A. Flores,
R. Francois, J. Giraudeau, F. Grousset, S. Hess, S. Hovan, R. A. Jahnke, F. Jorissen, S. Kanfoush,
M.Kienast,D.Kirchman,W.Krijgsman,M.Kucera,C.Langereis,E.Laws,P.LeGrand,K.Matsumoto,
H.Meggers,E.Michel,J.Milliman,A.Oschlies,M. Pagani,U.Passow,F.Peeters,D.Piper,M.Prins,
C. J. Pudsey, O. Ragueneau, D. Rey, A. Rosell-Mele, C. Riihlemann, R. Schlitzer, M. Seranne,
I. Snowball, G. Snyder, J.Thomson,T.Trull, M. Urbat,M. Voss,I. Wainer,M. Weinelt, H. Westphal,
A. Winguth and R.Zahn.
VI
Ourresearchwas supportedby severalinternational organizations, includingthe JointGlobalFlux
Study (lGOFS), Past Global Changes (PAGES) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) communities.
FinancialsupportwasprovidedbytheDeutscheForschungsgemeinschaftandtheUniversityofBremen
as well as by the Senate ofthe Free and Hanseatic City ofBremen. Technical support was given by
C. Hayn, W.Hale and B. Oelkers.
To each and all ofthose involved, our sincerethanks.
GeroldWefer
StefanMulitza
Volker Ratmeyer Bremen, September2003
Contents
ParticleFlux in the South Atlantic
SchlitzerR.,R.Usbeckand G. Fischer
InverseModeling ofParticulate Organic CarbonFluxes inthe SouthAtlantic 1-19
FischerG., G.Wefer, O.Romero, N.Dittert, V.Ratmeyerand B. Donner
TransferofParticles into the DeepAtlantic and the Global Ocean:
Control ofNutrient Supplyand BallastProduction 21-46
Rutgers van der LoeffM.M.,J.Friedrich, W.Geibert, C.Hanfland,H.Holtzen,
I.Vogeand HJ.Walter
Radionuclides asTracers for ParticleFlux and TransportofWater Masses
in the Atlantic Sectorofthe Southern Ocean 47-63
BerkenhegerI.,A. Heuchert, S.de Silvaand U.Fischer
HeterotrophicParticle-AssociatedBacteriafrom the SouthAtlantic:
ACommunityofMarineMicroorganismswithaHighOrganicCarbonDegradationPotential 65-79
Documentation ofthe Marine Environmentin MicrofossilAssemblages
andStable Isotopes
BaumannK.-H.,B.Bockel,B. Donner, S. Gerhardt, R. Henrich,A. Vink,A. Volbers,
H.Willems and K.A.F. Zonneveld
Contribution ofCalcareousPlankton Groups to the CarbonateBudget
ofSouthAtlantic SurfaceSediments 81-99
VinkA., K.-H.Baumann,B. Bockel,O. Esper, H. Kinkel,A. Volbers,
H.Willems and K.A.F.Zonneveld
Coccolithophoridand DinoflagellateSynecologyin the South and EquatorialAtlantic:
Improvingthe Paleoecological Significance ofPhytoplanktonicMicrofossils 101-120
Mulitza S.,B. Donner, G.Fischer,A.Paul,J. Patzold, C.Ruhlemann and M. Segl
The SouthAtlantic Oxygen IsotopeRecord ofPlanktic Foraminifera 121-142
HolmesM.E.,G.Lavik, G.Fischerand G.Wefer
NitrogenIsotopes in SinkingParticles and Surface Sediments
inthe Central and SouthernAtlantic 143-165
MUllerPJ.and G. Fischer
C37-Alkenones as PaleotemperatureTool:
FundamentalsBasedon SedimentTraps and Surface Sediments
from the SouthAtlantic Ocean 167-193
VIII Content
SchulteS.,A. Benthien,N.Andersen,PJ. Muller, C. Ruhlemann and RR Schneider
StableCarbonIsotopic Compositionofthe C37:2Alkenone:
AProxy for CO Concentration in the Oceanic SurfaceWaters? 195-211
(aq)
2
PhysicalSedimentaryRecords ofPaleoenvironmentalandDepositional Conditions
Bleil U. and T.von Dobeneck
Late QuaternaryTerrigenous Sedimentationin the Western EquatorialAtlantic:
SouthAmericanversusAfrican ProvenanceDiscriminatedby MagneticMineralAnalyses 213-236
FunkJ.A.,T.von Dobeneckand A. Reitz
IntegratedRockMagnetic and Geochemical QuantificationofRedoxmorphic
Iron Mineral Diagenesis in Late Quaternary Sediments from the EquatorialAtlantic 237-260
SchmiederF.
