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TABLE OF OOlSrTENTS.
Preface 315
I. The IndiantribesoftheNorth PacificCoatit 317
Theludiiintribesof theNorth I'uctUt ('oastformoneethnographical
group, 1).317; (•eogruphiciilcharacterof thecountry, i».317; Food,
induHtries, habitations, p.318; Languages, p.320; PhyHical charac-
teristics,p.321; Socialorg-.ni/ation,p.322; Thenieaningsof masks
andcarvings,p.324.
I II. The""fi»lftrgaiiiifiitiirn of the Kwakiutl 328
Tribesand clansof theKwakiutl,p.328; Developmentof thepresent '
systemoftribesand clans,p.332; Mixtureofi)aterniilandmaternal
characteristics in the social organisation of the tribes; Develop-
ment, J). 331; Crests an<l privileges of clans, p. 336; Trailitions
explainingtheacquisitionof thecrest,]>.336; Thenobility,j).338.
III. Thepotlatch 311
Hatesof interest,p.341; liuilding up of fortunes,p.341; Hpiial rank
increasedbydistributionofproperty,p.342; l{ivalr> ofindividuals
andclans, p.343; The use of copper i^'utes.p.3U; Destruction «)f
pvoperty.i>.8.">3; I'otlatchmasksandsongs,p Soi).
IV, Marriage 3r>8
Marriageapurchiiseconductedon thesame]irincipler>asthepnrcha.se
of aco|)]icr,]).3ri8; Descriptionof a marriageof theManuileleijala,
jt.359; MarriageoftlieKoskimo,p.362; Marriageofthe L'u'sfi'eiirtx,
1>.3()l; Returnof purchasemoney by the fatlier-iu-la\v,j).365.
V. Theclanlegends 366
Descriptionoftliohouse,p.366; .Spiritsappearingtotheancestorsof
'I1f?*1 theclans,p.371;Thesi'siui,,p.371;TheTs'o'uoi|oa,p.372;Q'6'mo(|oa,
p.374; Explanations of carvings, p. 375; hegeud of tlieNunEuia-
sK(iiVlis, p. iiSl; <)'maxt'!i'lai.e legend, ]>. 382; Tiie deities meeting
the ancestors, p. 389; Figures of B)>oakers, p. 3!tO; l)ish<!S, i). 390;
Notall carvingsrepresentthetotem,p.392; Drums,]>..393.
VI. Thespiritspresidingoverthereligiousceremonialandtlieirgifts 393
Spirits which are still in contact with the Indiiins, i». 393; They '
are also hereditary.)>.393; The legeiul of ISuxbakurilauuXsi'wae
andN'o'ai[ana, j). 396; |{.ixl)aiiurilanuXsi war iind the ancestor of
the Oi'alitx,p.401; liaxbakuiUanuXsi waeand the ancestorof the
T'Kuaxtax, p. 403; Haxbakui'ilanuXsi'wae and the ancestor of the
Ninikish,p.405; Theho'Xhok",p.406; Theghost dance,p.408; The
sunrisedance, p.410; MiVtKm, p. 411; Meiui,p.413; Initiations as
partsofclanlegends,p.414.
VII. Theorganizationofthetribeduringtlu)seasonofthejvinterceremonial. 418
Suspensionof clansin winter,p.41!!(; Thesocieties,p?119; Theac(|ui-
aitionofmembershipinasocietybynuirriage,p.421; Theac<iuisition
of membershipby war,p.42 ; The HiIxula war,p.427.
313
/
;
314 CONTENTS.
Ml
VJII. Tko(luiicesaixlmoii^nof tlut winti-r i'cr<;iiiuiiiiil 431
Tlioolijoctof tlm wintt'C((TtMiKinial,p. IIM; Soiihh .iikI(IniicuH,p. IH2; ill
MistaktiH of (laiii'urH, )i. V.i'A; I'ltraphernaliii of 'lio dancers, p. 11(5;
ArraiigeiiKMit< fN<-atH in the lionHv. p. llHi; Tb» haniatH'ii ami hiH
Hongs, p. i;t7; K'i'nqalai.ahiHongH,p. HU); (j'riniinri<|it,p. i(>,'<; lla'nm-
banitrtKH,p.4)S:t; Nii'iitHistahu,,p. KMS; (iri/xlyhear, p. UMi; N'ui.niai.,
]). Iti8; Na'na<|unulii,,p. 171; Ila'niaa,p. ITlt; Salmon,|i. 171; Salmon
weir, p.475; Wa-sp<lance, p.47(5; 'I'hnmlerbinl daneu,p. t7t); Kaglu
(lanee,p.47(i; Wolf tlanccH,p. 177; TH'o'notioa danee.ji. I7!(; la'k-ini
dance,p. 180; SrHiiii,dance,p.482; ('hioftainesH<lance,p. 182; (iho.st
dance, ]>.482; Ma'ti'.ni, p. 483; Na'xuak'uiiKmi. and Meii.a, p. 484
Ma'nuu|'a, p. 485; T'o'X'nU, jt. 487; A'nilala, p. 194; llawi nalar,, p.
4J»5; Xoa'<xoe,p.4!t7; llai'alikimi,,p.4y7; WatauKui.p.4y8; Order
ofdances,p. I!t8.
IX. The \vint«!rceremonialof theKwakintI ,500
I. The LaxsA,p.500; X<itieoof the festival,ji.501; The lirstassemhly,
p.501; The, transfer of memhership to the son-in-law, p. 518; The
kik'i Inala.]).522; Tliei>nri(ication,]>.532. II. TheWi'xsAorKne x-
alak".p..540.
X. Thewinterceremonial at Fort Knpert. 18<X>-!I6 544
XI. t'eremonial8of other tribesof KwakintI lineajre (>()6
1. TheKoskimo,p.(506. 2. Thel.a'i.asiqoala.p.(511. ;{. The T'Kna'xtax
andTs'a watKeiiox,p.(iK).
XII. The i.aolaxa (i21
Preliminaries to the i.aoiaxR, p. (521; The cen-monial, ]>. (521; Songs
and ma.'^'''P-<'=">•
\]II Theroliirioiiscc"'"'"""''*'*'"*''•'''O''irihesof theNorth I'acifu;Coast (532
I. Ihe Nootka, T»- ":'-• '2. Tl.c 1^'.''" ' i '^'"•'». 3. The Mi Ixnia, p.
(5»(>. I. TheTsimshian. Nisqa', llaioa, ai.. -»ingit, p.(551.
XIV. Thegrowthof thesecret societies 660
Appendix.—Songsandtexts 665
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r\' THH SOCIAL ()K(;ANIZATI()X AM) THH Sl-CRKT SOCIliTlIiS OF
THli KWAKIiril INDIANS.
Hy Franz Hoas.
PREFACE.
Tho following piiper describes and illustnites tlit' coUoctions of tlio
U. S. National Miisoum ruferiing to the social organization and secret
societiesof the Indians of tlujcoajit^f-JBritisb-Coltwubia. It is based
on studiesmadebytheanthorduringaseriesofyears. Thegreatbody
of facts presented here were observed and recorded l)y Mr. (leorge
Hunt, of Fort Kupejt^ liritiah Columbia, who takes deej) interest in
everything i)ertainingto theethnologyoftheKwakiutl Indians and to
whom I amundergreatobligations. Iamindebted tohimalsoforexpla-
ii.itions of ceremonials witnessed by myself, but the purport of which
";••<dilliculttounderstand, andforHudingtheIndians whowereableto
^i • e.\i)lanations on certain i>oints.
My thanks are diu^ to Mr. ('. (). Hastings, of Victoria. British
Colombia, Avho took a series of ])hotographs. reproductions of which
will tie found in this report. A series of phonographic records of
songs I.('longing to the cerenuuiials were transcribed by Mr. .T<)hn C.
Fillnioii and myself. I also had opjjortunity to verify many of the
phonogiiijildc records )>yletting the Imliansrepeat thesongs two years
after the vccnrds had l>een taken.
1 have iilMtto thank Prof. A. Hastian, director of the Royal Kthno-
graphicai Museum at Uerlin, .Sir .Vngustiis W. Franks, keeper of the
vi: ethnogrii.phical dej)artment of the IJritish Museum, Mr. I'ran/ Ileger,
(lirector of the ethnographical department of the lmi)erial I'oyal
Museum of Natural History at N'ienna, and Prof. F. W. Putnam,
curator of the de))artment of anthropology of tiu' American Museum
of Natural History at New York, for permission to use spe<!imens con-
tained ill the collections of these museums for illustrating tiie jiresent
report.
315
mm
A
316 REPORT OP NATIONAL MUfiT^UM, 1895.
The following; alphabet has been iisud in transcribing Indian words
and nainoH:
a, e, I, <), U, have their eontiucntal 8oundM (short).
a, e 1, u, u, h)n{; vowels,
II not articulated, but indicated byposition of the mouth.
K obscure e, as in Howcr.
d in (rennan lliir.
A aw in law.
6 o in (r(^rniun roll.
d c in bell.
t i ill hill.
separates vowels which do not form diphthongs.
ai i ill island.
ail ow in how.
1 as in K]iglish.
1 jwsterior, i)alatal I; the tip of the tongue touches the
alveoli of the lower Jaw, tin; ba<'k of the tongue is
pressed against the hard palate, scuiant.
the same, short and exploded (surd).
^
a velar k.
.i velar g.
k English k.
k- palati/ed k, almost ky.
g* paiati/ed g, alnu)st gy.
X ch in German liach.
X X pronouncedat posterior luuderof hard palate,between
X and X'.
X' ])a1atal ch in German /c/(. '
a as in English.
c English sh.
* ' ) a-s '" English, but surd and sonant are difldcult to dii-
"' }k';( tinguish.
g,
h as in English,
y as in year,
w
%
m > as in English,
n )
' a pause; when following a consonant combined with in-
crease of stressof articulation.
' accent.
The texts of Indian songs,plirases,and legendsdo notlay anyclaim
tophilological jiccuracy. They are merely inserted here as authen-
ticatingthe trauslations and the material presented in this paper. It
may be that a further study of the songs will modify the transla-
tionsin manyrespects. Theobscurityof the songs is oftenverygreat,
iv
Reportof U.S NationalMuseum, 1895 Boa> Plate 18.
Statue of ChiefSelling a Copper.
FromA.Uiistiuii."XdrthwcstCoastof America."
OriKinalinRoyalEthnoKrapl.i.-alMiisfiim,Beilin. (ollectedbyA.Jaoobsen.