Magnetic Signals inPlio-PleistoceneSediments ofthe SouthAtlantic:
ChronostratigraphicUsability and Paleooecanographic Implications 261-277
Uenzelmann-NebenG. and H. Miller
CongoFan Neogeneand Quaternary Sedimentation:
Interplay ofRiverine and CurrentInducedDeposition 279-293
Source andTransport Signatures ofthe Terrigenous Sediment Fraction
Wagner T.,M. Zabel, L. Dupont, J. Holtvoeth and CJ. Schubert
Terrigenous Signals in Sediments ofthe Low LatitudeAtlantic
Implications for EnvironmentalVariations duringthe Late Quaternary:
Part I:OrganicCarbon 295-322
Zabel M.,T.Wagnerand P.DeMenocal
Terrigenous Signalsin Sediments oftheLow LatitudeAtlantic
Indicationsto EnvironmentalVariations during the Late Quaternary:
Part II: LithogenicMatter 323-345
FrenzM.,R Heppner,J.-B. Stuut, T.Wagnerand R Henrich
SurfaceSedimentBulkGeochemistry and Grain-SizeCompositionRelated to the
OceanicCirculationalongtheSouthAmerican Continental Margin intheSouthwestAtlantic 347-373
DiekmannB.,D.K. Futterer,H.Grobe,C.D. Hillenbrand,G.Kuhn,K. Michels,
R Petschickand M. Pirrung
Terrigenous SedimentSupplyin the Polarto Temperate SouthAtlantic:
Land-OceanLinks ofEnvironmental Changes duringthe Late Quaternary 375-399
TheSouthAtlanticintheLateQuaternary IX
EarlyDiageneticProcesses andPreservation ofPrimarySignals
c.,
Hensen K. Pfeifer,F.Wenzhofer,A.Volbers,S.Schulz,1.Holstein,
O.Romero andK. Seiter
Fluxes at the BenthicBoundary Layer-AGlobal View from the SouthAtlantic 401-430
Kasten S., M. Zabel, V.Heuer and C.Hensen
Processes and Signals ofNon-Steady-StateDiagenesis inDeep-Sea Sediments
and their Pore Waters 431-459
Funk 1.A.,T.von Dobeneck,T.Wagner and S.Kasten
Late Quaternary Sedimentationand Early Diagenesis inthe EquatorialAtlantic Ocean:
Patterns,Trends and ProcessesDeducedfrom RockMagnetic and GeochemicalRecords 461-497
History ofUpper Ocean Circulation
GersondeR,A.Abelmann,G. Cortese, S.Becquey, C. Bianchi, U.Brathauer,
H.-S.Niebler, U. Zielinski and J.Patzold
The Late PleistoceneSouth Atlantic and Southern Ocean Surface
ASummary ofTime-Series Studies 499-529
Schafer-NethC.andA.Paul
TheAtlantic Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum:
1.ObjectiveMapping ofthe GLAMAP Sea-Surface Conditions 531-548
PaulA. and C. Schafer-Neth
TheAtlanticOceanat the Last GlacialMaximum:
2.Reconstructingthe Current Systemswith a Global Ocean Model 549-583
SchlotteR and B. Grieger
Inverse Modeling ofthe Glacial Atlantic CirculationunderGeostrophic Side Conditions 585-599
VolbersA.N.A., H.-S.Niebler,1.Giraudeau, H. Schmidtand R Henrich
PaleoceanographicChanges inthe Northern BenguelaUpwelling System
Over the Last 245.000Years as Derived from PlankticForaminiferaAssemblages 601-622
History ofBottom andDeep WaterCirculation
MackensenA.and L. Licari
Carbon Isotopes ofLive BenthicForaminiferafrom the SouthAtlantic:
Sensitivityto BottomWaterCarbonate Saturation State and OrganicMatterRain Rates 623-644
x
Content
HenrichR., K.-H. Baumann,S.Gerhardt, M.GregerandA. Volbers
CarbonatePreservationin Deep and IntermediateWaterMasses inthe SouthAtlantic:
Evaluation and GeologicalRecord(aReview) 645-670
BickertT.andA.Mackensen
Last Glacial to Holocene Changes in South AtlanticDeep Water Circulation 671-693
MatthiesM.,T.BickertandA.Paul
Last Glacial ol3C Distribution and Deep-Sea Circulation in theAtlantic Ocean:
AModel -DataComparison 695-722